ARTS Grade 9 - Western Classical Plays and Opera - 4th Quarter (MAPEH)

Summary

This comprehensive arts lesson delves into the rich history of Western classical theater and opera, highlighting significant periods, famous composers, and their influential works. The narrative begins with the origins of theater in ancient Greece and Rome, characterized by the works of playwrights like Sophocles and the development of drama forms such as tragedy and comedy. It progresses through the Middle Ages, Renaissance, Baroque, and Neoclassical eras, touching on the evolution of theatrical styles, the introduction of new technologies, and the impact of cultural movements on the arts. The lesson also celebrates the contributions of renowned playwrights like William Shakespeare and the emergence of opera, exemplified by Bizet's "Carmen." Furthermore, the script pays homage to Filipino playwrights, such as Francisco Balagtas and Severino Reyes, and acknowledges the significant contributions of theater designers and directors in shaping the Filipino theater landscape. The lesson concludes with an invitation for students to engage with the material through activities and discussions, fostering a deeper appreciation for the arts.

Takeaways

• 🎭 The history of theater began with myth, ritual, and ceremony, evolving from human desires for entertainment and the need for societal connections.
• 🏟️ Ancient Greek and Roman theaters (700 BCE to 410 CE) were significant, with Athens being a cultural hub and home to famous playwrights like Sophocles, Euripides, and Aeschylus.
• 🎭 Theatro, meaning 'place of seeing,' involves playwrights, directors, performers, and an audience to create a complete theater experience.
• 🎭 Medieval theater (500 CE to 1400 CE) was suppressed in Europe, leading to the rise of minstrels and the church's own biblical performances.
• 🎭 Renaissance theater (1400 to 1600) saw a return to classical arts and culture, with public theaters and professional players emerging, notably supported by Queen Elizabeth I.
• 🎭 William Shakespeare, known as England's national poet, is celebrated for his 38 plays, 154 sonnets, and significant influence on theater and literature.
• 🎭 Baroque theater (1600 to 1750) introduced technological advancements for special effects and scene changes, influencing the content and style of performances.
• 🎭 Neoclassical theater (1800 to 1900) was characterized by grandiosity, with elaborate costumes and sets, and a clear distinction between tragedy and comedy.
• 🎭 Romantic theater (1800 to 2000) popularized melodrama and opera, with Victor Marie Hugo and Georges Bizet being notable figures in the movement.
• 🎭 Filipino theater has a rich history, with notable playwrights like Francisco Balagtas, known for 'Florante at Laura,' and Severino Reyes, the father of the Tagalog comedia.
• 🎭 Dr. Ricardo J. Abad and Salvador Bernal contributed significantly to Filipino theater as a director and designer, respectively, enriching the cultural landscape.

Q & A

What is the main focus of the lesson discussed in the transcript?

The main focus of the lesson is the history of Western classical plays and operas, as well as the famous composers and their works.

What is the origin of the word 'theater'?

The word 'theater' means 'place of seeing' and it refers to not just the buildings where performances take place, but also the entire production that includes the script, director, performers, and audience.

Who are the three well-known Greek tragedy playwrights mentioned in the transcript?

The three well-known Greek tragedy playwrights mentioned are Sophocles, Euripides, and Aeschylus.

What is the significance of the character Thespis in the history of theater?

Thespis is considered the father of tragedy and was the first actor to introduce the use of masks in performances.

What are the three types of drama in ancient Greek theater?

The three types of drama in ancient Greek theater are tragedy, comedy, and satyr play.

How did the Romans influence the development of theater?

Romans influenced theater by incorporating their native traditions with the Hellenization or the spread of ancient Greek culture, which led to the development of Latin literature and permanent, non-wooden theaters.

What was the role of the chorus in ancient Greek theater?

The chorus in ancient Greek theater consisted of 12 members who wore identical masks and played a significant role in advancing the themes of the play, providing commentary, and participating in the lamenting of events.

Who is considered one of the most famous romantic composers?

Georges Bizet is considered one of the most famous romantic composers, known for his opera 'Carmen'.

What is the significance of Francisco Balagtas in Filipino literature?

Francisco Balagtas is significant in Filipino literature as the author of the famous epic poem 'Florante at Laura' and is revered as the term for Filipino debate in extemporaneous verse, 'Balagtasan', is named after him.

Who is known as the father of theater design in the Philippines?

Salvador Bernal is known as the father of theater design in the Philippines, having developed the profession and elevated it to an art form.

