Neil deGrasse Tyson & Janna Levin Answer Mind-Blowing Fan Questions

Summary

En un fascinante diálogo, la astrofísica Janet Levan comparte su pasión por la ciencia y la física teórica con Neil deGrasse Tyson en el programa 'Star Talk'. Janet, profesora en la Universidad de Columbia y autora de varios libros, explora conceptos atípicos como la posibilidad de que el tiempo sea una dimensión más en un hipercubo, y cuestiona si la realidad es tan tangible como pensamos. La conversación abarca desde la naturaleza de la agua y la cuantización del espacio-tiempo hasta la interpretación de muchos mundos y la teleportación cuántica. La discusión también incluye la influencia de la ciencia en la cultura y cómo el arte y la ciencia se entrelazan en el Pioneer Works, un centro cultural codirigido por Levan. El episodio es una joya filosófica que desafía las nociones preconcebidas y anima al público a mantener la curiosidad y el asombro por el universo que nos rodea.

Takeaways

• 🌌 La astronomía y la física teórica son campos de estudio que abarcan conceptos fascinantes como las estrellas, los planetas y el universo en expansión.
• 🕒 Se discute la posibilidad de que el tiempo sea una dimensión adicional, y cómo esto podría cambiar nuestra comprensión de la realidad y la física cuántica.
• 💧 Se explora la naturaleza discreta de la materia, como el agua, y cómo esto se relaciona con la posibilidad de que el espacio-tiempo también sea discreto.
• 🔬 La importancia de la curiosidad y el cuestionamiento de las nociones preconcebidas en la ciencia, lo que puede llevar a cambios drásticos en nuestra comprensión del universo.
• 🌟 Se destaca la distinción entre la ciencia y la ficción, y cómo la ciencia real a menudo puede ser más extraordinaria que la ficción.
• 📚 Se mencionan varias obras escritas por la entrevistada, incluyendo libros y una novela, que abordan temas complejos de física teórica de una manera accesible.
• 🎨 Se habla sobre el Pioneer Works, un centro cultural dedicado a la intersección entre el arte y las ciencias, y su impacto en la comunidad y la cultura.
• 🔭 Se destaca la colaboración con el New York City Amateur Astronomers, que promueven la astronomía y la ciencia entre el público en eventos públicos.
• 🌌 Se aborda la idea de la topología del universo y cómo la física cuántica puede afectar nuestra comprensión de la conectividad del espacio-tiempo.
• ⏳ Se discute la relación entre la mecánica cuántica, la entanglement y la no-localidad, y cómo estos conceptos desafían nuestra percepción clásica del espacio y el tiempo.
• 🧬 Se menciona la teleportación cuántica de moléculas como un ejemplo del avance en la comprensión y la aplicación de la física cuántica.

Q & A

¿Qué hace que la física de Janet sea considerada por muchas personas como la más asombrosa?

Janet explora conceptos que van más allá de lo tangible, como las posibilidades de que el tiempo sea una cuarta dimensión o la naturaleza de la realidad en el ámbito cuántico, lo que la hace muy atípica y fascinante en comparación con otras áreas de la física.

¿Por qué podría ser problemático intentar compactificar el tiempo?

Compactificar el tiempo podría llevar a paradoxos, como el famoso paradoja del abuelo, donde un evento en el tiempo podría afectar su propia existencia, lo que desafía la lógica y la secuencia causal.

¿Qué es la interpretación de muchos mundos en la mecánica cuántica?

La interpretación de muchos mundos sugiere que cada fluctuación cuántica da lugar a la creación de un nuevo universo paralelo. Esto implica que todas las posibilidades existentes ocurren en diferentes universos, creando una multitud de realidades paralelas.

¿Cómo afecta la masa de un agujero negro la percepción del tiempo?

El agujero negro altera la percepción del tiempo alrededor de él debido a su fuerte gravedad. A medida que uno se acerca del horizonte de eventos, el tiempo se dilata y se percibe más lentamente para un observador lejano en comparación con alguien que está más cerca del agujero negro.

¿Por qué podría ser el agua un ejemplo filosófico interesante para discutir la noción de 'estiramiento infinito'?

El agua, al analizarse a un nivel más detallado, se compone de moléculas H2O discretas y no es un medio continuo. Esto ilustra que a pesar de que el agua como conjunto parece 'estirable', en realidad está compuesto de unidades finitas, cuestionando así la idea de la 'infinitud' en el contexto de la física.

¿Cómo podría la mecánica cuántica cambiar nuestra comprensión de la gravedad?

Algunas teorías sugieren que la gravedad no es una fuerza fundamental, sino que emerge de las interacciones cuánticas a gran escala. Esto implica que conceptos como el espacio y el tiempo podrían no ser fundamentales, sino macroscópicos, emergiendo de una realidad más básica compuesta de partículas y interacciones cuánticas.

¿Qué es la 'compactificación' en el contexto de la física de partículas?

La compactificación se refiere a la idea de que ciertas dimensiones del espacio, en particular aquellas que no son observables directamente, podrían estar 'compacteadas' o enrolladas en escalas muy pequeñas, lo que las hace invisibles a nuestros experimentos y observaciones.

¿Por qué la experiencia de Janet con una gran transformación en su investigación es significativa?

Estas experiencias son significativas porque representan un cambio drástico en la comprensión de un científico sobre un tema, lo que puede llevar a avances significativos en la teoría o en la práctica. Indican que la ciencia es un proceso dinámico donde las nociones previas están sujetas a revisión y transformación.

¿Cómo se relaciona el concepto de 'entrelazamiento' cuántico con la idea de un universo no-local?

El entrelazamiento cuántico demuestra que partículas pueden estar tan interconectadas que el estado de una partícula parece afectar instantáneamente al de otra, independientemente de la distancia. Esto cuestiona la noción clásica de un universo local y sugiere que la información puede viajar más rápido que la velocidad de la luz, lo que tiene implicaciones para nuestra comprensión de la estructura y la topología del universo.

¿Por qué la física de partículas y la astronomía son importantes para la cultura?

La física de partículas y la astronomía son importantes para la cultura porque son áreas en el frente de la ciencia que impulsan nuestras comprensiones y nos permiten explorar preguntas fundamentales sobre el universo y la existencia. También son un punto de encuentro para la comunidad y fomentan el diálogo y la colaboración entre diferentes disciplinas y el público en general.

¿Qué es la radiación de Hawking y cómo está relacionada con los agujeros negros?

La radiación de Hawking es un proceso teórico por el cual un agujero negro puede emitir radiación debido a la inestabilidad en el vacío de Heisenberg cerca del horizonte de eventos. Esta radiación puede causar que un agujero negro pequeño se evapore o 'explote', lo que es un fenómeno que ha sido propuesto como una forma de detectar agujeros negros primordiales.

