REVOLUÇÃO FRANCESA - RESUMO DESENHADO

HISTORIAR-TE
3 May 202013:32

Summary

TLDRThe French Revolution, a pivotal series of events that transformed European power structures and society, marked the dawn of the contemporary age. It led to the establishment of individual rights, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, and greater citizen representation in politics. The revolution emerged from a society divided into three estates, with the clergy and nobility enjoying privileges at the expense of the common people. Economic crises, heavy taxation, and failed harvests further fueled discontent. Influenced by Enlightenment thinkers advocating for reason, liberty, and equality, the bourgeoisie began to challenge the absolute monarchy. The revolution unfolded with the people taking to the streets, the fall of the Bastille, and the rise of radical factions like the Jacobins. It resulted in the execution of King Louis XVI, the Reign of Terror, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. The revolution's legacy includes the transition from feudalism to capitalism, the decline of European absolutism, the spread of republicanism and economic liberalism, and the end of aristocratic privileges.

Takeaways

  • 🏛️ The French Revolution was a pivotal event that changed the power system and society in Europe, marking the beginning of the contemporary era.
  • 👑 It led to the creation of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, which emphasized individual rights and became a foundational document for human rights globally.
  • 👥 The revolution dismantled the social and political hierarchy, which was previously divided into the clergy, nobility, and commoners, with the latter comprising 97% of the population.
  • 💰 Economic hardship and heavy taxation on the third estate (commoners) due to the financial crisis and the aftermath of several wars were key triggers for the revolution.
  • 🌱 The Enlightenment movement and philosophers like John Locke influenced the revolution, advocating for reason, liberty, equality, and fraternity.
  • 👮‍♂️ The rise of the bourgeoisie and their desire for political representation and economic reforms against the backdrop of an absolutist regime fueled the revolution.
  • ⚖️ The revolution resulted in the transition from feudalism to capitalism in France and contributed to the decline of absolutism across Europe.
  • 🗣️ The Estates-General, a medieval assembly, was convened after more than 175 years to address the crisis, but its unfair structure led to the formation of the National Constituent Assembly.
  • 🛡️ The storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, by the commoners of Paris symbolized the people's fight against absolutism and became a defining moment of the revolution.
  • 🔄 The revolution led to a series of radical changes, including the execution of King Louis XVI and the rise of figures like Maximilien Robespierre, who implemented the Reign of Terror.
  • 🌟 The rise of Napoleon Bonaparte marked the end of the revolutionary period and the beginning of the Napoleonic era, which further reshaped the political landscape of Europe.

Q & A

  • What was the significance of the French Revolution in changing the power system and society in Europe?

    -The French Revolution was significant because it marked the beginning of the contemporary age, leading to the creation of rights for individuals, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, and greater representation of citizens in politics.

  • What were the three estates in the French society of the 18th century?

    -The three estates were the First Estate, represented by high members of the clergy; the Second Estate, represented by the nobility; and the Third Estate, which included the common people, merchants, and peasants, making up 97% of the population.

  • How did the social inequality and the system of the time contribute to the French Revolution?

    -Social inequality was very strong, with the First and Second Estates living in luxury while the Third Estate lived in poverty. The system was based on birthright, with no social mobility, which led to widespread discontent and eventually to the revolution.

  • What was the role of the Enlightenment in the French Revolution?

    -The Enlightenment played a crucial role by promoting the use of reason and knowledge against the absolute monarchy. Its ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity inspired the revolutionaries and provided a philosophical basis for the revolution.

  • Why did the French economy suffer before the revolution?

    -The French economy suffered due to involvement in several wars, including the Seven Years' War and the American War of Independence, which led to a significant financial drain. Additionally, the country's outdated feudal system and resistance to industrial investments contributed to its economic decline.

  • What triggered the storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789?

    -The storming of the Bastille was triggered by the desperate need for gunpowder and the desire to secure the release of political prisoners who were against absolutism. It became a symbol of the revolution and marked a turning point in the struggle for change.

  • What were the main principles outlined in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen?

    -The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen outlined principles such as the equality of all men before the law, the right to liberty, the right to participate in the legislative process, and the protection of private property.

  • How did the radicalization of the French Revolution lead to the Reign of Terror?