What is the importance of the character Carmen in the opera 'Carmen' by Georges Bizet?

Carmen is the central character in the opera who seduces the soldier Don José, leading to his downfall. She is known for her charm and the opera revolves around the drama of love and jealousy that ensues.

Outlines

00:00

🎭 Introduction to Western Classical Music and Theater

The video begins with a welcome to an arts lesson focusing on the history of Western classical music and operas, including famous composers and their works. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the evolution of theater from its origins in myth, ritual, and ceremony. The lesson also introduces the significant periods and events in theater history, starting with ancient Greek and Roman theaters and their influential playwrights like Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes.

05:01

🏟️ Ancient Theater Terms and Roman Theater Influence

This section defines ancient theater terms such as 'theatron' and describes the structure of ancient theaters. It then transitions to the Roman theater, which was influenced by Greek theater and included a variety of art forms. The Romans were known for their love of spectacle, including chariot races and gladiator fights. The paragraph also discusses the construction of permanent theaters like the one built by Triumvir Pompey and the themes of Roman plays.

10:02

🏰 Medieval and Renaissance Theater Evolution

The video moves on to medieval theater, which was kept alive by minstrels and eventually by the Church through biblical stories. It then explores the Renaissance period, characterized by a revival of classical Greek and Roman arts and culture. The Renaissance saw the development of public theaters and professional players, with significant contributions from playwrights like William Shakespeare and the emergence of new theatrical forms such as morality plays and university drama.

15:04

🎼 Baroque and Neoclassical Theater Innovations

The Baroque period is highlighted for its use of technology in theater, including special effects and scene changes. The neoclassical period, on the other hand, is noted for its grandeur and elaborate costumes and set designs. It also established the clear distinction between tragedy and comedy, with playwrights like Pierre Corneille, Jean Baptiste Molière, and Jean Racine achieving significant success.

20:05

📡 Romantic Theater and the Limelight

The Romantic period is characterized by the popularity of melodrama and opera. The paragraph discusses the origins of melodrama and the elements that make it appealing to the emotions. Opera is described as a dramatic work combining text, music, acting, and dance. The video also shares trivia about the neoclassical theater, including the first use of the limelight and the Theatre Regulation Act of 1843.

25:06

🎭 Sophocles and Shakespeare: Notable Playwrights

This part of the video focuses on the works of Sophocles, an ancient Greek tragedian known for his significant contributions to the development of drama. It details the characters and theatrical elements of his famous play 'Oedipus Rex.' The paragraph then transitions to the works of William Shakespeare, particularly 'Romeo and Juliet,' and describes the theatrical elements of a Shakespearean play during the Renaissance.

30:08

🇪🇸 The Opera Carmen and Filipino Theater

The video introduces 'Carmen,' a famous opera by Georges Bizet, set in 19th-century Seville, Spain. It outlines the main characters and provides a brief history of the opera. The lesson then shifts to Filipino theater, highlighting the works of Francisco Balagtas, known for 'Florante at Laura,' and Severino Reyes, the father of the Tagalog zarzuela. The video concludes with a mention of other Filipino playwrights and a prompt for students to complete their arts modules.

35:11

🎉 Conclusion and Call for Student Engagement

The video concludes with a reminder for students to complete their arts modules and an invitation to reach out with any questions through social media platforms. It emphasizes the importance of understanding both Western classical plays and operas and the contributions of Filipino playwrights to the world of theater.

Keywords

💡Theatrical Forms

Theatrical forms refer to the various styles and genres of plays and performances that have evolved over time. In the video, it is mentioned as the starting point for discussing the history of theater, emphasizing its progression from myth, ritual, and ceremony to modern forms. The script discusses ancient theaters, specifically Greek and Roman, as well as the development of tragedy, comedy, and satyr play, showcasing the diversity of theatrical forms.

💡Greek Tragedy

Greek tragedy is a form of theater that originated in ancient Greece and is known for its serious tone and often tragic的结局 (endings). The script mentions that the term 'tragedy' is derived from the Greek words 'tragos' (goat) and 'ode' (song), and it typically deals with the downfall of the main character. Thespis, who introduced the use of masks, is recognized as the father of tragedy.

💡Comedy Plays

Comedy plays are a type of theater that is light-hearted and humorous, intended to entertain and amuse the audience. The script references Aristophanes as a notable playwright in this genre, with his works often including political satire and social commentary. An example given is 'Lysistrata,' a play about women ending the war in Greece through their own means.