Outlines

00:00

😀 Introducción a la física teórica y la realidad

Janet, una física teórica, discute sobre su campo de estudio, que abarca conceptos tan atípicos como la cuarta dimensión del tiempo y la posibilidad de que la gravedad no exista como una entidad fundamental. Explica cómo su experiencia favorita es enfrentarse a un cambio radical en su comprensión previa, lo que desafía sus nociones preexistentes sobre la realidad.

05:00

🌌 La fusión de arte y ciencia en Pioneer Works

Janet describe su papel en Pioneer Works, un centro cultural dedicado a las artes y la ciencia. Expresa su creencia de que la ciencia es parte de la cultura y que debe estar al frente, junto con el arte y la música. Habla sobre eventos que fomentan la comunidad y la interacción entre aficionados a la astronomía y científicos.

10:02

🚀 Avances en la ciencia y la naturaleza de la verdad

Janet y Neil deGrasse Tyson discuten sobre cómo los avances científicos ocurren cuando alguien desafía una idea previa, y no cuando todos están de acuerdo. Exploran la noción de que la ciencia no se trata de ganar un argumento sino de encontrar la verdad, y cómo las teorías científicas se acumulan y se extienden, en lugar de ser reemplazadas.

15:04

🤔 Reflexiones sobre la elasticidad del espacio-tiempo

Un espectador pregunta si el espacio-tiempo tiene que ser infinitamente elástico y si la materia oscura podría ser una deformación elástica del mismo. Janet y Neil exploran la naturaleza discreta de la realidad a escalas muy pequeñas y la posibilidad de que el espacio-tiempo no sea continuo, sino compuesto de 'quanta' discretos.

20:06

💔 Amor, black holes y la naturaleza de la realidad

Janet y Neil reflexionan sobre la realidad y la 'realismo', con Neil sugiriendo que nuestra afinidad filosófica hacia el realismo puede estar desubicada. Comparten una analogía humorística sobre el amor y las black holes, y discuten sobre la posibilidad de que el espacio y el tiempo no sean reales, y cómo la gravedad podría emerger de la interacción cuántica.

25:07

🧵 La importancia de la curiosidad y la exploración cósmica

Neil deGrasse Tyson reflexiona sobre la importancia de la curiosidad humana y cómo el estudio de la cosmología y el universo satisface un anhelo fundamental del ser humano. Agradece a Janet por su participación y anima a la audiencia a seguir mirando hacia arriba, manteniendo la maravilla y el asombro por el cosmos.

Keywords

💡Teoría de la relatividad general

La teoría de la relatividad general, desarrollada por Albert Einstein, es una teoría gravitacional que describe la gravedad como una curvatura del espacio-tiempo causada por la masa y la energía. En el video, se menciona que incluso la teoría de la relatividad general puede ser reescrita en términos de interacciones de partículas, lo que muestra su conexión con la física cuántica.

💡Espacio-tiempo

El espacio-tiempo es el tejido tridimensional que conforma el universo, combinado con el tiempo como una cuarta dimensión. En el video, se explora la posibilidad de que el espacio-tiempo pueda ser cuantizado en escalas muy pequeñas, lo que podría cambiar nuestra comprensión de la gravedad y la física fundamental.

💡Cuánto de Planck

El cuánto de Planck es una escala de longitud teórica a la que se espera que se aplique la teoría de la gravedad cuántica. Se menciona en el video como el punto a partir del cual las ideas actuales sobre el espacio-tiempo podrían no ser válidas y podríamos requerir una teoría de cuánto de gravedad.

💡Cuerdas teóricas

Las teorías de cuerdas son un marco teórico en el que las partículas fundamentales son como cuerdas en vibración. En el video, se sugiere que en escalas de Planck, podríamos encontrar 'bucles' de cuerdas en lugar de un espacio-tiempo definido, lo que implica una comprensión diferente de la estructura fundamental del universo.

💡Entanglement cuántico

El entanglement cuántico es un fenómeno en el que las partículas se vuelven parte de un sistema compuesto de tal manera que la información sobre el estado de una partícula está instantáneamente correlacionada con la información de otra, independientemente de la distancia. Se discute en el video cómo este fenómeno desafía nuestra noción de realidad local.

💡Interpretación de muchos mundos

La interpretación de muchos mundos es una teoría en la mecánica cuántica que sugiere que todas las posibles resultados de una medida cuántica ocurren en universos paralelos. En el video, se discute cómo esta interpretación ofrece una visión de por qué las partículas pueden existir en múltiples estados a la vez.

💡Teletransporte cuántico

El teletransporte cuántico no es el transporte físico de una partícula, sino la transferencia de información cuántica de un estado a otro, a través de una conexión de entanglement. Se menciona en el video como un ejemplo de la no-localidad y la transferencia de información en la mecánica cuántica.

💡Agujas de Einstein, Podolsky y Rosen (EPR)

El problema de Einstein, Podolsky y Rosen (EPR) es un argumento que Einstein y sus colegas desarrollaron para cuestionar la completitud de la mecánica cuántica. En el video, se discute cómo el EPR sugiere que la mecánica cuántica implica una no-localidad que choca con la intuición física clásica.

💡Agujero negro

Los agujeros negros son regiones del espacio-tiempo con una gravedad tan fuerte que nada, incluida la luz, puede escapar de ellas. En el video, se discuten las propiedades peculiares de los agujeros negros, incluyendo cómo afectan el flujo del tiempo y su similitud con las partículas fundamentales en términos de indistinguibilidad.

💡Radiación de Hawking

La radiación de Hawking es un proceso teórico por el cual un agujero negro emitiría radiación debido a la inestabilidad cuántica cerca del horizonte de eventos. En el video, se menciona cómo esta radiación podría ser la 'último aliento' de un agujero negro que se evapora.

💡Curiosidad cósmica

La curiosidad cósmica se refiere al interés humano por comprender el universo y sus misterios. En el video, se destaca la importancia de esta curiosidad para el ser humano, ya que impulsa el estudio de la cosmología y la búsqueda de respuestas a preguntas fundamentales sobre el origen y la estructura del universo.

Highlights

Janet's field of study is considered mind-blowing, focusing on abstract concepts like the nature of time and the possibility of a fourth dimension.

The idea of a hypercube and the challenge of visualizing or creating a structure where time is the fourth dimension is discussed.

Janet explores the concept that everything we know about water may not hold when considering a single H2O molecule, touching on the essence of quantum mechanics.

The conversation delves into the possibility that at a deep quantum level, there may be no gravity, only quantum mechanics.

Janet shares her favorite experience of having a 'huge shift' in her understanding, shattering preconceived notions.