    -The radicalization of the French Revolution led to the Reign of Terror as factions within the revolution, particularly the Jacobins, sought to consolidate power and eliminate opposition. This period was marked by mass executions and persecution of perceived enemies of the revolution.

  • Who were the main political groups during the French Revolution, and what were their differing views?

    -The main political groups were the Girondins, who were generally from the upper bourgeoisie and advocated for change without altering the economic structure, and the Jacobins, who were made up of small traders and peasants and sought more radical changes, including the execution of King Louis XVI.

  • What was the outcome of the Thermidorian Reaction, and how did it affect the course of the French Revolution?

    -The Thermidorian Reaction was a coup led by the Girondins with the support of the upper bourgeoisie, which led to the fall of the Jacobin leader Maximilien Robespierre and the end of the Reign of Terror. It marked a shift towards more conservative policies and the establishment of the Directory, which aimed to prevent the concentration of power in the hands of a single individual.

  • What were some of the long-term consequences of the French Revolution for France and Europe?

    -The long-term consequences included the transition from feudalism to capitalism in France, the beginning of the decline of absolutism across Europe, the inspiration for the American independence movement, the popularization of the republic as a form of government, the spread of economic liberalism and meritocracy, and the end of aristocratic privileges.

Outlines

00:00

😀 The French Revolution and its Impact on Europe

The French Revolution was a pivotal event that transformed the power systems and society in Europe. It marked the beginning of the contemporary era. Key outcomes included the establishment of individual rights, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, and increased citizen representation in politics. The revolution overthrew the absolute monarchy and replaced it with a society based on Enlightenment principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity. The old regime was characterized by a strict social hierarchy with little social mobility. Economic hardship and heavy taxation on the third estate led to widespread discontent, which was further exacerbated by a poor harvest in 1788. The revolution was also influenced by the rise of capitalism and the Enlightenment in neighboring countries like England.

05:02

😡 The Injustices of the Old Regime and the Call for Change

The old regime in France was marked by extreme social and economic injustices. The first and second estates (clergy and nobility) enjoyed numerous privileges while the third estate (commoners) bore the brunt of taxes and had no political representation. The Estates General, a medieval assembly, had not been convened for over 175 years. When King Louis XVI finally called it in 1789 to address the financial crisis, the third estate demanded a more just system where each person, not just each estate, had a vote. The king's refusal led to the formation of the National Constituent Assembly, which pledged to stay together until France had a constitution. This marked a turning point in the revolution as the people began to demand social justice and a fairer distribution of wealth.

10:05

🤔 The Fall of the Monarchy and the Rise of Republicanism

The revolution took a radical turn in 1789 with the fall of the Bastille, a symbol of royal tyranny. The common people of Paris, inspired by Enlightenment ideas, stormed the prison to arm themselves and fight for their rights. This event sparked a wave of revolutionary fervor across France, including the countryside where peasants attacked noble estates. The National Assembly responded by abolishing noble privileges and passing the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, which proclaimed equality before the law. However, the revolution also led to a power struggle between different factions. The bourgeoisie became more conservative to curb the radicalism of the lower classes, while the nobility and clergy fled the country. The king's failed escape attempt in 1791 marked the end of the monarchy. A new constitution in 1791 established a constitutional monarchy, but it was short-lived as the radical Jacobins seized power and executed the king in 1793, declaring France a republic.

😨 The Reign of Terror and the Rise of Napoleon

The revolution descended into a period known as the Reign of Terror from 1793-1794. The radical Jacobin leader Maximilien Robespierre used the guillotine to execute perceived enemies of the revolution, including the king, queen, and thousands of clergy and aristocrats. However, Robespierre himself was overthrown and executed in the Thermidorian Reaction of 1794. A new constitution in 1795 established the Directory, a more conservative government that sought to avoid the excesses of the Reign of Terror. However, political instability and repression of the people continued. In 1799, the military general Napoleon Bonaparte seized power in a coup, marking the beginning of the Napoleonic era. The French Revolution had profound consequences, including the rise of capitalism, the decline of feudalism and absolutism in Europe, and the spread of Enlightenment ideas like human rights and republicanism.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡French Revolution

The French Revolution refers to a period of radical social and political change in France from 1789 to 1799. It marked the collapse of the Bourbon monarchy, the rise of radical political factions, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. It is a central theme of the video, illustrating the shift from feudalism to modern society.