💡Neoclassical Theater

Neoclassical theater refers to the period in theater history that was influenced by the styles of Roman and Greek societies. The script describes this period as characterized by grandiosity, with highly elaborate costumes and scenery. It also mentions the use of dramatic arches and the importance of adhering to classical concepts and social behavior. Notable playwrights from this period include Pierre Corneille, Jean-Baptiste Molière, and Jean Racine.

💡Renaissance Theater

Renaissance theater marks a period of renewed interest in the arts, including theater, during the 14th to 17th centuries. The script highlights the return to classical Greek and Roman arts and culture, the development of public theaters, and the emergence of professional players. William Shakespeare, one of the most famous playwrights, is mentioned as a key figure of this era, with works like 'Romeo and Juliet' and 'Hamlet'.

💡Baroque Theater

Baroque theater is characterized by its use of technology and elaborate special effects. The script notes that during this period, machines were used for scene changes and special effects, which could transform the stage in seconds with the use of ropes and pulleys. This period also saw the rise of opera, a form of theater that combines music, drama, and often dance.

💡Opera

Opera is a theatrical art form that combines music, drama, and often dance to tell a story. The script discusses opera in the context of the Romantic period, mentioning that it involves singers and musicians performing a dramatic work with a libretto and musical score. Georges Bizet's 'Carmen' is given as an example, a popular opera set in Seville, Spain, that tells a story of love and jealousy.

💡Filipino Playwrights

The script introduces several notable Filipino playwrights who have contributed significantly to the theater arts in the Philippines. Francisco Balagtas, known for his work 'Florante at Laura,' is mentioned as well as Severino Reyes, the father of the Tagalog 'Cersuela.' These playwrights' works often reflect Filipino culture and history, and they are celebrated for their literary achievements.

💡Theatrical Design

Theatrical design involves the creation of the visual aspects of a theater production, including set, costume, and lighting design. Salvador Bernal, known as the father of theater design in the Philippines, is highlighted in the script for elevating this profession to an art form. His work has included designs for over 250 productions in ballet, theater, and film.

💡Dionysus

Dionysus is the ancient Greek god of wine and fertility, who is central to the origins of theater as discussed in the script. The cult of Dionysus involves religious festivals that honored this god, and it was during these festivals that early dramatic performances took place, marking the beginning of theater as a form of entertainment and cultural expression.

💡Masks

Masks were an important element in ancient Greek theater, as mentioned in the script. They were used by actors to portray different characters and express emotions, as well as to enhance the universality of the themes presented in the plays. Masks allowed actors to play multiple roles and helped to maintain a certain level of anonymity, focusing the audience's attention on the story rather than the physical appearance of the performers.

Highlights

The lesson focuses on the history of Western classical plays and operas, as well as the works of famous composers.

The history of theater begins with myth, ritual, and ceremony, evolving from human desire for entertainment.

Ancient Greek and Roman theaters (700 BCE to 410 CE) were significant in the development of theatrical forms.

The city-state of Athens was central to cultural and political power, influencing early theater and the cult of Dionysus.

Three main types of drama in ancient Greece were tragedy, comedy, and satyr play, each with distinct characteristics.

Theatro, skin, and audience are the three main elements of ancient Greek theaters.

Roman theater was influenced by Greek theater and featured a variety of performances, including gladiators and chariot races.

Medieval theater (500 CE to 1400) was kept alive by minstrels and church-sanctioned performances.

Renaissance theater (1400 to 1600) saw a return to classical Greek and Roman arts and culture.

William Shakespeare is regarded as the greatest writer and dramatist, with works like Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet.

The Baroque period (1600 to 1750) in theater was marked by the use of technology for special effects and scene changes.

Neoclassical theater (1800 to 1900) was characterized by grandiosity, with elaborate costumes and sceneries.

The Romantic period (1800 to 2000) saw the rise of melodrama and operas, with a focus on emotion and music.

Sophocles, an ancient Greek tragedian, wrote 123 plays, with seven surviving complete, including the famous Oedipus Rex.

Filipino playwright Francisco Balagtas is known for his work Florante at Laura, which parallels his own life experiences.

Severino Reyes is recognized as the father of the Tagalog zarzuela and wrote Walang Sugat, a play about the Philippine Revolution.

Dr. Ricardo J. Abad is a Filipino director known for his work in over 120 productions, including Western classics adapted for Filipino sensibilities.