The discussion addresses the misconception that science is about agreement, when in fact it thrives on the challenge of new ideas.

Janet's role as the founding director of Sciences at Pioneer Works is introduced, emphasizing the intersection of art and science.

Pioneer Works is described as a cultural center where science and art interact and influence each other, fostering a community space.

Janet's written works, including 'How the Universe Got Its Spots', 'Black Hole Survival Guide', and 'Black Hole Blues', are mentioned.

The novel 'A Madman Dreams of Turing Machines' by Janet is highlighted, showcasing her foray into fiction writing.

The concept of spacetime quantization is explored, with the possibility that spacetime may not be infinitely divisible.

Janet suggests that gravity might not be a fundamental force, but rather an emergent property of quantum interactions.

The philosophical and scientific implications of water's nature as a collective phenomenon, similar to how gravity emerges from quantum interactions, are discussed.

The importance of questioning and challenging realism in science, rather than accepting it without scrutiny, is emphasized.

Janet's views on the nature of scientific progress, where new data can extend rather than overturn previous theories, are shared.

The impact of the 1919 solar eclipse on Einstein's fame and the role of scientific confirmation across national rivalries is highlighted.

The concept of a local universe versus the non-local implications of quantum entanglement is debated in the context of the EPR paradox.

Janet's thoughts on the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics are presented, including the idea that every quantum event spawns new universes.

The practical aspects of quantum teleportation are explained, emphasizing the difference between传送 (teleporting) information and physical teleportation.

The unique properties of black holes are discussed, noting their similarity to fundamental particles in terms of being indistinguishable and flawless.

