Jeffrey Sachs imparte conferencia sobre Desarrollo Sostenible y cómo hacerlo posible en México.

Summary

El discurso destaca la importancia de la colaboración y el compromiso para abordar los desafíos de desarrollo sostenible que enfrenta México y el mundo. Se enfatiza la necesidad de cambiar la enfoque económica tradicional y adoptar un enfoque más holístico que priorice el bienestar humano y el medio ambiente. Se comparan diferentes indicadores de bienestar entre México, Corea del Sur y Dinamarca, destacando la importancia de la equidad, la inclusión social y la gobernanza justa para lograr una sociedad más feliz y próspera. Además, se abordan aspectos clave como la educación, la innovación, la energía renovable y la construcción de sociedades digitales sostenibles.

Takeaways

• 🌟 La importancia de la energía y el compromiso de los estudiantes en la organización de eventos y la red de universidades es fundamental para el desarrollo sostenible.
• 📈 El desafío de México y de todos los países en el desarrollo sostenible es abordar la falta de logros en relación con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) a nivel mundial.
• 💡 La paradoja de nuestro tiempo es que, a pesar de tener sabiduría y conocimientos, estamos cerca de destruir el planeta, lo que subraya la necesidad de un enfoque económico y de cooperación global diferente.
• 🌍 El bienestar humano es el punto central de los ODS, y no la mera medición del PIB per cápita, lo que indica que la felicidad y el progreso no siempre van de la mano.
• 📊 La comparación entre México y Corea del Sur muestra diferencias en el PIB per cápita y en la percepción de bienestar, con México siendo más feliz pese a tener un PIB per cápita más bajo.
• 😊 México se destaca en bienestar subjetivo, ranking en el quinto lugar mundial en emociones positivas, lo que sugiere una fuerte red de apoyo social y libertad para tomar decisiones importantes.
• 🏆 Países como Dinamarca, que lideran en bienestar, demuestran que es posible combinar riqueza, felicidad, conexiones sociales y un bajo nivel de corrupción.
• 🔍 La medición del bienestar es crucial para entender la efectividad de los ODS y para enfocarnos en el progreso global en bienestar humano en lugar de solo en indicadores económicos.
• 🌿 Los cuatro pilares que sustentan los ODS incluyen necesidades económicas, inclusión social, sostenibilidad ambiental y buena gobernanza, lo que refleja una visión holística del desarrollo.
• 🚀 La innovación y el desarrollo sostenible son esenciales para México, que necesita invertir en educación, ciencia, tecnología y energías renovables para alcanzar un crecimiento económico sostenible.
• 🌐 La red de SDSN en México y en el mundo es fundamental para fomentar la cooperación internacional y el intercambio de conocimientos para lograr los ODS.

Q & A

¿Qué es lo que hace extraordinariamente emocionante para el orador sobre el evento mencionado en el transcripción?

El orador se siente emocionado por la cantidad de amigos, líderes y estudiantes involucrados en el evento, y por el trabajo increíble que están haciendo, especialmente en la organización del evento y en la creación de una red de universidades.

¿Cuál es la principal preocupación del orador en cuanto al desarrollo sostenible a nivel mundial?

La principal preocupación del orador es que ningún país ha logrado cumplir con todas las metas establecidas bajo los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS), y que se necesita un enfoque diferente en economía, cooperación global y uso de recursos y finanzas para abordar los desafíos del desarrollo sostenible.

Según el orador, ¿por qué la humanidad no está utilizando adecuadamente su riqueza y conocimiento?

El orador sugiere que, a pesar de ser un mundo muy rico en recursos y conocimientos, no somos sabios en el uso de nuestra riqueza y conocimiento, y esto se refleja en el paradoxo de que, a pesar de nuestra sabiduría, estamos acercándonos a destruir el planeta, la base de nuestro bienestar y supervivencia.

¿Cuál es la metáfora que el orador utiliza para describir la contradicción entre la sabiduría humana y la destrucción del planeta?

El orador utiliza la metáfora de que, aunque somos un mundo muy rico, no somos un mundo muy sabio en cómo utilizamos nuestra riqueza y conocimiento, y que con toda la brillantez de la ciencia y la tecnología, no podemos hacer que el conocimiento se comporte adecuadamente para disfrutar del patrimonio de este conocimiento.

¿Qué revelan los informes de la World Happiness Report sobre el progreso global en bienestar?

Los informes de la World Happiness Report revelan que las personas no están tan felices como deberían ser y que no se está viendo el tipo de progreso global en bienestar que uno esperaría, lo que indica una falta de dirección clara y un aumento de la ira y los efectos negativos en la sociedad.

¿Cómo se compara el Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) per cápita de México con otros países y qué conclusiones se pueden sacar de estas comparaciones?

Según las comparaciones mencionadas en el transcripción, México ha logrado solo pequeños aumentos en su PIB per cápita en comparación con países como Corea del Sur, lo que indica que hubiera sido posible un mayor aumento en el nivel de vida y una reducción de la pobreza en México.

¿Por qué el orador sugiere que el enfoque en el PIB per cápita no es suficiente para medir el bienestar?

El orador argumenta que el PIB per cápita no es suficiente para medir el bienestar porque no considera aspectos más amplios del bienestar, como la calidad de vida subjetiva, las emociones positivas y negativas, el apoyo social y la libertad de tomar decisiones importantes en la vida, entre otros factores.

¿Qué ejemplos el orador da sobre cómo otros países están abordando los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) y cómo están relacionadas con el bienestar?

El orador menciona a Dinamarca como un ejemplo de país que generalmente se encuentra en la cima de las clasificaciones de felicidad y que también está cerca de cumplir con los ODS, lo que indica que es posible tener un enfoque equilibrado hacia el desarrollo sostenible y, por lo tanto, una sociedad más propicia para buenos resultados psicológicos y un buen sentido de bienestar personal.