Salvador Bernal is celebrated as the father of theater design in the Philippines, with over 250 productions to his credit.

Transcripts

[Music]

good day students

and welcome to our arts lesson this

fourth quarter period

this lesson will cover module one and

module two of arts

this fourth quarter the main focus of

this lesson

is all about the history of western

classical place and operas

as well as the famous composers and

their works

at the end of this discussion i will be

showing the activities you need to

answer

so listen carefully in the discussion

and take down notes of the important

details

that may help you in answering the

modules let's now begin with a lesson

let's begin with the history of the

theatrical forms

in their evolution

[Music]

theater began from myth ritual and

ceremony

early society perceived connections

between actions performed by groups of

people or

leaders to a certain society and these

actions

moved from habit to tradition to ritual

to ceremony due to human desire and need

for entertainment

the repeated rehearsals performances

and creation of different actions broke

the ground for theater

theater means place of seeing but it is

more than the buildings

where performance take place to produce

theater a playwright writes the scripts

the director rehearses the performers

the designer and technical crew produce

props to create the scenes

and actors and actresses perform on the

stage

then it will only be a true theater act

when an

audience witnesses it

[Music]

before we proceed to discover how to

organize and perform in a theater we

have to acquire information on the

important periods and events in theater

history

let us now study the theatrical forms of

the different art periods

the first one is the ancient theaters

specifically

the greek and roman theater during 700

bce

to 410 ce

[Music]

european theater began in ancient greece

it began around 700 bc with festivals

honoring their many gods one god

dionysus

with a religious festival called the

cult of dionysus

to honor dionysus the god of wine and

fertility

the city-state of athens was the center

of a significant

cultural political and military power

during this period where the festivals

and competitions

were usually performed the three

well-known greek tragedy

playwrights are savocals euripides

and estrellas

the theater of ancient greece consisted

of three types of drama

tragedy comedy and satire play

tragedy is a compound of two greek words

tragos

or goat and ode meaning song

referring to goats sacrificed to

dionysus

before performances or to goat skins

worn by the performers in greece

tragedy was the most admired type of

play

it dealt with tragic events and have an

unhappy ending

especially one concerning the downfall

of the main character

thespis was the first actor and

introduced the use of

masks and was called the father of

tragedy

comedy plays were derived from imitation

there were no traces of their origin

aristophanes

wrote most of the comedy place out of

this eleventh place

lestrada survived a humorous tale about

a strong woman

who led the female coalition to end war

in greece

cyclops was an adventurous comedy by

euripides

[Music]

satter play contains comic elements to

lighten the overall mood

or a serious play with a happy ending

the satyr play was a short light-hearted

tale piece

performed after each trilogy of the

tragedies

it is an ancient greek form of tragic

comedy

it featured choruses of satires based on

greek mythology

and with pretended drunkenness bold

sexuality

including phallic props tricks and side

jokes

this featured half men and half goat

characters

known as sad ears they were awful

ridiculous

and usually drunk the satire characters

lusted after everyone on stage and they

delivered the most

humorous lines often at the expense of

others

let us now define the different ancient

theater terms

theater buildings were called theatron

the theaters were large open air

structures

constructed on the slopes of hills they

consisted of three main elements

the orchestra the skin and the audience

orchestra is a large circular or

rectangular area

at the center part of the theater where

the play

dance religious rites and acting took

place

here is a sample illustration of the

greek theater

with its different parts

[Music]

let's now proceed to the roman theater

the theater of ancient rome started in

the 3rd century bc

it had varied in interesting art forms

like festival performances of state

theater

acrobatics the staging of comedies of

plato's

and the high verbally elaborate

tragedies of seneca

although rome had a native tradition of

performance

the hellenization or historical spread

of ancient great culture of roman

culture in the 3rd century bc

had an intense and energizing effect on

roman theater

and encouraged development of latin

literature

according to roman historian livy in the

4th century bc

the etruscan actors were the first

experienced live

theater while in 240 bc

roman drama began with the place of

libyus andronicos

and it remained popular throughout late

antiquity

and by the mid-4th century a.d 102

out of 176 ludi publici

being dedicated to theater besides a

considerably lower number of gladiator

and chariot racing events

[Music]