Transcripts

so Janet your field of study most people

would say would be the most mind-blowing

science that anyone does you know I

could talk about stars and planets and

there's a tangibility to that the

expanding Universe it's a little weird

but it's not it doesn't blow your mind

you think about stuff that's like

what if time is a dimension the fourth

dimension can you make a hyper Cube

where time is the fourth dimension

usually we don't try to compactify time

I'm not saying no tried it is

H2O water everything we know and

understand and love about water requires

an ensemble of H2O if you pull out one

of them do you get to call that water we

might look deeper and deeper and instead

of finding Quantum bits of SpaceTime we

will only find pure quantum mechanics

with no gravity in it whatsoever one of

my favorite experiences is when I have a

huge shift when I'm shocked and I

realize I've had some kind of

preconceived notion that has just been

shattered reality isn't overrated but

realism is so there's a reality out

there but our attachment philosophically

to realism is misplaced all right I I

have to like digest this for a moment

I'm telling you right now this should be

the end of the show right

now this is Star Talk Neil degrass Tyson

you're a personal astrophysicist we've

got a start talk Cosmic queries today

with one of our favorites or Chuck is

she our very favorite uh she's our very

favorite theoretical physicist that's

for sure that is for sure totally I want

to know who's on this

list so Jan 11 welcome back to Star Talk

always fun to be here yeah very glad

Chuck was saying we're getting closer

and closer together here love it just

for the for just for the video for the

video you know why because we spent

three years zoomed away in our in our

so you're a theoretical physicist and

you're a professor a tow Professor

that's the the founder of your endowed

chair I guess yes I think we say TOA TAA

to Professor not get in trouble if I

don't say it right yeah not t just to to

the to Professor of astronomy and

physics at barard at antic Columbia

University which up the street here in

in New York City and uh you've written

several books and forgive me but all the

titles of your three books have merged

into one flow of words you say them

better than anybody else on the planet

so one of them is How the Universe Got

Its Spots How the Universe Got Its Spots

okay the other one was black hole

Survival Guide yes and the third one was

black hole Blues the black hole Blues

excellent there's one more I wrote a

novel what yeah I won I won like a pen

award for not for fiction yeah you guys

you guys know 1% about me I'm sorry I am

going to be your favorite by the end of

today W what's the novel so what's the

novel a Madman dreams of Turing machines

maybe the title's too long wow a Madman

dreams of Turing

machines Allan yeah okay it's a little

trippy wow sounds a long time ago oh wow

so it's it's it's a it's it's I thought

it was something that was relatively new

no it's not it's where you started so

that's where your heart is yeah well

every once in a while I dabble with

unfinished

fiction what a sentence that is oh my

gosh how many people get to say that

very cool very cool well all right it's

a it's a cosmic queries where our fan

base knows you and we left it wide open

fun just have to be in your belly Wick

is theoretical cosmological relativistic

physics and she she's ready for sheing

ready to throw down

but before we do I just want to catch up

on a few things um you are also very

active in Pioneer works just remind

people briefly what that is Pioneer

works is a cultural center it's pretty

new it's for Arts and Sciences it was

founded by artist Dustin Yellen and the

founding artistic director is Gabriel

Florence and then I came in as the

founding director of Sciences we're kind

of a Triad and we really have science

and art really rubbing together so we

have exhibitions for artists rubbing in

a good

way rub together in a bad way you want

you Chas some wd4 but this one is

rubbing so that they can influence yeah

and we're you know we're not crowbar

things together in a in a I I hope not a

fake way it's very uh genuine and

spirited it's a real labor of love so we

have organic we've had you NE we've had

you Chuck in We performed We performed a

live start talk at your space in

absolutely I wasn't there for that you

were not there for that I did something

totally different Paul marcero believe

was

our PA M

was yeah we do uh like we'll have an

exhibition about we had one for the

Hiroshima panels which were made in 1945

and then we had uh conversations with uh

scientists about nuclear energy and

nuclear weaponry and the history of

things like containment and so we we

riff off each other and you have a

social conscience in yes definitely def

we're not uh we don't prescribe anything

politically morally socially it's it's

radical as all art spaces have to be in

challenging challenging even to our own

ideas and but but it very much is a

place for Community I really believe

that science is part of culture it's at

the Forefront of culture along with art

music it doesn't have to be hidden like

a wall inside the Walnut of those other

things that that we have a community

around inside the waln that's good right

that's good so I believe like people

need a place to gather and and to be

together and to break bread and to talk

about things and think about things so

I'm very much Central to sort of our

thinking around the place if you come to

an event you'll stay after you'll hang

out in our garden we often have

telescopes scientists will Mill around

so you can ask them questions and

telescopes because you have a

relationship with the amateur

astronomies yes the the New York City

amateur yes the amateur astronomers

Association of New York are tried and

true they're Wonder member of them aming

10 years old yeah they bring out the

telescopes rain or shine they're always

there they're terrific for a while I was

getting Tes well they come out in the

rain because even so they'll be like

I'll show you what a telescope looks

like or how it operates like they're

really not observing shine but they're

there not observing rain or shine right

but they'll they'll they great events

around the city too if you join like if

you just want to look through a

telescope and see you know celestial

bodies like they set up on The High Line

and amazing go there m now you know

we're trying to build an observatory on

top iau wind of it this is our big

aspiration oh yeah yes and you know I

know you and I were talking about it and

there is a sense like ah I could buy a

telescope for a couple of grand and

it'll be great right and that is true

okay but we have this old telescope from

19 from

18 uh

9395 that is being refurbished and it's

just a stunning Museum quality piece and

it's very inspiring to have that and of

course we'll have modern telescopes

available but that kind of central piece

is going to be part of arts and

performances around it exhibition ethos

of what you're about yes it's Rance when

you when you refurbish it but you you

put in like new glass and better

actually no the glass is so excellent we

we know the provence of the uh of the

lenses and they're incredible they were

made by kind of people at the peak of

that kind of engineering and

craftsmanship cool very neat that's

that's amazing stuff that's amazing all

right let's hope we hoist it up on the

building without

incident so Jan your field of study is I

bet most people would say would be the

most mind-blowing science that anyone

does wow because it's just out it's out

there yeah you know I can talk about

stars and planets and there's a

tangibility to that even the

even the expanding Universe it's a

little weird but it's not it doesn't

blow your mind you think about stuff

that's like

what one of my favorite experiences when

I'm doing research is when I have a huge

shift when I'm shocked by something and

I realize I've had some kind of

preconceived notion that has just been

shattered nice and it's really amazing

I'm following the science I'm not

dragging it along right right and um

yeah itally blows your mind many people

who don't know the moving Frontier of

science think and I think want to

believe that somehow we all sit around

wanting to agree with one another right

but in fact the advance has come when

someone say I have I have an idea was it

uh Isaac azimoff said that true

scientific discovery is never Eureka

right it's that's odd yes just a little

thing totally AB that doesn't fit that

yeah and I love I really appreciate what

you're saying I really feel that debate

is not actually how scientists operate

they don't sit there trying to win an

argument that would be so unscientific

to do that no not at all you want to say

wait what what are you what are you

talking about and basically it's uh I

call BS yeah that's really in a nutshell

I call BS and then and then you got to

set about to prove it so Jenna what I

think you're saying is the way I've

described it is two scientists in

argument there's an Unwritten contract

between them okay okay either I'm right

and you're wron you're right and I'm

wrong or we're both wrong both right and

if we can't agree at the end of that

conversation we do agree that more or

better data will resolve it absolutely

in which case you could both be right

well so yes so there are the rarer case

where we're both right right if in the

in the in the classical example of the

the blind people touching an elephant

they give completely disparate accounts

right okay one is the trunk one is the

leg one is the toenails one is the tail

the Tusk and we can argue what the

actual nature of that animal

is but at the end of the day we're all

correct because it's all part of the

same animal and then there's a bigger

Vision a bigger Vision so the bigger

Visions are often very hard to reach but

that can happen and it it does it can

and does happen I totally agree with you

one thing that drives me a little CRA is

when people say oh science is always

overturning what came before completely

and rewriting so why should I believe in

and that's not true it's it's it's not

only not true it's very false it's very

false very false so so if we were

logicians we would we would care about

that distinction so if I look back at

what Newton did it is absolutely a part

of the elephant an excellent description

of a part of the elephant that he was

able to palpate at the time Einstein

comes along and it's

bigger the no right okay so you know

Einstein comes along and has a bigger

Vision but he absolutely requires of his

work that it match Newton right not that

it has nothing to do with Newton

suddenly when I pour my coffee it

doesn't go upward right right so um so

cumula closed Newton as a special case b

within a larger understanding of the

world right it was not overthrown it was

uh extended extended right cool right we

don't always anything that was

experiment Al determined to be true MH

previously does not all of a sudden

become false right it becomes embedded

in a deeper truth and that's true even

even when you look at Continental Drift

which famously was delayed had delayed

acceptance among geologists all the

while they're still trying to understand

volcanoes and and and they're still

trying and and and so they're coming up

with local accounts for what would

happen in a volcano when they had

continental drift that just attached to

the continental drift and there's a lot

of that science that was completely

portable into the new idea that the

surface of the Earth moves within

itself you ever wanted one of your

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what it is to bring the universe down to