💡Absolute Monarchy

Absolute Monarchy is a form of government where the monarch holds supreme authority without being legally accountable to any other person or body. In the context of the video, it is used to describe the political system in France prior to the revolution, where the king had absolute power.

💡Estates-General

The Estates-General was a general assembly representing the three estates of the French society: the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners. It was convened by King Louis XVI to address the financial crisis, and its unfair representation of the third estate was a catalyst for the revolution.

💡Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

This is a fundamental document of the French Revolution that defined a set of individual rights and collective rights of all the estates as universal. It is mentioned in the video as a significant outcome of the revolution, laying the groundwork for modern human rights and democracy.

💡Enlightenment

The Enlightenment was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries. The video highlights its influence on the French Revolution, with its emphasis on reason, liberty, and equality, which were central to the revolution's ideology.

💡Third Estate

The Third Estate referred to the common people in the French social class system, which included peasants, workers, and the urban laborers. The video discusses their pivotal role in the revolution, as they constituted the majority of the population and were the most oppressed.

💡National Constituent Assembly

The National Constituent Assembly was formed during the French Revolution to address the grievances of the people and to draft a new constitution. It is highlighted in the video as a critical step towards establishing a more representative government in France.

💡Storming of the Bastille

The Storming of the Bastille was a turning point in the French Revolution. It symbolizes the people's revolt against the monarchy. In the video, it is mentioned as a significant event that galvanized the revolution and spread its influence across France.

💡Terror

The 'Reign of Terror' was a period during the French Revolution when the government conducted mass executions by guillotine. The video describes it as a time of radical political repression, led by the Jacobins, to consolidate power and suppress opposition.

💡Napoleon Bonaparte

Napoleon Bonaparte was a military and political leader who rose to prominence during the latter stages of the French Revolution. He is depicted in the video as a significant figure who eventually seized power and established the Napoleonic era, marking a shift from the revolutionary period.

💡Directory

The Directory was the government of France from 1795 to 1799, following the fall of the Jacobins and preceding the rise of Napoleon. It is mentioned in the video as an attempt to establish a more stable government after the chaos of the revolution.

Highlights

The French Revolution was part of a series of events that changed the power system and society in Europe, marking the beginning of the contemporary age.

The revolution resulted in the creation of the right of individuals to declare the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, and increased citizen representation in politics.

Pre-revolutionary France was an absolute monarchy where the king held absolute power, and society was divided into three estates.

The First and Second Estates, representing the clergy and nobility, were privileged, while the Third Estate, comprising the common people, made up 97% of the population and lived in poverty.

Social inequality was stark, with no social mobility, and one's status was determined by birth.

France was heavily in debt due to involvement in several wars, which weakened the economy and burdened the Third Estate with higher taxes.

The Enlightenment, with its emphasis on reason and knowledge, inspired the bourgeoisie to challenge the absolute monarchy and advocate for individual freedoms and separation of church and state.

The Estates-General was convened after more than 175 years to address the crisis, but it was dominated by the clergy and nobility, who consistently overrode the interests of the Third Estate.

The National Constituent Assembly was formed to demand social justice and a more equitable distribution of wealth among the estates.

The Tennis Court Oath, taken by the Third Estate, pledged not to disband until France had a constitution.

The storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, by the common people of Paris marked a turning point in the revolution.

The Great Fear was a period of radicalization where peasants attacked aristocratic property, reflecting the desperation and anger of the Third Estate.

The National Assembly issued several decrees to abolish the privileges of the nobility, including tax exemptions and land monopolies.

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was announced, asserting that all men are equal and free before the law, serving as a foundation for many global constructions, including the UN's Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

The Jacobins, a more radical political group, sought to implement more drastic changes, leading to the Reign of Terror during which over 40,000 people were executed.

The Thermidorian Reaction, led by the Girondins with support from the upper bourgeoisie, overthrew the Jacobins and executed Robespierre, marking a shift towards more conservative governance.

Napoleon Bonaparte emerged as a significant figure, eventually leading to the establishment of the Napoleonic era, which further shaped the political and social landscape of France.

The French Revolution led to the transition from feudalism to capitalism in France, the decline of absolutism in Europe, and inspired independence movements in the Americas.