greek theaters had a great influence on

the roman theater

the triumvir pompeii was one of the

first permanent

non-wooden theaters in rome whose

structure was somewhat similar

to the theatre of athens the building

was a part of a multi-use complex

that included a large quadriporticus or

a columned quadrangle

directly behind the scanner front an

elaborately decorated background of

theater stage

enclosed by the large column porticos

with an

expansive garden complex of fountains

and statues

there were rooms also that were

dedicated to the exposition

of art and other works collected by

pompeii magnus

which were located along the stretch of

covered arcade

here is a sample image of the theater of

pompeii

or the triumvir pompeii

the usual themes for roman theater plays

were chariots races

gladiators and public executions

the romans loved a good spectacle

they loved to watch combat admired blood

sports

and gladiator competition the more

realistic the violence

the more it pleased roman audiences

the christians however opposed the

barbaric themes of the place

and closed all theaters comedy plays

were popular too in the roman theater

from 350 to 250 bc

and women were allowed to perform on

stage

this time let us now proceed to the

different medieval theater

which started from 500 ce to 1400

during the medieval era theater

performances

were not allowed throughout europe to

keep the theater alive

minstrels though denounced by the church

performed in markets public places

and festivals they traveled from one

town to another as puppeteers

jugglers storytellers dancers

singers and other theatrical acts

these minstrels were viewed as dangerous

and pagan

churches in europe started staging their

own theater performances

during easter sundays with biblical

stories and events

eventually some place were brought

outside the church

due to their portrayal of the devil and

hell

an example of this kind of play is the

mystery adam

or the mystery of adam the story

revolves around

adam and eve and ends with the devil

capturing

and bringing them to hell over the

centuries

the place revolved around biblical

themes from the story of the creation

to the last judgment

let us now proceed to the renaissance

theater which started in the year 1400

up to 1600.

renaissance theater arts were

characterized by a return of classical

greek and roman arts and culture

during middle ages mystery place formed

a part of religious festivals in england

and other parts of europe during the

renaissance period

morality place in which the protagonist

was met by personifications of various

moral attributes

who tried to choose a godly life over

the evil

and the university drama were formed to

create athenian tragedy

public theaters were developed like the

comedia de larte

an italian comedy and a humorous

theatrical presentation

performed by professional players who

traveled in troops

and elaborate masks a dramatic

entertainment consisting of pantomime

dancing dialogue and song and sometimes

players wore masks that were usually

presented in court

one of the most prominent supporters of

the theater

was queen elizabeth the first the

companies of players

or the companies of actors were

organized by the aristocrats

and performed seasonally in many places

they were called professional players

that performed on the elizabethan stage

the tours of these players gradually

replaced the performances

of the mystery and morality plays by

local players

gorboduc authors were thomas norton and

thomasville

also known as ferrex and porrix was an

english play

and first performed the christmas

celebration in 1561

and performed before queen elizabeth the

first on january 18

1562 by the gentlemen of the inner

temple

which was one of the four inns of court

professional

associations for barristers and judges

in london

the famous actor and poet who emerged in

this period

was william shakespeare he was baptized

on april 26 1564

and died on april 23 1616.

he was an english poet playwright and

actor and regarded as the greatest

writer and dramatist

in the whole world shakespeare was often

called

england's national poet and the bird of

avon

his works consist of about 38 plays

some of this plays were well loved romeo

and joliet

hamlet midsummer night's dream

cleopatra julius caesar much ado

about nothing the four tragedies

considered to be shakespeare's

greatest works were hamlet othello

king lear and macbeth other contemporary

playwrights like christopher marlowe

tragedy such as dr faustos and the jew

of malta

and thomas kidd the spanish tragedy

the history placed depicted english or

european history

shakespeare's plays were about the lives

of kings

such as richard iii and henry v

christopher marlowe's edward ii and

george peale's famous chronicles of

king edward the first

comedies were common too this dealt with

life in london

after the fashion of roman yo comedy

some of comedy plays were the

strewmakers holiday

by thomas decker and a chaste made in

shipside

by thomas middleton for the first time

ballet was performed in public during

this period

ballet is a formalized form of dance

which originated

from the italian renaissance courts it

developed and flourished from italy to

france

with the help of catherine de medici the

queen of france

an early example of catherine's

development of ballet

is through le paris dis de amor a piece

of work presented at her daughter's

wedding

margaret de valois to henry of navarre

many of the aristocrats was responsible

for the initial stages

of court ballet for the aristocrats

entertainment

the first formal court ballet ever

recognized was

ballet des polonaise in 1573

a true form of royal entertainment

ballet des polonais was commissioned by

catherine de medici

to honor the polish ambassadors who

visited paris for the enthronement

of king henry in poland

[Music]

here are some innovations of the stage

in the renaissance theater

first proscenium was developed

this is the area of a theater

surrounding the stage opening

arches frame and divide the stage from

the audience

second backdrops for scenery were

popularized by the art of painting

clothes

third comedia dellarte or comedy of the

profession was developed

it was quick-witted performance of the

characters

or players

let us now proceed to the baroque

theater in the year 1600

to 1750.

