O que é ESTADO DE NATUREZA (Thomas Hobbes)? | 2 Minutos de filosofia nas SEGUNDAS-feiras

Summary

In this two-minute philosophy session, Professor Leandro Cordioli explains Thomas Hobbes' concept of the 'state of nature.' Hobbes views this state as one of total freedom, where humans are equal but constantly at war with each other, living in fear of death and loss. In this chaotic environment, there is no justice, and everything is permitted. Hobbes argues that, through a social contract, humans can create a society with laws and a common power to ensure safety, allowing for the development of ethics and justice. The video briefly touches on other philosophers' views, promising more insights in future videos.

Takeaways

• 😀 The state of nature, according to Hobbes, is a natural condition where all men are free and equal, with the freedom to control each other's lives and bodies.
• 😀 In the state of nature, there is no common power or authority, leading to constant fear and insecurity about losing one's life or property.
• 😀 Hobbes describes the state of nature as a 'war of all against all,' where everyone is an enemy of everyone else.
• 😀 In Hobbes' view, life in the state of nature is 'solitary, poor, sordid, brutish, and short' due to the constant threat of violence and loss.
• 😀 No concepts of justice, injustice, good, or evil exist in the state of nature because there is no common power to enforce laws or societal norms.
• 😀 Everything is permitted in the state of nature since there is no established authority to impose order or moral rules.
• 😀 In this harsh environment, Hobbes identifies strength and cunning as the cardinal virtues necessary for survival.
• 😀 Hobbes' state of nature reveals the paradox of absolute freedom leading to widespread fear and insecurity in society.
• 😀 Hobbes suggests that humans can form a society, where a common power (like a government) can establish laws to maintain order and security.
• 😀 Through the establishment of a societal structure, individuals can cultivate virtues like justice and ethical capabilities.
• 😀 While Hobbes’ state of nature emphasizes chaos and fear, he believes humans have the potential to develop a more ordered and just society through collective agreements.

Q & A

What is the 'state of nature' according to Hobbes?

The state of nature, according to Hobbes, is a condition where all humans are free and equal, without any governing authority. In this state, everyone has the right over each other's lives and bodies, and there is constant fear of death due to the lack of a common power.

How does Hobbes describe life in the state of nature?

Hobbes describes life in the state of nature as 'solitary, poor, sordid, brutish, and short.' This reflects the insecurity and chaos that arise in the absence of laws and authority, where one's life and possessions are always at risk.

What does Hobbes mean by 'war of all against all'?

The 'war of all against all' refers to the constant state of conflict in the state of nature, where every individual is an enemy of every other. Without a common power to impose order, everyone is in fear of being harmed or having their possessions taken.

What virtues are emphasized in the state of nature according to Hobbes?

In the state of nature, Hobbes highlights strength and cunning as the cardinal virtues. These qualities are necessary for survival in a world where might and deception dominate, and where there is no established moral order.

Why is there no concept of justice or injustice in the state of nature?

There is no concept of justice or injustice in the state of nature because there is no common authority to establish and enforce laws. Without a governing power, there is no way to judge actions as just or unjust, and all actions are permitted.

How does Hobbes’ view of the state of nature differ from other philosophers’ perspectives?

Hobbes' view of the state of nature is particularly grim, emphasizing violence, fear, and chaos. Other philosophers, like Rousseau, may offer more optimistic views of human nature in the state of nature, believing that humans are peaceful or cooperative without the influence of society.

What does Hobbes propose as a solution to the problems in the state of nature?

Hobbes proposes that humans can escape the state of nature by entering into a social contract. In this contract, individuals agree to form a society and establish a common power that can create laws and enforce order, thus reducing the constant fear and chaos.

What role does a common power play in Hobbes' theory of society?

A common power, according to Hobbes, is essential to maintaining order in society. It establishes laws and ensures compliance through coercion, creating a secure environment where individuals can live without the constant threat of violence or the loss of their property.

What are the consequences of having no common power in society, according to Hobbes?

Without a common power to enforce laws, Hobbes argues that society would descend into chaos, with individuals constantly fearing for their lives and property. In such a state, there is no morality or justice, and the only guiding principles are strength and cunning.

How does Hobbes’ concept of the state of nature reflect his views on human nature?

Hobbes' concept of the state of nature reflects his belief that humans are naturally selfish and driven by self-preservation. Without a higher authority to regulate behavior, individuals would act in their own interest, leading to conflict and insecurity.