(PART 3) CHAPTER 3: WESTERN ART HISTORY

Summary

The video script delves into the distinctiveness of Byzantine art, highlighting its blend of Eastern and Western techniques and its focus on Christian themes under the influence of the Roman Empire. It discusses the strict control over artistic forms to maintain religious orthodoxy. The script explores various medieval art forms, including illuminated manuscripts, mosaics, the Bayeux Tapestry, and heraldry, providing examples and historical context for each. It also contrasts this with the Renaissance period, marked by a rebirth of classical ideals, and showcases renowned artists and their masterpieces that epitomize the pinnacle of Western European art during the 14th to 16th centuries.

Takeaways

• 🌍 Byzantine art is unique due to its blend of Eastern and Western art techniques, influenced by its strategic location between Asia and Europe.
• 🏛 The city of Byzantium, known as the gateway of the world, was a rich trade route for goods, ideas, and techniques.
• ✝️ Christianity's role as the official religion of the Roman Empire heavily influenced Byzantine art, with a focus on Christian themes and standardized teachings.
• 📜 Illuminated manuscripts were a significant form of medieval art, featuring decorative initials, borders, and miniature illustrations, often using gold or silver.
• 🕍 Mosaics, crafted with small pieces of colored glass or stone, were another key art form, exemplified by the Basilica of San Apolinar Nuovo in Ravenna, Italy.
• 🎗 The Bayeux Tapestry is an embroidered cloth depicting the Battle of Hastings, showcasing the Norman conquest of England from the perspective of the loser, William the Conqueror.
• 🏰 Heraldry represents the designing of coats of arms and insignia, with the Philippine coat of arms featuring symbols from its colonial past, such as the American bald eagle and the lion of the Kingdom of León.
• 🎨 The Renaissance marked a rebirth of classical ideals from ancient Rome and Greece, leading to a pinnacle of artistic development in Western European art.
• 🗿 Donatello, a renowned Renaissance artist, is known for works such as Saint Mark, David, and the Equestrian Statue of Gattamelata.
• 🏢 Filippo Brunelleschi, an architect and engineer, designed the dome of the Florence Cathedral and the Barbacane Chapel, contributing significantly to Renaissance architecture.
• 🖼️ Lorenzo Ghiberti's Gates of Paradise, a set of bronze doors for the Florence Baptistery, and his Saint Matthew bronze statue, are notable examples of Renaissance sculpture.
• 📚 The script encourages further exploration of Western art history, with additional resources available on Google Classroom for Chapter 3.

Q & A

What is unique about Byzantine art?

Byzantine art is unique because it is a mixture of both Eastern and Western art techniques. It was strictly controlled to eliminate any personalized or unorthodox reinterpretations of its imagery, and it concentrates on Christian themes.

Why was the city of Byzantium also known as the 'gateway of the world'?

The city of Byzantium was known as the 'gateway of the world' due to its location between Asia and Europe, which made it a rich trade route where not only goods but also ideas and techniques were exchanged.

What is an illuminated manuscript?

An illuminated manuscript is a manuscript where the text is supplemented with decorations such as initials, borders, and miniature illustrations. The term specifically refers to manuscripts decorated with gold or silver, hence the name 'illumination'.

What is the significance of the mosaic art in the Basilica of San Apolinar Nuovo in Ravenna, Italy?

The mosaic art in the Basilica of San Apolinar Nuovo is significant as it exemplifies the Byzantine style of mosaics, which was a key form of medieval art, characterized by the use of small pieces of colored glass, stone, or other materials to craft intricate figures and designs.

What does the Bayeux Tapestry depict?

The Bayeux Tapestry depicts the events of the Battle of Hastings, focusing on the conflict between William, the Duke of Normandy, and Harold, the Earl of Wessex, as they battle for the crown of England.

Who commissioned the Bayeux Tapestry and from which perspective does it narrate the Battle of Hastings?

The Bayeux Tapestry was commissioned by William the Duke of Normandy, and it narrates the Battle of Hastings from his point of view, showing him as the winner of the battle.

What is heraldry and what does the coat of arms of the Republic of the Philippines represent?