¿Qué sugiere el orador sobre cómo abordar los desafíos de la educación y la innovación en México?

El orador sugiere que México necesita invertir más en educación y en investigación y desarrollo (I+D) para mejorar el rendimiento educativo y promover la innovación tecnológica, mencionando que Corea ha logrado un crecimiento rápido debido a su enfoque en la educación, la ciencia y la tecnología.

¿Qué papel sugiere el orador que podría desempeñar la energía renovable en el futuro energético de México?

El orador sugiere que la energía renovable tiene un potencial enorme en México debido a sus recursos naturales, como la luz del sol y el viento, y que el país debería trabajar en proyectos que aprovechen estas fuentes de energía para reducir la contaminación y el cambio climático y para mejorar la sostenibilidad a largo plazo.

¿Qué es la Red de Soluciones para el Desarrollo Sostenible (SDSN) y cómo se relaciona con el trabajo en los ODS?

La SDSN es una red global de universidades y think-tanks que trabaja para aplicar conocimientos en el mejoramiento del bienestar global, centrándose especialmente en lograr los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. El orador menciona la importancia de medir y trabajar en los ODS a nivel local y regional, y la SDSN juega un papel clave en esta medición y en el establecimiento de asociaciones y colaboraciones para abordar estos desafíos.

Outlines

00:00

😀 Iniciativa de desarrollo sostenible y compromiso estudiantil

El primer párrafo destaca la emoción y el trabajo agradable de amigos, líderes y estudiantes en la organización de un evento sobre desarrollo sostenible. Se menciona el apoyo de Tec de Monterrey y otras universidades en la red, y se enfatiza la importancia de la energía estudiantil en este proceso. El orador se compromete a trabajar juntos y aprender de los estudiantes, y habla sobre los desafíos de México en la sostenibilidad, la importancia de un enfoque económico y de cooperación global diferente, y la paradoja de tener sabiduría pero acercarnos a la destrucción del planeta. Se discute la importancia de medir el bienestar más allá del PIB per cápita y se menciona el informe de la STS sobre la felicidad mundial.

05:02

😉 Comparación de bienestar entre México, Corea del Sur y Dinamarca

Este párrafo compara diferentes indicadores de bienestar entre México, Corea del Sur y Dinamarca. Se destaca que, aunque Corea del Sur tiene un PIB per cápita más alto que México, los mexicanos tienen una percepción más alta de su calidad de vida, con una mayor expresión de emociones positivas y una fuerte red de apoyo social. Se menciona que Dinamarca, al ser uno de los países más felices, tiene una buena combinación de riqueza, bienestar social y equilibrio entre trabajo y vida personal. Se sugiere que el enfoque holístico de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) puede llevar a un mayor bienestar sostenible en el futuro.

10:04

😀 Dimensiones fundamentales de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible

El tercer párrafo describe las cuatro dimensiones básicas que sostienen los ODS: necesidades económicas, inclusión social, bienestar ambiental y buena gobernanza. Se enfatiza la importancia de satisfacer las necesidades básicas económicas, promover la igualdad de género, reducir las desigualdades y luchar contra la impunidad y la violencia, así como la necesidad de abordar los problemas ambientales como el calentamiento global y la destrucción de la biodiversidad.

15:05

😉 Desafíos ambientales y la importancia de la energía renovable

El cuarto párrafo aborda los desafíos ambientales, especialmente la contaminación química, y señala la incapacidad de enfrentar políticamente estos problemas. Se critica la actitud del presidente de los Estados Unidos hacia la energía fósil y se destaca la importancia de la energía renovable, como el viento y la solar, para abordar el cambio climático y la contaminación. Se menciona la propuesta china de interconexión energética global y la idea de utilizar tecnologías de transmisión de alta tensión para una red eficiente de energía renovable.

20:06

😀 Posición de México en los ODS y desafíos en áreas clave

Este párrafo presenta el tablero de indicadores de los ODS para México, destacando que no hay ningún objetivo en el que México esté seguro de alcanzar los ODS. Se discuten áreas de debilidad, como la epidemia de obesidad, las deficiencias en educación, la falta de aprovechamiento del potencial de energía renovable, la crisis de jóvenes sin educación o empleo y las altas tasas de desigualdad e impunidad. Se hace hincapié en la necesidad de mejorar en estas áreas para avanzar hacia el logro de los ODS.

25:07

😉 Desigualdad, violencia y la situación de América en los ODS

El sexto párrafo compara a México con otros países de ingresos altos y la OCDE, destacando la alta desigualdad y violencia en México y América del Norte en general. Se mencionan las tasas de obesidad y la esperanza de vida en comparación con otros países, así como la necesidad de reforma educativa y la inversión en investigación y desarrollo para promover la innovación tecnológica.

30:11

😀 Oportunidades para México en energía renovable y smart cities

El séptimo párrafo sugiere que México tiene una gran oportunidad en el uso de energía renovable, especialmente solar y eólica, y en la creación de smart cities. Se menciona la idea de un muro de paneles solares en la frontera con los Estados Unidos y la importancia de desarrollar tecnologías de almacenamiento de energía y de transmisión eléctrica a larga distancia. Se enfatiza la necesidad de aprovechar estas oportunidades para el desarrollo sostenible.

35:11

😉 Importancia de la sociedad digital y la red STS en México

El octavo párrafo habla sobre la sociedad digital y la necesidad de utilizar herramientas digitales sin convertirse en reclusos de ellas. Se menciona el uso creciente de tecnologías digitales en México y la importancia de construir una sociedad digital sólida. Además, se celebra el lanzamiento de la Red de Soluciones de Desarrollo Sostenible (STS n) en México y se enfatiza la importancia de la colaboración regional y el intercambio de conocimientos para alcanzar los ODS.