The revolution popularized the concept of the republic as a form of government, economic liberalism, and meritocracy, and ended the privileges of the aristocracy.

Transcripts

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e a revolução francesa fez parte de um

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conjunto de eventos que mudaram o

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sistema de poder e sociedade na europa

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ela foi tão importante que os

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historiadores demarcam como início da

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idade contemporânea como resultados dela

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foram criados o direito do povo de

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supermercados individuais a declaração

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dos direitos do homem e do cidadão além

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da maior representação dos cidadãos na

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política nas para entendermos melhor

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porque você me escutar as lá na frança

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do século 18 nessa época modelo que se

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via era uma monarquia absolutista onde o

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rei tinha o poder absoluto absoluto

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mesmo dentro nesse sistema sociedade

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estamental existiam três estados i o

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primeiro estado da representado pelos

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altos membros do clero ou seja os bispos

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e outros claros a igreja católica no

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segundo estado temos representantes da

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nobreza também conhecidos como vários

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seu cresceu francesa que a galera que

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tinha função militar ou jurídica já no

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terceiro estado estava o povão

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e o riso eo baixo clero comerciantes e

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camponeses que no total eram 97 por

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cento da população a desigualdade social

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era muito forte a no brasil claro

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festejavam todos os dias e viviam no

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luxo já que eles recebiam muitos

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tributos pelas terras que haviam

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enquanto isso o povo vivia na miséria

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produzindo que seria usado pelo primeiro

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e segundo estado é muito importante essa

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tá que seu estado era determinado pelo

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seu nascimento então não importava o

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quanto você trabalhasse você vem para o

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seu crescer economicamente e socialmente

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não havia mobilidade social ou seja

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quantas palavras um componente nunca

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ficaria nobre e o novos nunca viraria o

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componente para piorar a situação ação

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se está vendo mal no último século se

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enfiou em várias guerras sendo as mais

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importantes a guerra dos sete anos

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contra a inglaterra ea guerra de

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independência dos estados unidos onde a

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francis de wardes

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e as a última foi uma vingança do rei da

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frança você perdido colônias para a

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inglaterra na guerra anterior sem

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envolvimento nesse combate desgaste

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super desnecessário de governo francês

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enfraqueceram bastante economia além

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disso tem um vizinho batendo na porta eh

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inglaterra se dando bem com a revolução

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industrial as a terra já tinha acabado

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com o absolutismo monárquico faz tempo

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durante a revolução gloriosa quando a

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burguesia passou a ter maior poder

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político pelo parlamento e assim tiveram

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mais espaço para defender seus

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interesses e vou ver o modelo

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capitalista a frança por outro lado

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estava bem atrasada nesse processo quase

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visão de um sistema feudal e com poucos

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investimentos nas indústrias já que a

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nobreza eo clero resistiu muito às

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medidas que podiam resultar na perda e

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se inscreve led medievais ou seja eles

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estavam a crise muito pesada seja

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dívidas e quem era que mais sofri isso

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mesmo o povo do terceiro estado e

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às vezes pequenas e grandes comerciantes

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tiveram que pagar pela crise econômica

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você vai de impostos cada vez mais

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absurdos tendo que dar boa parte da

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renda que eles tinham para sobreviver e

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para piorar os verões e invernos dos

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anos anteriores foram muito pesados

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fazendo com que a colheita de 1788 fosse

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horrível se ela não inflação brava é uma

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onda de fome duríssima foi nesse tempo

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que eu burguesia começou a apoiar

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bastante uma corrente filosófico chamado

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iluminismo o pensamento filosófico

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iluminista teve início no final do

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século 17 e sentiram do uso da razão a

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luz o conhecimento contra o regime

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absolutista que eles teriam com as

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trevas onde rei a igreja concentrava

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poderes antigos privilégios avó resista

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apropriou das suas ideias pois se

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beneficiavam e atender seus interesses

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os filósofos franceses tirando a terra

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pós revolução gloriosa como exemplo se

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esperando muito no dançador de john

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locke

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é o principal lema do iluminismo era

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liberdade igualdade fraternidade e seus

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maiores representantes na frança e vamos

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voltar e o show além disso hoje porque

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se defendiam o liberalismo econômico na

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frança as liberdades individuais ea

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separação entre igreja e estado e

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é por esse motivo a revolução francesa

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chamada de uma revolução burguesa