Heraldry is the designing of coats of arms and insignia. The coat of arms of the Republic of the Philippines features the sun with eight rays representing the eight provinces under martial law during the Philippine revolution, three five-pointed stars for the primary geographic regions, and symbols of the American bald eagle and the lion rampant representing the country's colonial past.

What is the meaning of the word 'Renaissance'?

The word 'Renaissance' means 'rebirth', and it refers to the period marking the pinnacle of artistic development in Western European art during the late 14th to early 16th centuries, signifying a rebirth of classical ideals from ancient Rome and Greece.

Which famous renaissance artist created the bronze statue 'David'?

The bronze statue 'David' was created by the famous Renaissance artist Donatello.

What is the significance of the 'Gates of Paradise' in Renaissance art?

The 'Gates of Paradise' is a significant work by Lorenzo Ghiberti, which won the 1401 competition for the first set of bronze doors for the Florence Baptistery. It is renowned for its depiction of scenes from the New Testament.

What is a scriptorium and why were they important in the creation of illuminated manuscripts?

A scriptorium is a room in a monastery where monks who specialized in creating illuminated manuscripts worked. They were important as they provided a dedicated space for the complex and costly process of manuscript illumination.

Who is considered the runner-up in the 1401 competition for the bronze doors of the Florence Baptistery?

Filippo Brunelleschi was the runner-up in the 1401 competition for the bronze doors of the Florence Baptistery, which was eventually won by Lorenzo Ghiberti.

Outlines

00:00

🎨 Byzantine Art and its Unique Characteristics

This paragraph delves into the distinctive features of Byzantine art, highlighting its blend of Eastern and Western artistic techniques influenced by the city's position as a trade route and cultural gateway. The conversion of Constantine the Great to Christianity and the subsequent standardization of Christian teachings across the Roman Empire led to a controlled form of art that focused on Christian themes. Illuminated manuscripts, a key medieval art form, are described as texts embellished with gold or silver decorations, often produced in monasteries or commissioned by wealthy patrons. Mosaics, another art form, are exemplified by the Basilica of San Apolinar Nuovo in Ravenna, Italy, showcasing the use of small, colored pieces to craft intricate figures. The Bayeux Tapestry, an embroidered cloth depicting the Battle of Hastings, is mentioned as a significant historical narrative. Lastly, the paragraph touches on the strict control over Byzantine art to prevent unorthodox interpretations.

05:02

🏰 Medieval Art Forms and the Golden Age of Western European Art

The second paragraph explores various medieval art forms, including the Bayeux Tapestry, which is noted for its depiction of the Battle of Hastings from the perspective of William the Conqueror, despite historical accounts favoring Harold. Heraldry, the designing of coats of arms and insignia, is also discussed, with an example of the coat of arms of the Republic of the Philippines, which features symbols from the country's colonial past. The paragraph transitions into the Renaissance period, marking a rebirth of classical ideals from ancient Rome and Greece. It lists renowned Renaissance artists such as Donatello, Ghiberti, Alberti, and Filippo Brunelleschi, along with their notable works like the Saint Mark statue, the David statue, the Basilica of Santa Maria Novella, and the Ospedale degli Innocenti. The paragraph concludes with a mention of the next topic, encouraging students to review the provided material on Western art history.

10:03

🖼️ Renaissance Artists and their Masterpieces

The final paragraph focuses on the works of several prominent Renaissance artists, including Fra Angelico, known for the San Marco Altarpiece and the Annunciation of Cortona, and Lorenzo Ghiberti, celebrated for the Gates of Paradise and the Saint Matthew bronze statue. The paragraph provides a brief overview of each artist's contributions to the Renaissance movement, emphasizing the cultural and artistic significance of their works. It also mentions the competition that led to the creation of the Gates of Paradise and the patronage of the Arte del Cambio guild. The artist concludes with a reminder for students to check the Google Classroom for the next chapter on Western art history.