40:12

😀 Lanzamiento de la STS n y la colaboración para el desarrollo sostenible

En el último párrafo, se expresa agradecimiento por el lanzamiento de la STS n en México y se destaca la importancia de la colaboración y el intercambio de ideas para el progreso en el logro de los ODS. Se mencionan las redes STS en Estados Unidos, Canadá y el Centro de Latinoamérica y el Caribe, y se enfatiza la necesidad de trabajar juntos en áreas como la energía limpia y el desarrollo urbano sostenible.

Keywords

💡Desarrollo Sostenible

El Desarrollo Sostenible es un concepto central en el video, relacionado con el bienestar humano y el futuro de la sociedad. Se refiere a un crecimiento económico y social que se lleva a cabo de manera equitativa y respetuosa con el medio ambiente para asegurar la calidad de vida actual sin comprometer la capacidad de las futuras generaciones para satisfacer sus propias necesidades. En el video, se discute cómo los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) están diseñados para abordar desafíos globales y promover un mundo más justo y próspero.

💡Bienestar

El bienestar es un tema recurrente en el script, que abarca tanto la felicidad individual como las condiciones de vida que promueven una existencia saludable y satisfactoria. Se menciona que el bienestar no se debe medir únicamente por el PIB per cápita, sino que requiere un enfoque más holístico que incluya aspectos sociales, económicos y ambientales. El video destaca la importancia de la realización de los ODS para elevar el bienestar humano a nivel global.

💡Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS)

Los ODS son un conjunto de 17 metas adoptadas por la ONU con el objetivo de abordar los principales desafíos del mundo en áreas como la pobreza, la educación, la igualdad de género, el agua limpia y la energía, la justicia social e inclusividad, entre otros. En el video, se destaca cómo estos objetivos buscan transformar el mundo en un lugar mejor y más sostenible para todos, y se hace referencia a la necesidad de medir el progreso hacia su logro.

💡Innovación

La innovación es clave para el progreso y el desarrollo sostenible, como se destaca en el video. Se refiere a la creación de nuevas ideas, productos, servicios o procesos que mejoren significativamente la calidad de vida y la productividad. El script menciona que México necesita invertir más en investigación y desarrollo para promover la innovación y ser más competitivo en la economía global.

💡Educación

La educación es presentada como una de las inversiones más centrales y cruciales para la sociedad, con un impacto directo en el desarrollo y el progreso económico. El video señala que México y otros países enfrentan desafíos en términos de calidad y alcance educativo, y se enfatiza la necesidad de mejorar la educación para garantizar un futuro sostenible y la realización de los ODS.

💡Igualdad de Género

La Igualdad de Género es un ODS específico y un tema importante en el video. Se refiere a la eliminación de las desigualdades entre hombres y mujeres y la promoción de oportunidades equitativas en todos los ámbitos de la vida. El script menciona que, a pesar de los avances, todavía hay mucho trabajo por hacer para lograr la igualdad de género en política, negocios y otros sectores.

💡Inclusión Social

La inclusión social implica garantizar que todos los miembros de la sociedad tengan voz y participación en la toma de decisiones y acceso a los recursos y servicios. En el video, se discute cómo la inclusión social es fundamental para la justicia social y la reducción de las desigualdades, y se menciona SDG 10 como un ejemplo de objetivos que abordan esta problemática.

💡Medio Ambiente

El cuidado y protección del medio ambiente es un tema central en el video, con énfasis en la lucha contra el cambio climático, la destrucción de la biodiversidad y la contaminación química. Se argumenta que la economía mundial ha causado un daño significativo al planeta y se necesita una acción coordinada para abordar estos desafíos ambientales y garantizar un futuro sostenible.

💡Gobernanza

La gobernanza es esencial para el cumplimiento de los ODS y se refiere a la gestión y el ejercicio del poder en la sociedad, incluyendo la transparencia, la rendición de cuentas y la lucha contra la corrupción. El video menciona SDG 16 y 17, que promueven la gobernanza justa y el fortalecimiento de las instituciones, como parte integral del desarrollo sostenible.

💡Red de Soluciones para el Desarrollo Sostenible (SDSN)

La SDSN es una red global de universidades y think tanks que trabajan juntos para acelerar la implementación de los ODS. En el video, se destaca el lanzamiento de la SDSN en México y se enfatiza la importancia de las colaboraciones y asociaciones internacionales para abordar los desafíos globales y promover el desarrollo sostenible a nivel mundial.

Highlights

El discurso destaca la importancia de la energía y el liderazgo de estudiantes en la organización de eventos y la implementación de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS).

Se menciona que ningún país ha logrado cumplir con todas las promesas de los ODS, indicando la necesidad de un enfoque económico y de cooperación global diferente.

El orador señala la paradoja de que, a pesar de nuestra sabiduría, estamos cerca de destruir el planeta, la base de nuestro bienestar y supervivencia.

Destaca que el bienestar humano es el objetivo principal de los ODS, más allá de medidas como el PIB per cápita.

Se anuncia el lanzamiento del Informe Mundial de Felicidad, que revela noticias preocupantes sobre la falta de progreso global en bienestar.

Comparación entre México y Corea del Sur en términos de PIB per cápita y bienestar subjetivo, destacando que México tiene una mayor satisfacción con la vida a pesar de ser menos rico.

Se discute la importancia de las emociones positivas y soportes sociales en el bienestar percibido de México, contrastando con la productividad y horas laborales en Corea del Sur.

Se menciona que Dinamarca, un país con altos niveles de bienestar, es un ejemplo de que es posible ser feliz, rico y tener fuertes conexiones sociales.