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inspirada indicar por melhores condições

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de vida e representação política o povo

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que já estava passando fome começou a

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tomar as ruas exigir ações do reino

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[Música]

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e o rei luís 16 tinha que solucionaram o

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problema seus conselheiros indicaram que

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ele aumentasse os impostos entretanto

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todos tinham que pagar o rei percebeu

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que ele embora absoluto eu não podia

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decretar o aumento dos impostos em

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provocar uma crise maior ainda assim

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convocou os estados gerais para que

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chegassem a um consenso estados gerais

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eram tipo de assembleia para lidar com

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crises durante a época medieval e fazia

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mais de 175 anos que eles não eram

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convocados na frança acontece que

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sistema era extremamente injusto cada

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estado tinha direito a um voto para

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decidir o rumo da frança mas obviamente

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o clero ea nobreza se uniam para

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derrotar os interesses do terceiro

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estado bem à vontade de conhecer absurdo

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a burguesia que representava o terceiro

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estado propõe um novo modelo de volta

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ser individuais ou seja o que vale se

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tem interesse da maioria mas o rei foi

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direto falou na cara que não ia rolar

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assim o povo

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a formar uma assembleia nacional

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constituinte a fim de pressionar a disso

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crescer francesa por justiça social e

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melhor distribuição do dinheiro entre os

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estados nada poderia pará-las

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é é aparentemente a reitoria para a luz

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ele fechou o salão de reuniões da

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assembleia nacional dizendo que

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precisavam passar por uma reforma

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urgente mas a burguesia não se deixou

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abalar decidiu continuar as debate uma

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quadra de tênis de salão ao lado de

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versalhes onde eles prometeram não se

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separarem até que a frança se tivesse

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uma constituição acumulado com esse

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satisfação da população vivendo em

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condições miseráveis por trás econômico

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pela estrutura medieval os gastos para

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manter o estilo de vida da aristocracia

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francesa e as despesas na guerra de sete

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anos na guerra da independência

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americana o estopim para a revolução foi

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a demissão do ministro das finanças

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jacques necker que defende a reformas a

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favor do povo

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e assim não havia ninguém que poderia

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parar revolução no dia quatorze de julho

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de 1789 as camadas populares de paris em

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cruz dos santos culotes enfurecidos

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descer e pegar em armas e lutar pelos

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seus ideais tomando a bastilha uma

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antiga prisão que obrigado os presos

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políticos que um contra o absolutismo na

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verdade a primeira intenção deles era

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conseguir a pobre que estava guardado lá

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dentro para liderar a revolução nessa

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época eu já vi a pouco os prisioneiros

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lá mas enfim acabou o que esse

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acontecimento ficou tão marcante que

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escolheu o processo evolucionário por

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toda a frança até às zonas rurais os

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camponeses teriam muito a ração dos

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aristocratas acontecimento de paris

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começo que eles deixassem a população

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sem alimento

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bom então a conclusão deles foi vamos

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partir para o ataque primeiro os

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camponeses ficaram muito louco se

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começarem vai direitos propriedade dos

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aristocratas saqueando e assassinam dos

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proprietários além de exigir o fim de

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alguns impostos e mais comida assim

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vestida ficou conhecida como grande medo

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e foi parte da radicalização do povo

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assim uma série de mudança se seguiu

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pela frança assembleia nacional

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instituiu vários decretos que cortavam

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os privilégios da nobreza como a isenção

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de impostos eo monopólio sobre as terras

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além disso anunciada declaração dos

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direitos do homem e do cidadão um dos

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documentos mais importantes da revolução

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francesa que dizia que todos os homens

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sim somente os homens eram iguais e

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livres perante a lei

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e esse documento serviu de base para

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muitas construções ao redor do mundo

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inclusive a declaração universal de

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direitos humanos da onu no entanto vendo

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a frança inteira em caos a burguesia

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toma posições conservadoras para frear o

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povo enquanto isso a nobreza eo clero

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como estarão fugir em massa para os

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estados absolutistas a tela rei tentou

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escapar mas foi reconhecido antes que

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chegasse a bélgica grupos começaram a

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planejar uma contra-revolução para

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reverter as mudanças inclusive o claro

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que não gostou nada de quando tiver no

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circulares atacados pela constituição

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civil do clero 1790 e mil 791 foi criada