the theater of the bhagav period is

marked by the use of technology

in current broadway's or commercial

plays

the theater crew uses machines for

special effects and scene changes

which may be changed in a matter of

seconds with the use of ropes and

pulleys

this technology affected the content of

the performed

pieces practicing at its best the deus

ex machina a latin word meaning

god from the machine solution in which

the character gods

were finally able to come down from the

heavens

and rescue the hero in dangerous

situations

as a result the theater was richly

decorated

the multiplicity of blood turns in a

variety of situations characteristic of

magnificent

a variety of approaches for intellectual

sophistication

as well as using artificial qualities of

the play

were succeeded by opera

[Music]

the use of theatrical technologies in

the bhagavat period

may be seen in the film's vatel in the

year 2000

and farinelli in the year 1999 and in

the different stage productions of

orpheus

by claudio monteverdi

let us now go to the neoclassical

theater in the year 1800

to 1900.

the neoclassical period was a movement

where the styles of roman and greek

societies

influenced the theater arts during the

neoclassical period

the theater was characterized by its

grandiosity

costumes and sceneries were highly

elaborate

the main concepts of the place were to

entertain

and to teach lessons stages were

restyled with dramatic arches

to highlight the scenes multiple entry

points on the stage were evident in many

plays

lighting and sound effects intensified

the mood and message of each scene

enhancing the dramatic experience the

idea of changing scenery in backdrops

become more noticeable particularly with

the innovation

of pole systems that allowed parts to

move more quickly across the stage

the concept of the core room meaning

right and proper audience behavior

was applied in this period which means

classical concepts

and appropriate social behavior must be

observed

this period officially established just

two types of plays

tragedy and comedy they never mix this

together

and the restriction led to the use of

the now well-known pair of happy

and sad masks that symbolize the

theatrical arts

tragedies portrayed the complex and

fateful lives of the upper classes

and royals while comedies which were

either public discourse or comedies of

manners

tended to focus on the lower ranks of

society

observance to these genres was critical

to a play success

three playwrights achieved a significant

amount of success

pierre cornell 1606-1684

was often called the father of the

french tragedy

writing scripts for more than four

decades

one of this was the seed jean baptist

porcelain

better known as mollier 1622-1673

was known for his comedies tartuffe and

misanthropy

was one of his works jean racine

1639-1699 was a tragedian beloved

for his simple approach to action in the

linguistic rhythms and effects he

achieved

andromache and phaedra was one of his

scripts

these men were able to take elements

from classical greek and roman

literature

and transform them into place

[Music]

here are some trivia about the

neoclassical theater

the first spotlight was used in the u.s

during this period and was called the

limelight

the theatre regulation act of 1843

banned drinking in legitimate theaters

many tavern owners took advantage of the

situation

and renovated their establishments to

accommodate live performances

let us now explore the romantic theater

in the year 1800

to year 2000

[Music]

during the romantic period melodrama and

operas

became the most popular theatrical forms

melodrama originated from the french

word melodrama

which is derived from the greek melos

which means music

and french brahmay which is derived from

the greek bran

meaning to perform melodrama can be also

described as a dramatic work

that puts characters in a lot of danger

in order to appeal to the emotions

and in which orchestral music or song

was used to accompany

the action opera in the other hand

is an art form in which singers and

musicians

perform a dramatic work combining text

called a libretto and musical score

such as acting scenery and costumes and

dance were important elements of theater

it is usually performed in an opera

house accompanied by an

orchestra or smaller musical ensemble

[Music]

victor marie hugo who was one of the

most famous romantic playwrights

was born on february 26 1802

and died on may 22 1885.