Se critica la falta de bienestar en el centro de los objetivos sociales de los Estados Unidos y cómo afecta las posiciones políticas.

El discurso enfatiza la necesidad de una perspectiva holística de vida más allá del PIB para una verdadera felicidad y bienestar.

Se describen los 17 ODS y cómo se basan en cuatro dimensiones: necesidades económicas, inclusión social, ambiente y buena gobernanza.

Se resalta la importancia de la innovación y el desarrollo en México, comparando con Corea del Sur y sugiriendo un mayor enfoque en educación, ciencia y tecnología.

Se señalan las deficiencias de México en áreas como la obesidad, educación, energía renovable y juventud no alcanzada, y se sugieren posibles mejoras.

Se discute la propuesta chinesa de interconexión energética global y cómo podría beneficiar a México y América Latina en términos de energía renovable.

Se presenta la idea de utilizar tecnologías de energía solar y viento para limpiar el sistema energético del mundo, con un potencial especial para México.

Se habla sobre la necesidad de ciudades sostenibles y diseño inteligente para abordar los desafíos de la urbanización en México.

Se menciona la importancia de construir una sociedad digital saludable, evitando la adicción y la vigilancia por parte de las tecnologías digitales.

Se lanza la Red de Soluciones de Desarrollo Sostenible en México, enfocándose en la cooperación regional y el intercambio de conocimientos para alcanzar los ODS.

Transcripts

it's very moving and a lot of fun to see

so many friends so many leaders of this

country doing wonderful work and also so

many students and I know that the energy

of the students has been incredible in

helping to organize this event today

students do nam students at Tec de

Monterrey and students and other

universities that will be part of this

network it's a tremendous thrill and I

count on you to do great things I know

that you will and you should count on me

and all of my colleagues to be with you

in this process as often and whenever we

can help we're gonna learn a lot from

you and we're gonna do a lot together so

this is extraordinarily exciting I want

to speak about the challenges that

Mexico faces in sustainable development

I should say that all countries face the

challenges of sustainable development

while some countries are more affluent

or doing better in some dimensions or

others no country right now has achieved

all that they have promised to achieve

under the sustainable development goals

and this is because the whole world

needs a different approach to economy

and to global cooperation and to the way

that we use our finances and our great

resources we are a very rich world but

we are not a very wise world in how

we're using our wealth and our knowledge

indeed the paradox of our time is with

all this wisdom we're coming closer and

closer to destroying the planet the very

basis of our well-being and survival and

somehow with all of the brilliance of

science and technology we can't get the

knowledge up here to behave properly so

that we can really enjoy

the heritage of this knowledge the point

of all of this is well-being the point

of all of this is not some measurement

of GDP per capita or some arbitrary

standard of income or wealth

the point is well-being and the reason

that government's adopted the

sustainable development goals in

principle is to raise human wellbeing in

a few days actually we will release from

STS n this year's world happiness report

on March 20th it has some sobering news

I can't give you too much of a preview

except to say that people aren't as

happy as they should be and we're not

seeing the kind of global progress of

well-being as one would like our lack of

clear direction is showing up in more

anger in more what psychologists like my

colleague whom you know very well dr.