Keywords

💡Byzantine Art

Byzantine Art refers to the visual and religious art produced during the Middle Ages in the Byzantine Empire, which was centered in Constantinople (now Istanbul). It is defined by its fusion of Eastern and Western art techniques and its focus on Christian themes. In the video, it is mentioned as being unique due to its strict control over imagery to avoid unorthodox interpretations, reflecting the empire's efforts to standardize Christian teaching.

💡Illumination

Illumination is a medieval art form that involves the decoration of manuscripts with intricate designs, often using gold or silver to enhance the text. This technique is highlighted in the video as a costly and complex process, usually reserved for special books such as Gospel books. The term 'illumination' comes from the use of gold and silver, which were thought to 'illuminate' the pages.

💡Mosaic

Mosaic is an art form that involves creating images with an assemblage of small pieces of colored glass, stone, or other materials. The video provides the example of the Basilica of San Apolinar Nuovo in Ravenna, Italy, which features mosaics on its walls. Mosaics were a significant part of Byzantine art, often used to depict religious scenes in churches.

💡Bayeux Tapestry

The Bayeux Tapestry is an embroidered cloth nearly 70 meters long, depicting the events of the Battle of Hastings between William, the Duke of Normandy, and Harold, the Earl of Wessex. It is mentioned in the video as an example of medieval art, specifically as a narrative device that tells a historical story through visual means. The tapestry is significant as it reflects the Norman conquest of England and is believed to have been commissioned by the victor, William the Conqueror.

💡Heraldry

Heraldry is the practice of designing, displaying, and recording coats of arms and insignia. It is discussed in the video in relation to the coat of arms of the Republic of the Philippines, which features symbols representing the country's colonial past and its geographical regions. Heraldry was used in the Middle Ages to identify knights and noble families and is still used today in various official capacities.

💡Renaissance

The Renaissance was a period of significant cultural, artistic, and intellectual rebirth in Europe from the late 14th to the early 16th century. The term 'Renaissance' means 'rebirth,' particularly of the classical ideals from ancient Rome and Greece. The video mentions several famous Renaissance artists and their masterpieces, emphasizing the period's focus on humanism and the revival of classical art forms.

💡Donatello

Donatello was an Italian Renaissance artist known for his sculptures, including the marble statue of Saint Mark and the bronze statue of David. His works, as mentioned in the video, are significant for their detailed craftsmanship and their embodiment of Renaissance ideals such as naturalism and humanism.

💡Leon Battista Alberti

Leon Battista Alberti was an Italian Renaissance architect and author. The video references his work on the Basilica of Santa Maria Novella and the Palazzo Rucellai, both in Florence, Italy. Alberti's architectural designs are noted for their classical influences and their impact on the development of Renaissance architecture.

💡

💡Filippo Brunelleschi

Filippo Brunelleschi was a prominent Renaissance architect and engineer, known for designing the dome of the Florence Cathedral, which is referred to as 'pedaled' in the video. His work was groundbreaking in its engineering and design, and it set a new standard for architectural achievements during the Renaissance.

💡Fra Angelico

Fra Angelico was an Early Renaissance painter known for his frescoes and panel paintings characterized by their serene religious themes. The video mentions his works such as the San Marco Altarpiece and The Annunciation, which are celebrated for their clarity of form, brilliant color, and profound religious feeling.

💡Lorenzo Ghiberti

Lorenzo Ghiberti was an Italian Renaissance artist, particularly renowned for his work on the Gates of Paradise, a set of bronze doors for the Florence Baptistery. The video highlights his victory in the competition to create these doors, which depict scenes from the New Testament. Ghiberti's work is significant for its detail and the use of perspective and light.

💡Scriptorium

A scriptorium is a room in a monastery where monks would copy manuscripts. It is mentioned in the video in the context of the creation of illuminated manuscripts. The scriptorium was an important place for the production of religious texts and the preservation of knowledge during the Middle Ages.

Highlights

Byzantine art is a unique fusion of Eastern and Western art techniques due to the city's position as a trade route between Asia and Europe.

Christianity's role in shaping Byzantine art, with the emperor's duty to standardize Christian teachings across the empire.

The strict control over the form of Byzantine art to prevent personalized or unorthodox interpretations.