earth as always keep looking up so I

wonder I wonder if we have any

mind-blowing questions that await us

well we have questions now whether or

not

mindblowing that remains to be seen

we're not going to blow Jan's mind blow

other people's mind oh maybe that's what

we'll find see if we can find a I'm

susceptible you know I'm vulnerable to

that find a question that blows Janna's

mind and and we'll send you a special

gift

which a piece of

my debris from the explosion there you

go all right this is David Garvin and

David says hello lady Levan Dr Tyson

Lord nice I'm David a mean mechical

engineer in Seattle now we know that

SpaceTime can stretch is there anything

within known physics which requires that

SpaceTime be infinitely elastic could

Dark Matter observations be plastic

deformation of SpaceTime dimples as you

will in SpaceTime which would be

noninteractive but are in two things we

now call

galaxies

wow okay so yeah tell me about the

stretchability yeah of space start there

well let's start there um really I think

it's more of a dark energy tie-in than a

dark matter tie-in so is there anything

that requires space is infinitely

elastic that can be stretched forever

probably not just like when I look at

the Continuum of water as I get closer

and closer and higher energy and more

microscopic I realize it's actually not

a continuous medium it's made up of

discrete pieces molecules and so it's

not infinitely Smooth by there's a big

big debate I don't know if it's still

raging but it was for a while in deep

philosophy literature is

H2O

water really fascinating okay right

because everything we know and

understand and love about water requires

an ensemble of h2os right but if you

pull out one of them is do you get to

call that water right yeah so

interesting philosophical challenge

that's where they're going there yeah so

so so you know water is not infinitely

stretchable in that sense in sense right

and and so uh if I looked at SpaceTime

at higher and higher energies and

smaller and smaller scales much much

smaller than what I need to look at for

water like trillions and trillions and

trillions of times smaller is something

we will never reach even in the most

powerful accelerators on Earth but

probably smaller than the atoms small

than the nucleus smaller than the

particles in the nucleus absolutely and

and probing energies we really haven't

seen since the Big Bang um but because

it takes high energy to get to those

that's right to those regimes absolutely

and because that's not always made

obvious when people talk about why do

you need a bigger accelerator right why

do you need high energy to look small

right but but uh but you do because you

need to get really in there you need to

get really high energies to probe into

the tiniest regions you got to bust in

otherwise you're just like kind of big

and lumbering and low energy you're

you're not sufficiently powerful to do

so at those scales we do think it's

completely conceivable that SpaceTime

will start to come in individual quanta

just like particles

and that we will find there are little

bits of SpaceTime so could it be like

almost like little manifolds it could be

all big origami so that would mean that

there's space in between SpaceTime well

then you have a hard time see that's a

very interesting question because then

you can't really talk about space and

time between if there's space and time

between then that is part of the

universe that we're talking about so now

you're just talking relationally in like

an abstract space that they relate to

each other but I can no longer think of

the distance between them in any

realistic way so isn't it true that

quantum physics requires that space be

quantized at some Quantum uh a excellent

question too quantum gravity requires

that space time be quantized but there

might not be a theory of quantum gravity

we might look deeper and deeper and

instead of finding Quantum bits of

SpaceTime we will only find pure quantum

mechanics with no gravity in it

whatsoever and that gravity emerges only

out of the collective of tons and tons

of these Quantum interactions that's

crazy so that just like water yeah it's

crazy so the quantum interactions

manifests as what we call Gravity the

way the Ensemble of H2O manifest as

watera and right and the same way you

would pull out a single molecule you're

not necessarily looking at water at that

point the same thing with the

you're tell you can't pull out a Quantum

uh and say is this gravity is this

SpaceTime anymore space anymore exactly

Chet you're saying gravity might not

exist as a fundamental thing in the

universe I'm saying gravity might not

exist as a fundamental thing in the

universe wow let's keep that between us

everybody else you didn't hear that you

didn't hear that cuz I don't want to

turn on the internet you know there's no

such thing as gravity now we're all well

there's no such thing as gravity I heard

it J 11 told me there's no such thing as

gravity okay I'm right now FL we don't

even know that we're floating so so I

would say you know there is such a thing

as gravity it's just a it only emerges

out of the collective Ensemble and just

like the temperature in this room only

emerges out of the collective Ensemble

of Bunches of particles but another

analogy I'd like to give is if we

imagine Quantum interactions or even

quantum entanglement complex things like

that as like threads sewn between

Quantum interactions out of those

threads like embroidery from a from a

macroscopic distance it might look like

there's a black hole Event Horizon for

instance out in SpaceTime but if I look

very closely I realize oh it's just sewn

together Quantum entangled threads and

it's not

fundamentally is love real is yeah yeah

love is real but it's a thread that goes

around your neck and slowly chokes you

it's a black hole it's a black hole in

your heart that can never be filled it's

a branch of strength theory that so as

somebody said to me recently um reality

isn't overrated but realism is wow so

there's a reality out there but our

attachment philosophically to realism is

misplaced all right I I have to like

digest this man I'm telling you right

now this this should be the end of the

show right CU that's I'm seriously

that's enough to think about for the

next I got I gotta like digest this wa

wait so Janet so why isn't or might it

why the plank length why isn't that the

Quantum of SpaceTime cuz I've read cuz I

try to trail behind you guys as you

think about this that I've heard that

there's nothing in principle asserting

that that is a quantization of space and

time it's just a convenient metric for

us to talk about things that small and

once I found out what it actually is I'm

like that ain't even

real like let's be honest well I think

what the plunk length tells you is the

scale at which we really have to be

concerned about these things where where

the universe is behaving in a way that

these questions are revealed and until

then it's really hard to say what's

going on because it's okay but that

itself is not the limit of your stretch

ability right no no well it yes I think

in some sense it will tell you the scale

at which these ideas break down you make

it sound like it's setting the

perspective but yeah so once you set the

perspective okay okay and now we know

can we then say all right half a plank

length well we what we can say is when

we if we were looking get there and then

you might get there if you get there you

know what I'm saying if you're in the

Big Bang

unhappily and uh that happens at the

plank energy scale where the energies

can probe plank lengths you will either

probably as far as we can understand

find individual bits of SpaceTime that

are quantized via a quantum gravity uh

description would be correct for that or

you will only find for instance little

Loops of string from string theory and

and they're all they they're not yet

SpaceTime hasn't yet emerged so I I'm

saying it's setting the scale at which

we would have the answer to that

question space is not even real I'm

telling you gravity is not real space

time's not real I don't know what to

believe anymore well to make it worse

even in Einstein

descrip to make it works no

all right I'll cover my ears okay I'm

even looking at books on your shelf that

might even talk about this so even at

the scales of big astrophysics where

SpaceTime seems to be doing really well

as a description you can rewrite the

entire theory of general relativity just

in terms of particle interactions you

don't have to resort to the geometry of

SpaceTime it's my preferred language but

uh as we say there's a lot of extras

that are required in that description

that aren't necessary I can simply look

at it like I would any particle

interaction two particles exchange a

graviton something happens I don't ever

need to resort to the whole beautiful

geometry I like to I prefer it but I can

cast it as what we would call a field

Theory just as easily oh wow so so and

that's how field Theory um because

there's no field well the gravitational

field would be a you know it has a spin

two particle associated with it just

like there's an electromagnetic field

with a spin Einstein had none of that

knowledge or awareness he's saying we

have

curv and so and it worked and it worked