he is considered one of the greatest and

best known french writers

he was a poet novelist and dramatist of

the romantic movement

hugo's literary fame comes from his

poetry

novels and his dramatic achievements

among his works that stand out all over

the world

are less contemplations the agenda de

siercles

les miserables and notre dame de paris

which is known

as the hunchback of notre dame

quasimodo a deformed hunchback the

bellringer of notre dame

had a good heart of help esmeralda a

beautiful gypsy straight dancer with

a kind and generous heart esmeralda

captured the hearts of many men but had

always wanted to own her

there are several playwrights that had

been known in this period

such as charles nodier

george sand heinrich von kleist

ludwig hollande and many more

[Music]

georges bizet who was one of the famous

romantic composers

was born on october 25 1838

and died on june 3 1875 in paris

he entered the paris conservatory of

music a fortnight before his 10th

birthday

his first symphony the symphony in c

major

was written when he was 17 years old

the symphony had an amazing stylistic

resemblance

to the music of fran schubert this

french composer

was a pianist and best known for his

operas

carmen is the most popular among his

works

bizet composed the title role for a

mesosoprano in the character of carmen

the opera tells the story of the

downfall

of don jose a naive soldier who is

seduced by the charms of the sizzling

gypsy

garment his contemporary composers

during the romantic period were friends

list

richard wagner frederick dropping

ludwig van beethoven fran schubert

felix mendelssohn and hector berlioz

this time let's discover the different

famous western classical place

and opera

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first from the greeks we have the

playwright named sophocles

sophocles is an ancient greek tragedian

his contemporary playwrights were ace

celus and euripides

sophocles wrote 123 place but only seven

have survived in a complete form

these are ajax antigone

the women of trakkis adipose the king

electra phyloctites and adipose at

colonus

for almost 50 years in the dramatic

competitions of the city-state of athens

that took place during the religious

festivals of the lania and the dionysia

sofocus was the most famous playwright

he won first place in 24 out of 30

competitions

and was never judged lower than second

place

ace chiluz won 14 competitions and was

sometimes defeated by sophocles

while the rapides won only four

competitions

the most famous tragedies of savocals

were edipus and antigone

they were known as the theban place

although each play

was actually a part of a different

tetralogy

suffocals influenced the development of

the drama

most importantly by adding a third actor

and he developed his characters to a

greater importance

than the chorus in the presentation of

the plot

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one of the most famous plays written by

sophocles

is the edipus rex and here are its main

characters

edipus the king of tibias

creon idepo's brother-in-law

yuridis creon's wife apollo

god or oracle of delphi king lios

father of edipus johasta

mother and wife of edipus polyneices

and etheogles sons of oedipus

tireshas the blind prophet

polybus edipus foster father

merupi edipus foster mother

antigone and ismene the daughters of

edipus

jemon antagonist lover

sphynx the half human half lion that

symbolizes plague and misfortune

here are the theatrical elements of

adipose rex

its genre is tragedy number of

characters per play

one to three characters only but they

can portray other characters

the chorus consists of 12 members all of

whom

wore identical masks since they were

supposed to be of like mind and opinion

the use of masks acts to advance the

universality of the themes

in the dramatic impact of the events and

to keep the audience from being

distracted

by the actual physical attributes of the

actors

adipose wore a gold mask with

exaggerated

deep empty eye sockets

jocasta was the wife of lios and mother

of edipus

the expression of her mask depends on

the scene of the play

antigone ismene white face

dark under the eyes and sad looking

crayon brother-in-law of adipose

mad or angry facial expression with a

crown

[Music]

for the gestures and movements facial

expression

was of no importance to big actors since

they were always masked

[Music]

for music sophocles also used the chorus

at the beginning of the play

to help the audience the given

circumstances of the play

choruses did a lot of lamenting of

terrible events

for the costumes men wore loose floor

length poncho

with pleated shoulder while females wore

draped robes

for the staging the parthenon's facade

has the design of ionic order columns

with cornice and moldings on the top

and elevated by five step risers at the

center

and has a platform in front near the

audience

under the renaissance period we have the

most famous play

by william shakespeare entitled romeo

and juliet

its genre is tragedy william shakespeare

was born and baptized on april 26

1564 and died on april 23 1616.