Illumination, or illuminated manuscripts, were a significant form of medieval art, often reserved for special books like the Gospel.

Monasteries often contained scriptoriums, dedicated areas for monks specializing in illuminated manuscripts.

Mosaics, crafted with small pieces of colored glass or stone, represent another medieval art form, exemplified by the Basilica of San Apolinar Nuovo.

The Bayeux Tapestry, an embroidered cloth depicting the Battle of Hastings, was commissioned by William the Conqueror despite the historical outcome.

Heraldry, the designing of coats of arms and insignia, is a medieval art form that continues to influence modern symbols, such as the Philippine coat of arms.

The Renaissance marked a rebirth of classical ideals from ancient Rome and Greece in Western European art.

Donatello, a renowned Renaissance artist, created significant works like the Saint Mark statue and the Equestrian statue of Gattamelata.

Giotto di Bondone's works, including the Ognissanti Madonna and the Stefaneschi Triptych, are housed in prestigious galleries.

Leon Battista Alberti's architectural designs, like the Basilica of Santa Maria Novella and the Palazzo Rucellai, showcase Renaissance innovation.

Giovanni's masterpieces, The Last Supper and The Maestà, are prime examples of Renaissance religious art.

Filippo Brunelleschi's architectural achievements, such as the Ospedale degli Innocenti and the Barbacane Chapel, are iconic in Renaissance Florence.

Fra Angelico's religious paintings, like the San Marco Altarpiece and The Annunciation, are celebrated for their spiritual and artistic depth.

Lorenzo Ghiberti's Gates of Paradise and the Saint Matthew bronze statue are significant contributions to Renaissance art, funded by prominent guilds.

The Renaissance period represents the pinnacle of artistic development in Western European art during the late 14th to early 16th centuries.