Alejandro Adler who's here one of the

leaders of this effort calls negative

effect that's rising and so we're seeing

challenges in this world how can we use

our well-being our knowledge for

well-being so let me start with this

question about measuring well-being

because I think it is pertinent to why

the sustainable development goals have

been adopted the usual way that we have

been measuring well-being for the past

60 years is gross domestic product per

person it's not a meaningless datum it

counts what is shown here are the

changes over the last 40 years in Mexico

and Korea which is an interesting

comparison Mexico you can

see in the orange line has achieved only

very small increases of gross domestic

product per capita whereas Korea has

achieved much larger increases this

tells something for Mexico by the way

because it would have been possible to

have faster rise of living standards

that would have reduced poverty in this

country there are things that can be

learned definitely from the Korean

experience but it's also quite

interesting that when we look at broader

indicators of well-being it's not all so

simple so if we compare Mexico and South

Korea on income levels Korea ranks now

27th in the world in GDP per capita and

Mexico is 57th in the world so quite far

behind but if we look at a different

indicator of how people view the quality

of their lives what is called subjective

well-being that's a question that Gallup

asks each year of around a thousand

people in about a hundred fifty

countries Mexico is way ahead of Korea

they may be richer but you're happier

Mexico ranks 23rd Korea ranks 54th in

overall subjective well-being and

actually it's interesting asked the

psychologists about this and one of the

things they'll tell you is about

emotions during the day positive

emotions or negative emotions and this

is also asked in these surveys well when

it comes to positive emotions Mexico's

almost the world champion Mexico ranks

fifth in positive emotions worldwide

where South Korea ranks a hundred fourth

so when you're in Mexico City you're

happy when you're in Seoul

well you look around people aren't so

happy perhaps and when it comes to

negative emotions

well Mexico's a little bit ahead there

are a lot of negative emotions here are

Mexico ranks 41st in the world in

negative emotions and Korea ranks 45th

on that list meaning even more negative

emotions some of the reasons why Mexico

scores higher in well-being in the

perceived well-being is that when it

comes to social support there are

stronger social support networks in

Mexico than in Korea Koreans when asked

do you have social support say not so

much Mexicans

pretty good not the top though but

strong or social support in Mexico

interestingly when Mexicans are asked do

you have the freedom to make important

life decisions more say yes than

comparably in Korea where the sense is

very little choice about the future when

it comes to perceived corruption about

equal in the two countries a lot of

corruption in Mexico a lot of corruption

in Korea interestingly when people are

asked have you donated time or income

Mexicans say less than in Korea Mexico

does not rank very high in giving and

volunteering relative to other parts of

the world and when it comes to life

expectancy Korea is higher life

expectancy when you add all of these

factors together it turns out that the

balance of better emotion and more

social support seems to give Mexico the

edge why is Korea not so happy despite

its wealth we don't really know but one

hypothesis that I have

that they work too hard actually they

have about the longest working hours in

the world more than 2,000 hours Mexicans

work very hard as well

long hours Korea even more so maybe it

is the work-life balance that needs to

be re-examined but it's not a trade-off

to be richer or to be happier so I don't

want to leave the impression that be

satisfied with the the lack of economic

growth relatively speaking because there

are countries that are doing better on

all of these dimensions and a country

that typically ranks at the top of the

world rankings of happiness every year

is Denmark last year at rank number 2

just behind its near neighbour Finland

and if you look at Denmark's rankings

Denmark expresses about the highest

sense of well-being in the world but

it's also it's a very rich country it's

got higher life expectancy

it's got stronger social support it's

got good positive emotions

it's got fewer negative emotions it's

got a good sense of personal freedom and

corruption is very very low so let's

take that as an example that you can

almost have it all it's possible to be

happy to be wealthy to have strong

social connections and I mention this

because I think we are aspiring in the

world for greater well-being by the way

the United States doesn't rank so well

as you can imagine and it's getting

lower each year unfortunately in its

rankings of subjective well-being

because in my country we don't feel so

good these days and the negative effect

the bad emotions are soaring which is

perhaps why we have a negative effect

president of the United States I don't

know

but people feel bad he makes me feel bad

it all fits together but the problem is

we don't have really the well-being at

the center of our societal objectives

this is why sustainable development was

identified as a crucial need why didn't

we just go on measuring everything by

gross domestic product because more and

more nations around the world more and

more people around the world more and

more scholars around the world realized

we're missing the big picture by

focusing on this narrow economic

indicator it's no joy to be poor by the

way the data are very clear about that

but it's no guarantee of happiness to be

rich either and so one needs a more

holistic framework of life and the

sustainable development goals in my

opinion provide that more holistic

framework not perfectly perhaps but not

bad for a product that was developed by

a committee of a hundred ninety three

countries and it really was negotiated

by all hundred ninety three countries

when the sustainable development goals

were adopted this was not a secret

committee that somehow put them on the

table and the world leader said okay

this was three years of intensive

negotiation at United Nations

headquarters the original proposed list

of goals numbered 300 goals at the start

so if you want to know why there are as

many as seventeen rather than ten for

example like on the Ten Commandments the

reason is it started at 300 and

intelligently they negotiated it down

and down and down but they couldn't get

it below seventeen because different

country's insisted on particular goals

but the list ends up being pretty smart

and I want to suggest well balanced in

that if you pursue sustainable

development it's more likely to lead to

a society that is happier that has

higher well-being and not only today but

sustainably in the future so these are

not in my opinion arbitrary goals they

are goals that can really lead us to a

higher level of well-being and I will

show you I think later on that indeed

the countries that declare themselves

happiest in the world like Denmark are

the countries closest to the sustainable

development goals as well correlation

doesn't prove causation but I think that

it is indicative if you are taking a

balanced approach to sustainable

development then you're also going to

produce a balanced society that is more

conducive to good psychological outcomes

and a good sense of personal well-being

so what are these 17 goals boil down to

what really makes them tick four

dimensions underpin the SDGs the first

is economic needs that our basic

economic needs should be met that people

should not live in extreme poverty

people should not be hungry people

should be able to obtain health care

services people should be able to obtain

education all children should be able to

get a quality education everybody should

have safe water and sanitation everybody

should have access to basic modern

energy services and especially clean

energy services everybody should be able

to have a deal

livelihood so that's the economic part I

just named s DG's one two three four six