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uma nova constituição francesa e

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transformou o estado em uma monarquia

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constitucional e grupo só por um ano e

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ainda declarou a igualdade de todos

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perante a lei o vosso masculino

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censitário ea confiscação da cidade do

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clero uma vez que a influência e poder

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da burguesia crescer na frança

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a necessidade de controlar o resto da

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sociedade dentro do processo

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revolucionário existiam dois grupos

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políticos os girondinos que eram

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geralmente parte da alta burguesia e

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defendiam que as mudanças deverão ser

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cumpridas sem mudar a estrutura

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econômica já no outro lado existiu

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jacobinos e queriam implantar o caos

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mesmo eram formado de pequenos burgueses

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e até os camponeses e sabe o que esse

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mudanças servirão ser masha de caixa com

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execução do rei

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e se sentindo ameaçado pela uber

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revolucionário do religiões e seis

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articulou um levante contra revolução

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com apoio da áustria e outros estados

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absolutistas e assim o chave

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funcionários franceses que juntos

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formaram um exército voluntário chamado

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guarda nacional declararam guerra em

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abril de 1792 essa declaração abre o

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caminho para que jacobina se tomasse o

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poder instaurasse um período que ficou

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conhecido como o tempo com o tempo

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assembleia nacional começou a chamar a

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assembleia legislativa que depois se

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tornou convenção nacional e sentimentos

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é a declarados por sufrágio universal

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masculino ou seja todos os homens

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independente da riqueza poderiam votar

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nessa forma uma arte francesa foi

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derrubada e estará república o rei luís

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16 deixou de ser o líder da frança e

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quando a galera descobriu sua traição

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ele foi especial da morte na guilhotina

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e afinal o que a palavra usada para

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descrever esse período foi terror o

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líder jacobino maximilien robespierre

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eram surtado que utilizou do medo para

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estabilizar a situação política do país

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e controlar as massas populares pela

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perseguição dos opositores ea defesa de

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seus ideais no comitê de salvação

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pública eles defendiam acima de tudo a

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igualdade de execução agora todos

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criminosos e dependente das origens

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seriam executados da mesma forma na

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guilhotina durante seu mandato mais de

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40 mil pessoas principalmente

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representantes da igreja católica de

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socrates perderam suas cabeças na

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guilhotina mas logo robespierre bebeu do

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seu próprio veneno em 1794 os girondinos

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com apoio da alta burguesia realizaram

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um golpe chamado reação termidoriana e

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aplicar uma série de medidas para

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reverter as decisões radicais começando

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por mandar o próprio robespierre

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e criadores para gratinar

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em 1795 a convenção foi substituída por

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diretório objetivo de evitar que o poder

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caísse nas mãos de um único indivíduo

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novamente eles voltaram com o voto

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censitário mas a forte repressão ao povo

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agora por parte da guarda nacional

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francesa continuou a grande estabilidade

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política e econômica que a frança vivia

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fez com que a burguesia por as cada vez

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mais autoritarismo e no meio desse

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cenário não ser uma figura muito

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importante napoleão bonaparte napoleão e

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geram general bem famoso por liderar o

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exército nas grandes guerras do século

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vivendo uma chance já planejam um golpe

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para tomar o poder conhecido como 18 de

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brumário assim em 1799 se dá início a

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era napoleônica então quais foram as

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consequências da revolução francesa os

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estados que passaram a ser controlados

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pela burguesia sua forma de ver o mundo

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a busca pela acumulação de capital o

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lucro ea propriedade privada

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e eles espalharam a ideia dos direitos

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naturais do homem à vida à liberdade ea

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propriedade tanto o grupo mais

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beneficiados é poesia eles se separaram

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dos colegas do terceiro estado ou o povo

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e assumiram o poder político e econômico

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outros resultados da revolução francesa

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foram a transição do feudalismo para o

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capitalismo na frança o início do

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processo de queda do absolutismo na

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europa a inspiração para o movimento de

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independência do continente americano a

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popularização da república como forma de

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governo de liberalismo econômico e da

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meritocracia e o fim do privilégio das

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aristocracias espero que você tenha

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gostado desse vídeo manda lá no grupo do

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whatsapp para os seus amigos que também

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estão desesperados pela própria de

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amanhã

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é muito obrigado e até a próxima

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