Migrações internas - Brasil Escola

Brasil Escola Oficial

8 Feb 202009:57

Summary

TLDRProfessora Larissa Mesquita introduces the topic of internal migrations within Brazil, highlighting the country's intense movement due to its vast size, regional inequalities, and economic cycles. The video outlines two significant historical periods: the colonization era with notable migration waves to regions like Minas Gerais, Amazon, and São Paulo/Rio de Janeiro due to gold, rubber, and coffee cycles. The 20th century is marked by industrialization, the construction of Brasília, and the expansion of the agricultural frontier, attracting internal migrants. Three types of internal migration are discussed: rural exodus driven by land concentration and industrialization, leading to urbanization and socio-economic inequality; pendular migration, a temporary daily or weekly movement between nearby cities or for work and study; and seasonal migration, where individuals move for economic activities and return annually. The video concludes with current trends, noting a shift from metropolitan to medium-sized cities, particularly in the North and Central-West regions, due to industrial decentralization and job opportunities.

Takeaways

🌍 Brazil has a history of intense internal migrations due to its large territorial size and regional inequalities since colonization.
📈 Economic cycles and the diversification of economic activities have been significant factors in internal migration patterns in Brazil.
🏺 Three key migration periods during Brazilian colonization were the Gold cycle in Minas Gerais, the Rubber cycle in the Amazon region, and the Coffee cycle in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.
🏭 The 20th century saw intense internal migrations due to industrialization, especially in the Southeast region of Brazil, attracting individuals from various regions.
🏙️ After colonization, the construction of Brasília and the Manaus Free Trade Zone became major attractions for internal migrants seeking employment.
🚜 The rural exodus, characterized by migration from rural areas to cities, has been the most intense internal migration in Brazil since the mid-20th century.
🏘️ The rural exodus led to a rapid increase in urbanization, resulting in uncontrolled growth and the spread of slums, highlighting socio-economic inequality in Brazil.
🔄 Pendular migration is a common type of internal migration in metropolitan regions where individuals commute daily or weekly between their place of residence and work or study.
🍃 Seasonal migration, or transhumance, involves individuals moving to another place for a certain period of the year due to economic activities, such as sugarcane harvesting, and then returning to their place of origin.
📉 Since the 1990s, Brazil has experienced a process of demetropolization, with a decrease in internal migrations to large metropolises due to market saturation and industrial decentralization.
🌱 Currently, internal migrations in Brazil are increasingly focused on medium-sized cities and regions like the North and Center-West, which attract industries and offer better living conditions.

Q & A

What does the term 'internal migration' refer to in the context of the video?
-Internal migration refers to any migratory movement that occurs within a country. In the video, it specifically discusses internal migration within Brazil.
What are the three main factors contributing to internal migration in Brazil as mentioned in the video?
-The three main factors contributing to internal migration in Brazil are the country's large territorial extent, regional inequalities that have been present since the colonization process, and economic cycles.
What were the three significant periods of internal migration in Brazil during its colonization?
-The three significant periods of internal migration during Brazil's colonization were the Gold Cycle, which attracted many individuals to Minas Gerais, the Rubber Cycle in the Amazon region, and the Coffee Cycle, particularly in the São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro region.
How did the 20th century mark a period of intense internal migration in Brazil?
-The 20th century marked a period of intense internal migration in Brazil due to the diversification of economic activities, with a focus on industrialization in the Southeast region, especially in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, and the construction of Brasília and the Manaus Free Trade Zone in the Amazon region.
What is rural exodus and why does it occur in Brazil?
-Rural exodus is the most intense form of internal migration in Brazil, involving the movement from rural areas to cities. It occurs due to land concentration, inequality in land access, and the allure of industrial cities, which offer more job opportunities and better living conditions.
What is the consequence of rural exodus on the urban structure of Brazil?
-The consequence of rural exodus on the urban structure of Brazil is the accelerated growth of cities, leading to abnormal urbanization, a disorderly growth process, and the emergence of favelas (slums), which are typical in cities that grow without proper planning.
What is the term for the type of migration where individuals move daily or weekly between two locations, typically for work or study?
-This type of migration is called 'pendular migration' because it involves a temporary, back-and-forth movement between two locations, such as living in one municipality and working in another.
What is the characteristic feature of seasonal or transhumance migration?
-Seasonal or transhumance migration is characterized by individuals establishing themselves in another place for a certain period of the year, primarily due to the development of an economic activity, and this movement tends to repeat annually.
What is the current trend in Brazilian internal migration movements?
-The current trend in Brazilian internal migration movements is 'desmetropolization,' which involves a decrease in migration to large metropolises since the 1990s. Instead, medium-sized cities and regions in the North and Center-West of Brazil are attracting more individuals due to industrial decentralization and job opportunities.
Why have São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro seen a decrease in internal migration since the 1990s?
-São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro have seen a decrease in internal migration since the 1990s due to the saturation of the job market, physical overcrowding in the cities, and industrial decentralization, which has led to industries moving out of these metropolises.
What are the regions in Brazil that currently attract the most internal migrants?
-The North and Center-West regions of Brazil currently attract the most internal migrants, as they offer better living conditions and have seen growth in industries and businesses, generating jobs in both the secondary and tertiary sectors.