seven and eight so those are the

economic parts of the sustainable

development goals then is the social

inclusion that this should be for

everybody not just for a few rich people

that's the key to social justice and

there are at least three basic SDGs

focused entirely on that one is SD g5

which is gender equality that women and

men girls and boys equally should be

able to partake of the good things in

society we're not there yet men are

still messing up too much women are

still suffering lagging incomes and

lagging positions of politics and of in

the business world the second of these

social inclusion goals is SDG 10 which

is to reduce inequalities within

countries and among countries so this is

the first time the UN explicitly took

the inequality question you know

traditionally the focus was on ending

poverty which is very valuable but not

inequality per se but we've reached a

level of inequality that the injustice

of it the anxieties of it the sense of

the powerful getting their way on

everything and the rest not having a say

has become palpable all over the world

when I spoke about this yesterday at

university Miami a professor trained at

University of Chicago said why do we

care about inequality we should just

care about the poor but we care about

inequality because we don't like the

sense that mr. B's owes with a hundred

forty billion dollars can choose to do

anything he wants control politics Oh

major media have his say on everything

out of control of the rest of society he

says he wants to use his billions to

send millions of people into the solar

system it's a nonsense by the way that

money should be used to help people on

earth and I don't think it's his choice

personally I think we should tax that

money and use it for the right reasons

that's what SDG 10 is about this is at

least the values that I why I subscribe

to it but I think more and more don't

like the fact that 2208 billionaires

that are on this year's billionaires

list have 10 trillion dollars of wealth

and they own so much of world politics

that the rest of us are looking saying

oh my god can we have a say - and that's

SD g 10 SD g 16 is also very important

and that is good governance and the

access to law to the rule of law we know

in Mexico and in the United States there

is huge impunity

there is huge violence there is huge

corruption and this is inimical to

social inclusion the poor do not have

access to justice this is for sure

neither in the United States nor here

nor in other places in the world justice

costs and when you're so poor you cannot

obtain justice you can't defend your

land you can't defend your rights you

can't even survive often and this is a

predicament

that we face in the US and Mexico

because both of societies are very very

unequal the third pillar is

environmental for the reason of course

that we've heard all morning we're

wrecking the planet and to be precise

were wrecking the planet in three ways

one is the global warming

the second is the destruction of

biodiversity and the third is the

massive chemical pollution and the world

economy is creating a mess but we

haven't been able to get our heads

around this politically look at the

United States for example like this

country we have so much renewable energy

we have wind we have hydro we have solar

we could power the United States many

many times over at low cost with

renewable energy alone and yet the

United States President spends all his

time trying to get more coal oil and

natural gas produced why hard to know

exactly when it comes to the President

of the United States but I'll tell you

when it comes to the US political system

and that is that it's completely corrupt

it's in the hands of Exxon Mobil of

Chevron of the big oil companies because

they pay the campaign contributions they

do the lobbying and so it's ridiculous

we're killing the planet for these few

companies who are really disgusting but

the US Senate is in their hands the

Republican Party is owned by them right

now and about half the Democratic Party

so it's not quite bipartisan but it's

not exactly like one would like this

environmental destruction has reached an

incredibly dangerous state of affairs

because we're already at or very near

the level of temperature that will

destroy the ice sheets of Antarctica and

Greenland that will create several

meters of sea level rise that will

create and disasters hazards

vulnerability everyday someplace around

the world it's almost the case that

every place that we go every time

I travel there is in the midst of an

environmental crises these days

forest fires floods droughts heat waves

sandstorms you name it and this is only

going to get worse unless we stop the

global warming decisively and then the

fourth pillar I've already touched on it

is good governance SDG 16 and 17 say

government should obey the rule of law

they should cut corruption and they

should cooperate with each other you

cannot find America first anywhere in

the SVG's you can't find any country

first in the SPG's it's all about global

cooperation recognizing that we're all

in this together so any idea of an

America first or a Mexico first or any

other place first is completely

ridiculous it's something of the 19th

century imperialism it's not of the 21st

century we absolutely need cooperation

and we need the rule of law so we try to

measure these things every year in the

global s DSN and we count on you for the

ST US and Mexico to be measuring these

goals with precision in the states and

in the cities of Mexico and city bana

max has already pioneered a very

important study of measuring the SPG's

at the city level across the major

cities of Mexico this is a wonderful

contribution measurement is key because

it guides us on what is happening so

this is the picture from 2018 countries

in darker shades are doing the best you

can see Scandinavian Northern Europe

these are the champions of the SPG's

lighter shades are

next still lighter farther down and the

lightest unfortunately the poorest

countries of tropical sub-saharan Africa

are the country's farthest away from

achieving the SDGs because they don't

even achieve the economic goals most

countries are getting beyond the poverty

level but with social injustice and with

environmental destruction but the

poorest countries are stuck with extreme

poverty as well as I told you if you

look at SDG rankings and happiness

rankings my it's a pretty good fit i the

SDG rankings of 2018 had Sweden number

one Denmark Finland Germany France

Norway Switzerland if you look at the

happiness rankings Finland Norway

Denmark it's just a little bit changing

the order of the list

pursuing sustainable development and

pursuing wellbeing are really in line

with each other

pursuing GDP per capita would not show

you that correlation and we have a lot

of rich countries which come to me all

the time and say why aren't we higher on

the list because when you're rich you

think you deserve to be higher on the

list but people aren't so happy

necessarily so they don't show up as

higher on the list well this is Mexico's

dashboard in the 2018 report when you

see green it means that Mexico is on

track you don't see green unfortunately

there isn't one SDG for which Mexico is

surely on track right now to achieve the

entire SDG doesn't mean it's

unachievable it just means that your new

president has a lot of work cut out for

him which he knows and there's there's

no no doubt about that and he wants to

take on the inequalities and he wants to

take on social inclusion in a very big

way and that is one of the core messages

of the SDG

so let me just highlight some of the

areas not all of them I don't have time

for all of them but some of the weak

points as you know Mexico has been

grappling like the United States with an

obesity epidemic and this counts against

sustainable food and against health s

dg2 and SD g3 the United States is the

world champion of obesity we have also

the world champion fast food industry

the obesity champions of the world

coca-cola PepsiCo Kentucky Fried Chicken

McDonald's other Creators of the obesity

epidemic that have not been held to

account but it's pretty clear that this

is a big part of the story Mexico does