it worked what you're saying even that

is a manifestation is a macroscopic

manifestation of something more

fundamental yeah you can think of that

as a Quantum field theory in a sense and

if you look at Steven Weinberg and the

great Geniuses like fan from that era

that were developing a Quantum

description of matter to my high school

just out

just an amazing

sound yeah I mean you can brag Sten

that's a nice Association so he he you

know showed that you can rewrite uh

Einstein's theory of general relativity

strictly in a field Theory language okay

it's very nice and so then like photons

are replaced by gravitons particle

charges electric charges are replaced by

mass charges and it works wow all Chuck

what's next up all right thank you David

gin I don't if I brain left for

any yeah um uh this is Judy

sad sad I'll say or Sade okay whatever

Judy hey Judy uh she says I you can't

say whatever about someone's name their

name I gave her a new last name it's

called

whatever all right go on no s a d h so

Sade I will say uh she says hi my name

is Judy I'm a second year Ohio State

student with an inquiry what are your

residual thoughts on cler entanglement

experiment and how it disproves our

local Universe do you still believe we

exist and does this Theory change how

physicists can view topology of the

observable

universe that question is so easy even

my driver knows the answer you know that

story with Einstein you don't know that

story so back in you know Einstein was

getting famouser by the day when

relativity was published but there

weren't many photos of people cu

newspapers you you couldn't put photos

in a paper yet really not really so no

one what he looked like he didn't have

that classic w we herea plus he was very

young he was 20 he was 30 years old oh

my gosh and so he would went around to

to give his tour and this is probably

just apocryphal but it's it's fun

nonetheless and the driver sits in every

one of his talks and and the driver they

come to some new location the driver

says you know I've heard I've heard your

talk I I think I could deliver your talk

oh my God and give you a day off and but

okay and so you you come you sit in the

back I'll give your talk no one will

know the difference he gives the talk to

resounding Applause and then someone

says uh Dr Einstein uh could you comment

on the topological defamation in the

field of the high density uh manner he

says that's such an easy question my but

my my driver can answer that question

poer driver in the back Einstein who's

Einstein that's fantastic that's classic

yeah while you're mentioning Einstein it

makes reminds me that what catapulted

his Fame in the englishspeaking world

was the eclipse of

1919 and you know less than six months

after World War I Europe's devastated

Germany and England were at War and uh

Edington as a pacifist uh the first

astrophysicist really of the century

yeah and uh a British scientist uh went

took an expedition off the coast of

Africa off the coast of prinkipia not

prinkipia that's the that's newtonburg

prpe

princie Newton's Newton's greatest work

is called prinkipia so they're off the

coast of Principe and they're observing

the eclipse and what edington's trying

to do is look for a star cluster behind

the sun because the light will be bent

by the curved SpaceTime of the Sun but

you need to block out the blinding solar

race to do so so you need a total

eclipse to make this measurement and in

fact he sees that a cluster that should

be behind the sun in fact is visible

meaning that the Rays have made it

around and into their telescopes and it

catapults Einstein's Fame in the

englishspeaking world and I always think

of it as like you know shadow of war and

I really feel like Edington did this

intentionally as a pacifist a British

person confirming a German scientist's

work because that transcends

all wow good story that's a good I don't

know if it'll make it into our Cosmic

queries and and by the way there was a

total solar e clipse in 1918 where they

could have done this a year earlier but

the war conditions prevented it it

wasn't safe to travel oh wow yeah crazy

all right well I feel like yeah I was

going to say basically what Judy is

saying is uh do you have any thoughts on

uh the K clauser experiment and how it

disproves the local universe

and do you believe that this Theory

would change how physics can view the

topology of the observable universe so

I'm not uh going to speak directly to

that particular experiment but there was

uh a kind of thought experiment that it

I know that that it must be referring to

which is the Einstein Podolski Rosen

argument um that uh qu mechanics is

absurd with those three names and often

called epr and their argument really

Einstein was very much trying to show

that quantum mechanics was absurd and an

argument he gave for the absurdity of

quantum mechanics is that it wasn't

local because let's say I entangle two

particles think of it as the quantum

version of a wishbone right wishing bone

right experiment A Wish Bone a

wishbone and uh two people break it

apart one person has the big piece one

little piece but the quantum version you

they're permanently entangled I put my

particle my part in my pocket you put

yours in your pocket but they're still

entangled there are neither in either

state yet there's still the potential

for both right you haven't Disturbed it

they're entangled there's two

possibilities I've got the big piece you

got the little piece vice versa but it

hasn't assumed either of those two

possibilities we don't know right I

travel to Andromeda and it's still like

that now the absurdity they said is now

let's say I look at my experiment find

out I have the big piece then you

automatically have the little piece or

the other person do exactly we know this

we all we know this we know this with

certainty and that's highly unlocal it

seems like information traveling fast in

the speed of light because that that

would mean that you're breaking the

speed of light law now Belle came along

and I assume that this experiment is in

that spirit and showed that in fact

Einstein was right and wrong they were

right that experiment shows that it's

non-local and all the statistics of the

experiment are consistent with the

non-local Al ity of quantum mechanics so

it's not local what does that say about

anything that we think of as local you

know most of the stuff we think of as

local is because it's big lumbering lots

of particles and that experiment is

impossible because it requires such

delicacy and uh even the temperature in

this room the particles bouncing around

would collapse any

attempts you can imagine a world where

we are not these lumbering macroscopic

things we are particles that are

entangled with something else at

addition distance so that in that way

the entire universe would be holding

hands with itself yeah I mean there's

lots of great science fiction uh plots

that hinge on these

simultaneous things existing at once in

seemingly in conflict and of course this

goes back to schod ander's famous cat

which is simultaneously alive and dead

so I I think that the question about how

does it affect the topology of the

Universe I don't think it's going to

affect the observable topology for all

the same reasons topology is the

connectedness of the SpaceTime not just

its local curves but like if I pound out

what I find that the Universe wraps back

onto itself and it has handles and holes

it's like if you're local you you step

away but you see the the local region

but if we're connected to another local

region you're not seeing the whole

picture yeah you can't see the whole

picture so it's like looking at a little

patch of the earth and not realizing oh

if I walk in a straight line I'm going

to actually come all the way back to

where I started m people saw a little

patch of the earth and didn't know it

was round yeah correct so it's its

topology is Simply Connected but Compact

and finite the Earth surface isn't

infinite and know it is not flat and

know you will not sail off the edge you

got that so that is the topology of the

earth you were arguing it was

flat I still stand by

that so what I will say is that if you

looked at the topology of possibly small

extra Dimensions um we might see some

Curious quantum effects

there okay so it's possible that there's

a whole bunch of other dimensions are

just really teeny tiny wrapped up real

small hello Star Talk averse Neil

degrass Tyson here your host of the Star

Talk podcast I'm here to announce that

we just opened a brand new channel on

YouTube called Star Talk Plus and that's

where we're going to bring all kinds of

innovative

content that doesn't quite fit on our

flag Ship Channel but they will involve

experiments in what we create what your

reaction might be to what we create and

it's going to be our Skunk Works as it

were to borrow a term from

Aerospace so I look forward to sharing

all of this new content with you and

check it out if you have a chance oh man

that takes us to our next question you

just walked right into William Walker's

question and he says hello to you all

Lord nice Dr Tyson Dr Len I've read that

the consensus among professionals is

that the math supports a universe of 11

Dimensions assuming this is generally

accepted even if we cannot observe these