Outlines

00:00

🌏 Internal Migrations in Brazil: An Overview

Professora Larissa Mesquita introduces the topic of internal migrations within Brazil. She explains that internal migrations refer to any movement that occurs within the country, which has been intense due to factors such as Brazil's vast territory, regional inequalities, and economic cycles. The professor invites viewers to subscribe to the channel for updates and highlights that all content is free and made with care. She outlines the historical perspective of internal migrations in Brazil, emphasizing three significant periods: the Gold Cycle, Rubber Cycle, and Coffee Cycle during colonization, and the industrialization in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, construction of Brasília, and the expansion of the agricultural frontier in the 20th century. The summary also touches on the importance of understanding the main historical flows and special types of migrations, such as rural exodus, which has been the most intense form of migration in Brazil since the mid-20th century due to land concentration and the allure of cities, leading to a shift from a predominantly rural to urban population structure.

05:00

🏙️ Urbanization and Special Types of Internal Migrations in Brazil

The second paragraph delves into the consequences of rural exodus, such as accelerated urban growth, disorderly urbanization, and the emergence of slums, reflecting the socio-economic inequality in Brazil. It then discusses two special types of internal migrations: pendular migration, which is typical in metropolitan regions where people commute daily or weekly between cities for work or study, and seasonal migration, where individuals move to another place for a certain period of the year due to economic activities and then return to their original place. The paragraph also addresses the current trends in Brazilian migrations, noting a process of 'desmetropolization' since the 1990s, where the focus has shifted from large metropolises to medium-sized cities, especially in the North and Central-West regions, which are now attracting people due to industrial decentralization and better living conditions.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Internal Migrations

Internal migrations refer to the movement of people within a country from one region to another. In the context of the video, it is a core theme as it discusses the various factors and historical periods that have influenced internal migration in Brazil, such as economic cycles and regional disparities.

💡Territorial Extension

The territorial extension of a country is its total area or geographical size. The video mentions Brazil's large size as one of the factors contributing to internal migrations, as it creates disparities and uneven development across different regions, prompting people to move in search of better opportunities.

💡Economic Cycles

Economic cycles are the recurring periods of economic expansion and contraction. The video discusses how these cycles, particularly the gold, rubber, and coffee cycles during Brazil's colonization, have historically attracted people to migrate internally in search of work and prosperity.

💡Rural Exodus

Rural exodus is the mass movement of people from rural to urban areas. The video explains that in Brazil, this has been a significant migration pattern since the mid-20th century, driven by land concentration, industrialization, and the search for better employment opportunities in cities.

💡Urbanization

Urbanization is the process where a society increasingly becomes urban. The video highlights that the rural exodus has led to a shift from a predominantly rural to a predominantly urban population structure in Brazil, particularly noticeable from the 1970s and 1980s onwards.

💡Pendular Migration

Pendular migration is a temporary and recurring movement of people between two locations, often occurring daily or weekly. The video uses this term to describe individuals who live in one municipality but work in another, commuting back and forth, which is common in metropolitan regions.

💡Seasonal Migration

Seasonal migration, also known as transhumance, involves people moving to another place for a certain period of the year due to the development of an economic activity. The video gives the example of sugarcane cutters who migrate to specific locations during the harvest season and then return to their original place of residence once the work is done.

💡Industrialization

Industrialization is the period of social and economic change where industry becomes the dominant mode of production. The video discusses how industrialization, particularly in the Southeast region of Brazil, has been a strong attractor for internal migrants seeking employment opportunities.

💡Brasília

Brasília is the capital city of Brazil, which was constructed in the mid-20th century. The video mentions it as a significant attractor for internal migrants due to the job opportunities created by its construction and the establishment of the Manaus Free Trade Zone.

💡Desmetropolization

Desmetropolization refers to the decrease in migration to large metropolitan areas. The video explains that since the 1990s, Brazil has experienced desmetropolization, with fewer internal migrants being attracted to large cities like São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro due to market saturation and industrial decentralization.

💡Medium-sized Cities

Medium-sized cities are urban areas with populations typically under one million inhabitants. The video highlights that these cities have become the new focus of internal migration in Brazil, as they attract industries and businesses, offering employment opportunities and better living conditions.

Highlights

The video discusses internal migrations within Brazil, focusing on movements that occur within the country.

Brazil has intense internal migration movements due to its large size, regional inequalities, and economic cycles.

Three main factors driving internal migration in Brazil are its vast territorial extent, regional disparities, and economic cycles.

Historically, internal migrations in Brazil can be divided into two periods - during and after the Brazilian colonization.

During colonization, three intense migration cycles were the Gold cycle in Minas Gerais, Rubber cycle in the Amazon, and Coffee cycle in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.

The 20th century saw intense internal migrations due to diversification of economic activities, particularly industrialization in the Southeast region.

The construction of Brasília and the Manaus Free Trade Zone in the Amazon region also attracted many internal migrants in the 20th century.

The expansion of the agricultural frontier led to a large influx of internal migrants to the Central-West and North regions.

Three key types of internal migrations in Brazil are rural exodus, commuting migration, and seasonal migration.

Rural exodus, the most intense internal migration, involves people moving from rural areas to cities due to land concentration and industrialization.

Rural exodus has led to a shift from a predominantly rural to urban population structure in Brazil between the 1940s and 1980s.

This has resulted in rapid urbanization, disorderly city growth, and the spread of slums, highlighting socio-economic inequality in Brazil.

Commuting migration is a temporary, daily or weekly movement where people live in one municipality and work in another.

Seasonal migration involves people moving to another place for a certain period of the year to engage in an economic activity, then returning to their origin.

An example of seasonal migration is sugarcane cutters moving to specific locations during the harvest season and returning after the work is done.

Currently, Brazil is experiencing demetropolization, with a decrease in internal migration to large metropolises since the 1990s.

Instead, medium-sized cities with less than 1 million inhabitants are attracting migrants, as they host many industries and generate jobs.

The North and Central-West regions are the main destinations for internal migrants in Brazil today, as people move there for better living conditions.