FILOSOFIA DA EDUCAÇÃO - PARTE II - AULA 01

Summary

This video explores the evolution of philosophical thought from the 19th to the 20th century, focusing on the question of knowledge. It discusses the shift from traditional philosophy to the rise of psychology as an autonomous science, and the crisis that philosophy faced as a result. The concept of phenomenology, introduced by Edmund Husserl, is introduced as a way to overcome the subjective nature of knowledge and redefine how humans understand reality. The video further delves into existentialist thought, highlighting the ideas of key thinkers like Martin Heidegger and Jean-Paul Sartre, who emphasized individual freedom, responsibility, and the inevitability of death in shaping human existence.

Takeaways

• 😀 Descartes was focused on understanding the possibility of knowing things with certainty, leading to a deeper investigation of knowledge itself.
• 😀 The development of psychology as an independent science in the 19th century moved it away from philosophy, focusing on understanding human consciousness and the psyche.
• 😀 The philosopher Husserl introduced phenomenology, aiming to reconcile the subjectivity of individual experiences with the objectivity of universal knowledge.
• 😀 According to phenomenology, consciousness is always directed at something, meaning subject and object are inseparable when we experience or reflect on reality.
• 😀 The idea that two people may look at the same object but perceive different realities highlights the subjective nature of experience in psychology and philosophy.
• 😀 Phenomenology proposes that our consciousness of the world is indissociable from the object of that knowledge, suggesting a more unified view of perception.
• 😀 Existential philosophy, particularly by Heidegger and Sartre, focuses on the concept of death and the human quest for meaning in the face of it.
• 😀 Sartre emphasizes freedom of choice and the responsibility that comes with it, urging individuals to make authentic decisions rather than distract themselves from existential anxiety.
• 😀 Heidegger defines human existence as being 'for death', meaning we live with the constant awareness of our mortality, which shapes how we experience life.
• 😀 Sartre advocates for embracing the anxiety that comes with freedom and making choices, as this is what enables authentic existence, free from regrets or distractions.
• 😀 In existentialism, the focus is on the individual's ability to choose and the weight of responsibility that comes with each decision, as well as the inevitability of death.

Q & A

What is the main concern of modern philosophy according to the transcript?

The main concern of modern philosophy, especially at the turn of the 19th to the 20th century, is to secure reliable methods of knowledge and understanding. Philosophers, like René Descartes, focused on finding a method to ensure the certainty and safety of knowledge.

How did the field of psychology transition from philosophy to an independent science?

In the 19th century, psychology moved away from being a branch of philosophy and established itself as an autonomous science. Psychologists began to focus on empirical studies of the human mind, such as the study of the psyche, and provided answers to questions that were traditionally considered philosophical.

What is the crisis of philosophy described in the transcript?

The crisis of philosophy arises from the rise of psychology as an independent discipline. As psychology began to provide answers to questions about knowledge, truth, and the human mind, the relevance of traditional philosophical inquiry, especially in these areas, seemed to diminish.

What is the role of phenomenology in addressing the crisis in philosophy?

Phenomenology, introduced by Edmund Husserl, aims to overcome the crisis by reintroducing philosophy as a key method for understanding human experience. It focuses on the intentional nature of consciousness and emphasizes a detailed description of mental acts and experiences.

How does Edmund Husserl's phenomenology challenge traditional views on perception and objectivity?

Husserl's phenomenology argues that consciousness is always directed towards something (intentionality), and that subjectivity and objectivity are not separate. He challenges the notion that individuals perceive objects differently, suggesting that people can perceive the same object but reflect on and act upon it differently.

What does the transcript suggest about the relationship between subject and object in Husserl's phenomenology?

In Husserl's phenomenology, subject and object are indissociable. When a person becomes conscious of something, that object is part of their consciousness. This relationship means that subjects are not passive but actively engage with and interpret the world around them.

What does the concept of 'authentic' versus 'inauthentic' existence refer to in existentialism?

In existentialism, 'authentic' existence refers to a way of living where individuals embrace their mortality and the freedom to make choices. On the other hand, 'inauthentic' existence involves avoiding the reality of death and seeking distractions from existential anxiety.

How does existentialist philosophy address human anxiety about death?

Existentialism, particularly in the works of Sartre, addresses human anxiety by suggesting that individuals must confront the reality of death and live authentically. Sartre argues that embracing the inevitability of death and making meaningful choices, despite the uncertainty of the future, is key to overcoming existential anxiety.

What is Sartre’s view on the relationship between freedom and responsibility?

Sartre believes that freedom is a fundamental aspect of human existence, but with this freedom comes responsibility. Every individual is responsible for their choices, and the meaning of life is created through the exercise of this freedom, without escaping the consequences of those choices.

How does Sartre's existentialist philosophy relate to the idea of making choices without looking back?

Sartre’s existentialism emphasizes that individuals must make choices freely, without regrets or looking back. He argues that once a choice is made, the individual must accept the consequences and not dwell on alternative paths that were not taken, as the life not lived remains unknowable.