Fase-fase Perkembangan Ilmu Antropologi | 4 Fase Perkembangan Antropologi | Pengantar Antropologi

Summary

This video explores the four phases of anthropology's development as an academic field. It begins with early European observations of indigenous cultures before 1800, progresses through the 19th century's evolutionary theories, and continues with the practical use of anthropology during colonial times in the early 20th century. The final phase, post-World War II, marks a broadening of anthropology's scope to include diverse global societies. The video highlights the discipline's evolution from descriptive ethnography to a comprehensive study of human cultures for both academic and practical purposes.

Takeaways

• 😀 Anthropology studies human societies, cultures, and physical characteristics.
• 😀 The first phase of anthropology was before 1800 AD, where European explorers documented indigenous cultures through travel reports and observations.
• 😀 The documents created in phase 1 were ethnographies, describing customs, social structures, and physical traits of people from various continents.
• 😀 In the second phase (mid-1800s), anthropology focused on studying 'primitive' societies, considering them as lower levels of cultural development.
• 😀 This second phase also involved classifying cultures into evolutionary stages to understand the spread and development of human societies.
• 😀 The third phase occurred during the early 20th century, coinciding with colonialism, when anthropology became a practical tool for studying colonized peoples.
• 😀 During phase 3, anthropology served colonial interests by studying indigenous societies and helping colonial governments understand local cultures.
• 😀 The fourth phase of anthropology began in the 20th century, with a broader focus on both academic and practical goals, studying diverse human societies.
• 😀 This phase expanded to include the study of rural populations in Europe and small towns in America, not just those in colonized regions.
• 😀 Modern anthropology aims to understand the diversity of human societies and cultures, with both academic and practical objectives.
• 😀 The video encourages viewers to interact by commenting, subscribing, liking, and sharing to further engage with the content.

Q & A

What are the four phases in the development of anthropology discussed in the video?

The four phases are: 1) Before 1800 AD, when European explorers documented different cultures; 2) Mid-1800s, when anthropology became academic and focused on primitive cultures; 3) Early 20th century, during colonialism, when anthropology was used to study colonized nations; and 4) 20th century onwards, when anthropology expanded to include rural European populations and focused on both academic and practical purposes.

How did European explorers contribute to the development of anthropology before 1800?

Before 1800, European explorers traveled to Africa, Asia, and the Americas, documenting the customs, societies, and physical characteristics of various peoples. These descriptions were compiled into ethnographies, which laid the foundation for early anthropological knowledge.

What was the focus of anthropology in the mid-1800s?

In the mid-1800s, anthropology became a formal academic discipline. The focus was on studying what were perceived as 'primitive' cultures outside of Europe. Anthropologists classified these cultures according to an evolutionary framework to understand the spread of human civilization.

What role did anthropology play during European colonialism in the early 20th century?

During European colonialism in the early 20th century, anthropology became a practical science used to study the indigenous cultures of colonized nations. The aim was to understand these cultures for the benefit of colonial governance and to analyze complex modern societies.

How did anthropology evolve in the 20th century?

By the 20th century, anthropology expanded in scope, both in terms of knowledge and methodology. Researchers began studying not only 'primitive' cultures outside Europe but also rural populations within Europe and small towns in the United States. The discipline had both academic and practical objectives.

What were the two main goals of anthropology in the 20th century?

The two main goals of anthropology in the 20th century were: 1) academic, to understand human diversity and the variations in physical traits, societies, and cultures; and 2) practical, to study human societies in a way that could contribute to societal development and improvement.

How did anthropology's approach to 'primitive' cultures change over time?

Initially, anthropology focused on 'primitive' cultures, often considered inferior to Western societies. However, as the discipline evolved, anthropologists began to study a broader range of societies, including rural and urban populations, and sought to understand human diversity in a more holistic and respectful manner.

What impact did colonialism have on the development of anthropology?

Colonialism played a significant role in shaping the direction of anthropology in the early 20th century. Anthropology became a tool for colonial powers to understand and control their colonies by studying the indigenous cultures and societies of colonized peoples.

What type of knowledge did early ethnographies provide?

Early ethnographies provided detailed descriptions of different cultures, including their customs, social structures, and physical characteristics. These writings helped establish the foundational knowledge of anthropology before it became a formal academic discipline.

What was the significance of the 1860s in the development of anthropology?

In the 1860s, anthropologists began publishing works that classified human cultures into evolutionary stages. This classification was part of an effort to understand human development and the spread of civilizations, marking a key moment in the academic maturation of anthropology.