not show up well on education levels I

would say this maybe the most central

long term investment of any society and

the biggest challenge for mexican

society we're here great universities

but we know that the kids coming through

schools in mexico are not achieving good

learning not the worst in the world but

far and away not the kind of learning

that is needed for the 21st century

there are still places in mexico without

adequate safe water and sanitation

mexico still has not tapped its vast

renewable energy potential this is still

a fossil fuel based economy this is

really unfortunate because mexico has

some of the greatest sunshine in the

world you've got a lot of great wind

potential this is a country that could

go renewable massively so it's a shame

not to it means dirty or air it means

more climate change it's more expensive

actually in many ways SDG 9 is about

innovation and mexico does not yet

innovate adequately if you want to

understand the difference of Korea

and Mexico in that GNP GDP growth the

biggest differences are in education and

an innovation Korea's at the top of the

league in education performance and it

remarkably is now at the very top the

forefront of world technology that's why

it was able to achieve such rapid growth

over the last thirty years

not so much differences in labor markets

or this reform or that reform but in

Education Science and Technology and it

was the absolute almost obsession of the

Korean leadership over the past 40 years

we want to be in the forefront of

technology which is why we're carrying

Samsung phones because they made it

actually and that's what gave them that

growth this period Mexico also shows a

crisis of youth that are neither in

school nor in employment Mexico has one

of the highest rates of inequality of

income in the whole world

SDG ten and Mexico scores badly as all

of us do in this hemisphere by the way I

think the u.s. sets the pace in

corruption and in violence and of course

we know so much of the violence is also

related to the drug trafficking for the

US market and so much of the violence is

the hand guns coming from the u.s. to

Mexico into Central America so it's not

an accident that we're stuck in this

miserable situation together of so much

corruption and violence so very quickly

without exhausting your time and your

patience let me just show you a few

slides on these points in all of them I

have made a comparison of Mexico with

the other high-income countries with the

OECD

countries and in every slide you'll see

one column in red that's Mexico just

showing you

comparatively where Mexico stands

relative to the other high-income

countries so this is inequality measured

by the so called Gini coefficient you

can see that Mexico has one of it has

the second-highest

inequality of all of the countries

measured by the OECD for the most recent

year of comprehensive data 2014 Costa

Rica's actually at the end of that tale

the Gini coefficient is a number between

zero and one zero means everybody has

the same income one means that mr. Bies

OHS owns everything what he's trying to

do he's not quite there yet he only has

a hundred forty billion dollars this

morning but countries of equality are at

about 0.25 those are countries like if

you look at them at the left side

Iceland

Slovakia Slovenia Denmark Czech Republic

Finland Norway Belgium Austria Sweden

Hungary Germany but on our side I say

our side because it goes USA Turkey

Mexico Costa Rica the Americas are very

unequal all the countries of the

Americas because this was conquest

society and so that created a conquest

distribution of income and it's lasted

that way for centuries now and we

haven't gotten over the historical

legacy of this region the OECD measures

something similar called relative

poverty which is the proportion of

households below half I'm sorry yes the

proportion of households below half of

the median household income so it means

you're below half of the median and here

you can see Mexico again is

towards the extreme end of poverty but

here the united states has even more

poverty than Mexico does in this

relative sense when it comes to health

and well-being here is life expectancy

of the rich countries and you can see

once again Mexico does not show up very

well not terrible from a world standard

but many many years behind the world

leaders Japan is number one in life

expectancy at 84 years Mexico is

somewhere around 76 years so it's eight

years lower life expectancy and with a

lot of inequality as well the United

States by the way is at about 78 years

also ranking quite low 25th out of 35

places in the OECD in life expectancy

when it comes to obesity rates

there's Mexico shown by the arrow the

obesity rate in Mexico is in the most

recent data something like about 37% and

in the United States 40% were the number

one at the top the United States is

working very hard to stay at the top

because we're home to all of the

companies creating the obesity epidemic

unfortunately and whenever we try to

regulate those companies the lobbyists

are so powerful they throw away the

regulation or the courts declare that to

regulate them violates the free speech

of obesity causing companies it's weird

to live in such a circumstance but that

is the bad public policy that we have I

don't know whether this is still true

this is from 9 2017 but this is SVG 5

the share of members of the cabinet that

are women in the United States it's one

out of six 16% you see in those happy

countries women are in charge

this is my advice to the men let them

run it will all be better off it's

called a Pareto improvement the women

waited 10,000 years it's time to let

them try we'll see if they mess it up

too but in any event Mexico shows up

basically at the same at about one out

of six cabinet ministers I don't know

whether it's true of the current

administration it's much higher much

higher wonderful so this is the outgoing

administration and that's what happens

when you do it this way you're outgoing

but here is one part of the story this

is not a the the ultimate picture of

this variable unfortunately it's quite

complicated but Mexico doesn't collect a

lot of taxes the United States doesn't

collect a lot of taxes the reason why

countries like Belgium Norway Sweden are

more equal is they collect a lot of

taxes and then they give everybody free

health care everybody free tuition

everybody free childcare everybody free

vacation time in other words everybody

pays in and then everybody gets the

benefits and in the United States we

read a propaganda sheet called The Wall

Street Journal it's a propaganda page

for the rich and every day they write

editorials it's owned by mr. Rupert

Murdoch who is one of the most

irresponsible people on the whole planet

and every day they write editorials

don't raise taxes we'll end up more like

Europe if we do they actually say that

to all these unsuspecting United States

business people who never leave their

country apparently because they don't

know if we ended up more like Europe

we'd live longer we'd be happier we

would have healthier diets we would have

more vacation time

oh it sounds so horrible but what

they're telling us I'll don't put taxes

on the super-rich people and when

Alexandria Ocasio Cortez recently said

we need tax give her a big hand

everybody she she she is our new

superstar politician and when she said a

few weeks ago we oughta tax the rich

she said 70% marginal tax for people

making more than ten million dollars a

year it's you know it's pretty high to

hit that category the panic of the

billionaires was unbelievable one after

another they go that's a very bad idea

that's stupid will end up like Venezuela

and so forth and so on that is now the

latest line of the United States will

end up like Venezuela if we do anything

to raise the well-being of the American

people

okay so education I could not squeeze

this into a chart this is a list of the

test scores on the OECD's Pisa test

scores so this is the program on

international scholastic achievement

testing see where Mexico ranks on the

list way way down the countries at the

top are interesting Singapore Japan

Estonia Finland Canada and Vietnam

Vietnam is not a rich country but it's