other dimensions have they been

described or labeled I've always been

confused about how a tesseract is

supposedly a fourth-dimensional object

when we also describe time as the fourth

dimension thanks for all you do yeah I

love that so so

not to repeat his question but I want to

sharpen it in a different way when we

talk about hyper Cube those are four

spatial Dimensions time is not one of

those Dimensions but if time is a

dimension the fourth dimension can you

make a hyper Cube where time is the

fourth dimension or do you need four

spatial dimensions for that uh well

that's a tricky question so I just to

clarify in the Marvel series the

Tesseract that they describe and they

look at and they bring out it's a

mathematically real right so usually we

don't try to compactify time I'm not

saying no one's tried it the problem

with compactifying time is so so when I

compactify space we try not compactify

time it's frowned upon yes so you know

if space sometimes fail right so you

know on the earth I can talk about my

local left and right but there's no

Global left and right right if I go to

the right I'll just come back on the

left again so left is really really far

to my right make a right but three right

to make a

left so in time you don't want to be

able to come back to where you started

you don't want to be able to travel

forward and that it's wrapped back into

your past and connected they did that in

the movie arrival yeah they do that in

movies was so weird it was weird that

was a weird it has been tried and

sometimes it has some very cool

implications but um so you say it's fun

Al a different kind of Dimension yes it

is fundamentally a different kind of

Dimension you can though tell us and all

my relativity professors told me it's

just another dimension you calculate

with it and so still a little different

I know exactly what you mean it is

another dimension but one way to say it

is is sometimes we call ukian space to

be space it means all the dimensions are

on equal footing I can rotate between

them just by doing a normal rotation

that we're used to doing I can rotate my

left into your left just by physically

rotating okay right but in so in other

words you're facing him and put these

two hands together it's my left hand

against his right hand but I can turn

around and now my hand is lined up with

so we know a spatial rotation aligns

things and that's great with time you

can't do a spatial rotation I can't

spatially rotate into time I have to do

something called um sometimes a lorence

boost it's a kind of a rotation in space

time lorence boost a Lorent boost theim

in the health store it's next to the

testosterone boost right Len boost boost

right and and if you're at a restaurant

it's right before the am

boo well if you do one of these you can

rotate space and time into space and

different spacetimes and we can you know

if you're traveling past me and I say

your your clock is running slowly

relative to mine Etc I can realign Us by

doing a boost it's equivalent to me

coming up to your speed and some sense I

got you but all that to say is it's much

harder to

compactify

spaces that have this space-time

difference you can do it mathematically

but the question is will physics allow

it can I can I make sense of physics on

a space that also has a compact time I

can certainly make the mathematical

object but but um you know of course the

problem is the famous grandfather

Paradox where I could go back and murder

my grandfather before my parent was born

and thereby violent right so just just

have not meet each other so well

actually that's actually part of the

resolution is that well what would be

consistent with that compact time would

be if I tried to go back in time and I

tried to murder my grandfather right but

I just injured him severely so that he

was neurologically damaged and had

terrible children and I therefore was so

deranged that I went back and tried to

injure him right it's odd that it's not

the grandmother

because you could still kill the

grandfather and have it make no change

in you having been born that's right

that's the truth you could so you end up

still being born you're just like oh my

God my grandmother cheated on my that's

what I'm saying it's the

Milkman all right you keep going okay

this is Morgan fiser he says hi Dr Tyson

Dr L Lord nice Morgan he him

here from waterl Ontario where Dr Levan

gave a brief talk at the perimeter

Institute back in 2017 and I was honored

to attend wow look at that you made an

impression 2017 and he's still like I'm

still thinking about still a fan still a

fan can you please explain in layman's

terms the fundamentals of Hugh Everett's

many worlds interpretation from what I

understand every Quantum fluctuation

could mean the spawning of an entire new

universe while the universes are under

no obligation to us as Dr Tyson says

makes sense this seems so bizarre so

peculiar so outlandish wow that was very

uh will Shatner of me uh it that it

seems that it seems to defy every bit of

both common sense and physical reality

for instance where does all this new

Mass come from when the new universe is

created wow yeah I so there there I will

say I am not an avid proponent of the

many worlds interpretation of quantum

mechanics well there you go Nei but I am

surprised at how many of my peers are

and I did a kind of

anecdotal survey amongst friends and I

was surprised how many said oh yeah yeah

I really think it's the many worlds

interpretation I I do not think that but

let's just quickly describe the many

worlds interpretation it says it doesn't

even have to be as fancy as quantum

entanglement just says a particle can be

in uh more than one state so the analogy

I like to give I don't know if I've done

it here before is is chords in music

versus individual notes in music okay so

let's say I play a chord and it's a

definite chord right that is a

superposition of certain notes so I

can't simultaneously be in a single

state of one

note and in the state of the chords

correct right so particles can be like

this if they're in a particular place

what an eloquent

piction that's because I live with

musicians that is amazing what you just

said there I mean that is beautiful it's

almost painterly the way because when

you you don't think of uh a musical

chord as something physical but it is

indeed physical it is the

reverberation of the sound and at the

same time they

coexist as one however you can identify

every note in the chord the same time

that is freaking amazing yeah isn't that

amazing I am surrounded by musicians I

myself can't play but but in in the

universe it's just like this if I have a

particle in a particular state right

it's in it's like a cord where there

superposition of momentum States I no

longer have a precise definitive state

of of its motion right and so it's like

positions are chords where momenta are

the notes or vice versa I can have an ex

exact location on its momentum but now I

don't know where it is in space it's

like a cord it has a superp position of

positions pretty crazy man it's pretty

nice that is that's that's wow so the

many worlds interpretation says okay now

let's say it assumes a definite position

State it's in like the superposition of

locations this particle but now I get it

to assume a specific State and it could

have assumed any one Let's Pretend with

equal waiting it doesn't really matter

uh the many world says well every one of

those things

happened it's just there's a you in one

world which found the particle over here

to the left let's say and there's a u in

another world which found the particle

to the right and they branched off and

now there's Just Two Worlds isn't this

their attempt to try to make sense

classical sense of something that is

inherently non-classical I think that

that's true I think there is a deeper

thinking to it that is intriguing which

is to say if we really believe schro

ander's equation if which describes

these superp positions if we really

believe quantum mechanics as it is now

with no added ingredients it is actually

the barest interpretation it's the most

minimal interpretation of quantum

mechanics now these questions are great

about what does that mean about all the

mass of the entire universe reproduced

it it it doesn't it's it's hard to talk

about it in that way but see if you're

from the way you just explained if this

is uh we'll call it a superstate where

these positions are already assumed

you're not really creating a new

universe you're just realizing a

universe at that particular point where

you ni say where you actually make uh

take the position so when you assume the

position uh when you do that state now

becomes solidified we'll say that's all

so you didn't create a new Universe no

you didn't you didn't you didn't do

anything you were always in a super

position yourself of of finding it here

and there exactly so again this is a

kind of shinger cat argument but it's

not as though part of the mass of the

particles over here and part of the mass

of the particles over there that's not

the whole particle is either here or

there and and in fact the particle isn't

real back to realism in the way that we

used to think the only thing that's real

and deterministic and and has all the

properties we used to assign to