Transcripts

now what makes byzantine art different

or unique

from the rest of the different types of

art the city of bison shroom is a rich

trade route that is why it was also

labeled as the gateway of the world

due to its location it's between asia

and europe during those times not only

were goods

traded but also ideas our techniques

were one of them byzantine art is unique

for it's a mixture

of both eastern and western art

techniques

christianity became the official

religion of the roman empire after the

conversion of constantine the great

and it was the duty of the emperor to

unite the faith

across the empire by bringing various

heretic or

pagan groups into line and standardizing

christian

teaching therefore the form of byzantine

art was strictly controlled

to eliminate any personalized or

unorthodox re-interpretations

of its imagery that is also one unique

aspect

of byzantine art it concentrates on

christian themes

the first type of medieval art form are

illuminated manuscripts

an illuminated manuscript is a

manuscript in which the text is

supplemented with such decorations

as initials borders and miniature

illustrations

in the strictest definition the term

refers only to manuscripts decorated

with gold

or silver hence the name illumination or

illuminated the most illuminated books

especially made in the first millennium

was gospel books or bible illumination

was a complex

and costly process it was usually

reserved for special books

an outer bible for example wealthy

people

often had richly illuminated books of

hours made which set down prayers

appropriate for various times

in the liturgical day now most

manuscripts

were produced in monasteries in order to

add to the library

or after receiving a commission from a

wealthy patron

now larger monasteries often contain

separate areas for the monks who

specializes in illuminated manuscripts

and this room is what you call a

scriptorium

now this is the process of creating an

illuminated manuscript

our second example of medieval art forms

are mistakes

mosaic is the art of crafting figures

with small

pieces of colored glass stone or other

materials our example of a mistake

comes from the basilica of san apolinar

nuovo in ravenna

italy as you can see here's the inside

of the church

here are examples of mosaic pieces on

the walls of the church

and here is a closer example of a mosaic

coming from the basilica

the third example of medieval art forms

we have the bayou tapes tree

the biotapes tree also known as the la

taldu conquest

in french is an embroidered cloth nearly

70 meters long

and 50 centimeters tall which depicts

the events of the battle of hastings

concerning william

the duke of normandy versus harold the

earl of wessex as they battle

for the crown of england so here is a

closer example

of the bayou tapestry

the bayou tapestry is said to date to

the 11th

century within a few years after the

battle

as i have shared to you on the previous

slide the value paper stream

basically narrates the battle between

william

and harold where in the latter

harold won the crown of england

but it is the former william the duke of

normandy the loser basically

who commissioned for the creation of the

bayou

tapestry and if you would look at the

end of the biotape history

according to williams point of view it

is he

who won the battle and not harold

our last example of medieval art form is

heraldry

heraldry is the manner of designing code

of arms and

insignia on the right side is an example

of the code of arms of the republic of

the philippines now what is the meaning

of our country's code of arms now

our code of arms features the eighth

read son of the philippines

with each ray representing the eight

provinces

which were placed under martial law by

governor general

ramon blanco during the philippine

revolution

and the three five-pointed stars

representing the three primary

geographic regions of luzon visayas

and mindanao on the blue field on the

dexter side you would see the north

american bald eagle

of the united states and on the red

field on the sinister side

is the lion rap band of the coat of arms

of the kingdom of

leon both representing the country's

colonial

past which is ironic because our code of

arms

an independent nation features

two symbols coming from

our colonial past now the current arms

which shares many features of the

national flag

was designed with the filipino artists

and heraldis

captain galobi ocampo

and now we have the golden age of

western european art

renaissance art

now what does the word renaissance mean

renaissance period marks the pinnacle of

artistic development

in western european art of the late 14th

15th and early 16th centuries the word

renaissance

means rebirth a rebirth the classical

ideals from ancient rome

and greece

here are some famous renaissance artists

and their masterpieces

our first renaissance artist is

donatello

his first work you have saint mark a

marble statue that stands approximately

seven feet and nine inches high

and is displayed in the museum of the or

san miguel

church in florence italy his second work

we have david a bronze statue in display

at mercedes

in florence italy and his last example

of work

the equestrian statue of catavilata

which is located in the piazza del santo

in padua

italy

our second renaissance artist you have

gyoto di bondone

his first work ogni santi madonna

housed in the uffici gallery of florence

italy

his second work stefaneski triptych

commissioned by cardinal giacomo gaitani

stefaneski

to serve as an altarpiece for one of the

altars of old saint peter's basilica in

rome

it is now at the pinacoteca vaticana in

rome

italy

our third renaissance artist leon

batista alberti

his first work you have the basilica of

santa maria novella

commissioned by giovanni di paolo

russella a local textile merchant

leon battista alberti designed the upper

part of the inlaid green marble of prato

also called serpentino

and white marble facade of the church

his second word you have the palazzo

russella a palatial 15th century

townhouse on the via de la vina nova

in florence italy the russell palace is

believed

by most scholars to have been designed

for giovanni de paulo

our fourth renaissance artist we have

giovanni

his first work the last supper and his

second work the maestad

santa trinita originally painted for the

church of santa trinita florence italy

where it remained until 1471.

it is now housed in the ofici gallery of

florence

italy

our fifth renaissance artist we have

filippo brunelleschi

his first work was pedaled

it is a historic building in florence

italy it was designed by brunelleschi

who received the commission in 4019 from

the arte del yaceta

it was originally a children's orphanage

our second example of his work is the

barbadored chapel

it is a chapel in the church of santo

fedicita in florence central

italy

our sixth renaissance artist is fra

angelico

his first work the san marco altarpiece

it was commissioned by cosimo de medici

the elder

and is currently housed in the san marco

museum of florence

italy his second work the annunciation

of cortona

is a panel painting outer piece or a

table by fra angelico

once housed in the church of jesus of

cortona

it is now held at the messiah in cortona

our last renaissance artist lorenzo

gibert

his first work the gates of paradise

this piece won the 1401 competition

for the first set of bronze stores with

brunelleschi

as the runner-up the original plan was

for the doors to depict scenes from the

old testament

but the plan was changed to depict

scenes from the new testament instead

and his second word the saint matthew

bronze statue

this statue was funded by the arte del

cambio guild

aka the backers guild

students thank you very much for

listening and i will see you on our next

topic

please do not forget to check the

activity for chapter 3

western art history it is already

uploaded in your google classroom