scoring just at the top on science math

and and and reading right now so this is

not just a matter of income it's a

matter of attitude it's a matter of

qualified teachers it's a matter of

paying teachers and getting good

performance in the schools and so on of

course education reform should be at the

top of everybody's list

dr. Adler is just returning from

asunción Paraguay where President Abdo

the new president of Paraguay has put

education reform absolutely at the top

of the country's priorities in

part because he saw Paraguay somewhere

down there to low down on the list and

that's what we need to address if we're

going to be able to have a healthier

economy Mexico also scores very very low

on research and development this is a

matter of both public financing through

the universities by the way we need

stronger public finance to spur

university based research as well as

getting the companies here not to see

Mexico as a place where you do low tech

assembly but where you do high tech

innovation this is a big market there

are a lot of smart people there are a

lot of great institutions this should be

a home of innovation but what this shows

is that it's not right now Mexico's

investments in R&D at about 1/2 of 1% of

GDP right now our less than 1/8 of the

effort that Korea is making which is

more than 4% of GDP that's why Korea has

boomed excellent schools turning out

excellent engineers and we're in a home

of engineering today engineers are key

by the way scientists are great but

engineers are the key for the economy

scientists are the key for the engineers

that's the value chain and then all of

the rest of us who don't understand

anything about how our phones work about

our computers work about what why the

lights go on when we flip the switch

were indebted to the engineers for that

so this is where a huge effort needs to

be made when it comes to renewable

energy again Mexico hasn't even started

really trying of course there are

projects but Mexico has one of the

lowest penetration rates of renewable

energy as a share of

total primary energy but you look at the

map red on this map means good sunshine

I don't think I have to tell you you

have nice sunshine in this country

beautiful country lots of sunshine that

sunshine could power the entire country

and there are better and better

technologies for storing the sunshine

also of course you can literally store

it in batteries you can literally store

it in pumped hydro or you can store it

by converting the solar into hydrogen

for example so that you have stored

hydrogen or there are now better and

better technologies and this is

something Mexico could work on

converting the solar into synthetic

liquid fuels that are therefore not

causing global warming because they're

made synthetically from clean energy you

can take co2 hydrogen from water

renewable energy and convert that into

methane to make a methane fired power

plant and these technologies could clean

up our act so we're no longer emitting

co2 but you have all the sunshine in the

world to do it and Mexico has a lot of

very good wind power and this also

should play a major role one of the best

ideas in how to clean up the world

energy system is an idea of China called

global energy interconnection by the way

any good idea of China is immediately

called a bad idea by the United States

don't believe the United States in this

the u.s. is too lazy right now to have

good ideas

China has good ideas and then the United

States says no don't do that that's neo

colonialism if you buy their products

but if we had more good ideas we would

be competing more effectively

China has a very good idea of

interconnecting renewable energy and

obviously a lot of that goes through

Mexico and this is a smart proposal

because the larger the renewable energy

grid the less storage you need it's

sunny or windy someplace and so if you

smooth this across a grid you have a

much more efficient grid but can you

really transmit electricity so far

inexpensively it turns out the answers

yes using high-voltage direct current

transmission it's now possible to have

very long distance low loss transmission

so this would be a great part for STS n

Mexico STS n USA and STS n Canada and

the SDG Center of Latin America to work

on a grid of clean energy for the entire

Americas it makes sense and it's

completely feasible and one idea by the

way instead of the the wall is an array

of solar panels and that's actually a

very good idea because one could along a

long border put two thousand miles of

maybe 3 4 5 gigawatts of solar that

would be actually a wonderful investment

and market for Mexico to sell sUNshine

to the United States and so we need to

be creative about these ideas and in

Oaxaca and of course in the Caribbean

also wind is starting but much more

could be done SDG 11 calls for

sustainable cities and the only point i

want to make is something you completely

know Mexico's now the urban society par

excellence

it was a oh you can't actually the data

you can't tell the data that's zeros and

ones because the computer rounded off

Mexico started at forty percent urban in

1950

and it's now 80 percent urban today and

it will be 90 percent urban on

reasonable projections by 2050 so

getting smart cities to work smart city

design self-driving vehicles cities of

walking clean air renewable energy this

is a wonderful opportunity and a

wonderful challenge and again I

mentioned City bana Max's recent index

of sustainable cities guadalajara came

in first on the list of the hundred or

so cities ranked Aguascalientes number

two but this is a quite wonderful study

that should be done each year to look at

sustainable development at the city

level within Mexico finally digital

society we we need to use the digital

tools at the same time we need not to

become prisoners of the digital tools

either psychological prisoners because

addiction to the digital technologies is

actually soaring right now it's one of

the reasons for an epidemic of young

adolescents around the world it's quite

alarming so we are not being prudent in

that way it's also leading to a lot of

surveillance and spine basically

Facebook knows a lot more about you than

you know about you because it's also

keeping track of every place you've been

everything you bought every call you've

made and so on and so building a sound

digital society is critical here to

Mexico does not have especially high

utilization yet of digital technologies

it's coming but compared to other

countries it still remains modest

finally let me say a word about the

sustainable development Solutions

Network this is of course a worldwide

worldwide network of great universities

and of think-tanks to help bring

knowledge to bear to raise global

well-being especially focused on

achieving the Sustainable Development

Goals and as of today Mexico will show

up not as grey which on this map means

Network in formation but network

launched but you have a lot of partners

around the world and the idea is to

build the connections the partnerships

across universities and across countries

we launched STS n United States in

December so we're starting up at the

same time we now have 41 states

represented among a hundred 14

institutions in the u.s. Network and dr.

Gordon McCord of UC San Diego who is one

of the co-chairs of STS n USA is one of

the great connectors and leaders of the

effort here as well and our intention is

to make the partnership of STS and USA

and STS and Mexico and STS and Canada

and the SDG center of Latin America very

strong because all of the goals require

partnership regional cooperation and

shared insights so Canada's SDS and is

hosted at the University of Waterloo and

they will be a partner with us and we

launched just recently the new SDG

Center for Latin America and the

Caribbean at Universidad de los Andes in

Bogota and that is a resource for all of

us one of the primary goals that we have

for the SDG Center is to connect

throughout the Americas to work on this

clean energy issue I have spoken a long

time I'm grateful for you

patience and attention but I'm

especially grateful for the launch today

of STS n Mexico it's extraordinarily

exciting thank you very much

the name was