particles is the probability what we

call the wave function and CH well

remind me the next time we have Janet in

here to make sure I take an edible

before I do the show cuz I can't smoke

in this office but I can dog on Shore

swallow a gummy before I come in here

that is something else man well one more

small thing about this if I could is it

means that if you're doing this with a

coin toss like a particle heads up or

heads down it means that there is

factually a world if this were true in

which somebody every single coin toss

gets heads right and they have to walk

away and say oh I'm just that that

unlucky guy in the Multiverse who

happens to get heads every time right

because that would be hard harder to to

swallow that yeah it doesn't sound great

but but uh then again I don't think

nature cares about our plans for

understanding the world so I don't use

that as my argument for why I don't

think it's true but um but it certainly

would be

peculiar cool Chuck we hardly have any

time left let's see if it's possible for

us to answer two questions in a in half

the time yeah all right do the math

right two questions in half the time

does that work out Works number two in

two locations well then uh it'll be a

little bit more than that because Logan

Davis has a two-parter he says greetings

from Alabama I have two questions that

are somewhat related one if uh if you

were a the mass of a black hole would

your gravity affect your flow of time

and two does the speed of an object's

vibration affect its flow of time I love

that look at

that well this is an intriguing question

different observers around a black hole

experience a different passage of time

it's not as though the black hole sets

an absolute notion of time so let's say

I'm hovering right outside the Event

Horizon of a black hole and I'm firing

my like crazy and I'm trying to escape I

will measure a very very different time

than somebody who's passing right by me

we can look each other in the eye and

it's like I'm just going to succumb to

the fall and I'm going to go right

through the Event Horizon we will not

agree on the passage of time so it's not

as though at a particular SpaceTime

point the black hole fixes the passage

of time gotta so it certainly affects

the passage of time of anyone trying to

navigate or explore but how they

navigate and explore

matters okay um so that's maybe an

partial answer to that one and um does

the speed of an object's vibration

affect its flow of time that's

interesting because it seems to me if

you have a vibrating membrane or drum

then the middle is moving faster than

the outer edges so yeah so whatever is

the relativistic effects will affect the

middle of the drum more than the edges

of the drume I agree so I would yeah I

would say

you know it's always relative to

something as Neil you just cautiously

laid out because it's not as though the

person with the clock in the middle is

going to say hey my time's funky

everyone always thinks their time's fine

yeah right your time is messed up it's

your time it's messed up so it's the

relative vibration to some other part

will yes be for sure be affected by any

motion mhm wow that's great stuff all

right last question this is Lyn Newton

Lynn says hello Dr Levan Dr Tyson your

lordship uh I saw Dr Levan a post on

Twitter recently about Quantum

teleporting of a molecule that was

achieved and I'm wondering if you can

tell us a bit more about what that is in

Lay person's

terms well this is related to quantum

entanglement okay so in quantum

teleportation what they're trying to do

is entangle two

particles and uh and then and it gives

you a mechanism by which you can throw

information from one particle to the

other without you know clumping in

between and uh the non-locality that we

were talking about in the previous

question so um in those entanglement you

still have to sometimes communicate

information ahead of time so it's a

little bit sneaky like you have to send

you have to send plans you know through

the mail which is slower than light

but you don't have to send 100% of the

information you just have to have a a

plan and you send it across and then you

kind of have to break Crush some of the

information on one side to get it out

and it gets tossed or reappears in some

sense as though the molecule itself was

teleported so if you were talking about

this with a person you basically have to

destroy Chuck and Neil here and to to

reproduce them on the planet allowed to

say it was teleported it's not just some

Tri that would be quantum teleportation

I mean if it's exactly you know I if you

give me an electron I can't tell you

which electron it is in the universe

it's it's it's just it there's no

experiment I can perform it's identical

to every other electron and so it's a

it's might as well be exactly the same

electron I don't know what it means to

say no this one's not the same

electron wow so if I Quantum teleport it

I have no logical way way of saying it's

not exactly the same particle did you

hear about the idea where the universe

repeats but there's a soul electron that

is going forward and then backwards

through time that fleshes out the

existence of every other

electron so that the reason why the

electrons are identical is because it's

the same

electron and it it's gone through the

universe this many times to then

populate right yeah yes it's just so

it's doing a lot it's doing a lot here

so everything so basically everything we

see there just one

electron all around us all ID a whole

chapter in my quantum physics book

called identical particles right just to

get you to understand what that me and

in the context of this conversation the

reason why black holes are so odd and

you were talking about this earlier you

talk about stars and planets and things

black holes are peculiar because they

are like fundamental particles they have

something in common with fundamental

particles and that is that they are

Flawless and indistinguishable so once a

black hole is you can throw things on it

and it can be active but once it settles

down to a pure bare black hole with

nothing else going on it is

indistinguishable there's no experiment

I can perform to tell me which one it is

from every other black hole with that

mass charge or Spin and in that sense it

shares more in common with fundamental

particles than it does with with matter

look at I mean I'm sorry with physical

things like stars and planets look at

that

yeah that's pretty wild yeah it's pretty

weird so we think black holes were

created as Quantum particles in the Big

Bang very very small plank scale black

holes they would evaporate quickly they

would evaporate very quickly yeah so

through Hawking radiation the smaller

the black hole the hotter they are so

they actually explode MH yeah wellow

yeah fact I think his original paper was

primordial black no I don't know what

the original paper is one of his papers

described the search for evaporating

black holes as bursts of

gamas that's the last gasp of a black

hole as it dies and I think the

wavelength of the light that it emits is

the diameter of the Event Horizon right

as it gets smaller and smaller the

wavelength gets smaller and smaller and

the energy of the light gets higher and

higher exactly wow yeah exactly that's

all the time we have that's it damn how

you guys feeling I'm exhausted I'm so

tired my God I just stock some got me

bear for

you Edibles so Janice it's you don't

come by often enough I think I yeah it's

always fun to be here all that far away

we got to make sure and we were

delighted to do that event at Pioneer

works oh I'm so glad yeah that was so we

should collaborate more on that

absolutely love it all right all right

guys so let me just reflect on this for

a moment when we think about life and

everything that matters to us we think

about tangible objects I'm speaking to a

microphone I'm wearing clothing I'm but

there some people among us who think way

deeper thoughts than that like how does

it all work and why does it work in that

way and it's much of it sounds

completely irrelevant it'll probably

forever be

irrelevant however let's remind

ourselves what it is to be

human we

are comfortable sleeping on our

backs and we sleep at

night if we wake up at night what are

you looking at you're looking at the

night sky looking at objects that are

there one night and move the next

night there's a curiosity that

we can natively Embrace that other

animals have no access to because they

never look up there's a beetle ever look

up do I don't know I've never asked one

but I don't think so we look up and we

see things change and it stimulates our

curiosity a curiosity about things that

have nothing to do with life on Earth

not directly or maybe not ever but that

curiosity is fundamental to what it is

to be

human and when we study cosmology the

origin of the universe the birth the

death that is a fulfillment of what it

is to be human in the first place and I

wouldn't trade that for

anything that's a cosmic

perspective Neil degrass Tyson coming to

you from my office at the Hayden

planetarium right here at the American

Museum of Natural History I thank Chuck

danana for being on a pleasure and as

always I bid you to keep looking up

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