shakespeare was born and brought up in

stratford upon avon

at the age of 18 he married anne

hathaway

with whom he had three children susanna

and twins hamnet and judith he was an

english poet and playwright wildly known

as the greatest writer in the english

language

and the world's preeminent dramatist

he's been known also as the board of

avon

his existing works consist of about 38th

place

154 sonnets and two long negative poems

[Music]

between 1585 and 1592

shakespeare began a successful career in

london as an actor

writer and part owner of a playing

company

called the lord chamberlain's men later

known as the king's men

he appears to have retired to stratford

around 1613 at

age 49 where he died three years later

with the exception of rome and joliet

shakespeare's most famous tragedy

and one of the world's most enduring

love stories

william shakespeare's early plays were

mostly histories written in the early

1590s

shakespeare also wrote several comedies

during his early period

and this are a midsummer night's dream

merchant of venice much ado about

nothing

as you like it twelfth night

taitus andronicus the comedy of errors

the taming of the shrew the two

gentlemen of verona

and his later works are tragedies and

tragicomedies which are

hamlet king lear and otello

here are the main characters of romeo

and juliet

written by william shakespeare for the

montague's family

romeo sole heir to the montague's

fortune

lord montague romeo's father

lady montague romeo's mother

benvolio romeo's cousin

balthazar romeo's faithful servant

abraham montague servant capulet's

family

joliet sole heir to the capulet fortune

lord capulet julia's father

lady capulet juliet's mother

table juliet's cousin the nurse

juliet's faithful nurse peter

capulet servant samson and gregory

also capulet servant and for the other

characters we have

friar lawrence friend and advisor to

romeo and juliet

mercutio romeo's best friend and

princess kinsman

prince escalos prince of verona

and kinsman to mercutio and paris

paris loves juliet

rosaline romeo's first love who never

actually appears in the play

friar john lorenz's friend

and apothecary romeo's acquaintance in

mantua

[Music]

here are the theatrical elements for

romeo and juliet

for the staging the stage itself was

divided into three levels

a main stage area with doors at the rear

and the curtain area at the back

for discovery scenes an upper canopied

area called heaven

for balcony scenes and an area under the

stage called hell

which could be accessed through a trap

door in the stage

there is no curtain in the front of the

stage which meant that scenes

had to flow into each other and dead

bodies

had to be dragged off there are dressing

rooms located behind the stage

for the costumes the costumes are based

on the style and design

of dresses worn during the renaissance

period

here are some examples in the pictures

one of the most famous opera in the

romantic period was entitled carmen

which was written by george's bizet

the setting of carmen takes place in

seville spain

during the mid 19th century the main

characters are

carmen

[Music]

mercedes mezzo soprano nicaela soprano

morales bass and zuniga bass

[Music]

here is a brief history of carmen the

opia carmen is one of the world's most

popular operas

it was first performed at the opera

comic in paris in france

on march 3 1875. the opera was in four

acts with the music written

by the french composer georges bizet

the libretto written by henry milhaf and

ludovic halevi

was based on a novel of the same title

by prosper mary me

for the staging the story is set in

seville spain

and the surrounding hills in 1820

the opera written in the genre of opera

comic

with the musical number separated by

dialogue

tells the story of the downfall of don

jose

a naive soldier who is seduced by the

charms

of the flaming gypsy carmen no man could

resist

carmen's charms and when she was ready

to move on

watch out the opera is a fascinating

drama of love

and jealousy filled with famously

alluring melodies

and captivating dancing the story has

been the subject of many screen

and stage adaptations

and that was all for the different

famous western classical place in operas

now let's move on to the different

famous filipino playwrights and their

compositions

first on the list we have francisco

balectas

francisco balagtas e de la cruz was born

on april 2

1788 in tanginai biga

and died on february 20 1862 of

pneumonia

he was also known as francisco baltazar

his best-known work is the florente at

laura

francisco balagtas was the youngest of

the four children

of juan balagtas a blacksmith and juana

de la cruz

he studied in a parallel school in biga

and later in manila

during his childhood years francisco

worked as houseboy in tondo manila

balagtas learned to write poetry from

jose de la cruz

called as hoseen sisio one of the most

famous poets of tondo

it was the lacrosse himself who

personally challenged balagtas

to improve his writing in 1835

balagtas moved to pandakan where he met

maria sunshine rivera

who served as the muse for his future

works

she is referenced in florente at laura

as celia

and mir

[Music]

balagta's affections for myrrh were

challenged by the influential mariano

capole

capule won the battle when he used his

wealth to get balochtas imprisoned

under the accusation that balagtas

ordered a servant girl's head to be

shaved

it was in prison that he wrote florente

at laura

so that the events of the poem were

meant to parallel

his own situation balagtas published

florente at laura upon his release

in 1838. he moved to balanga bataan in

1840

where he served as the assistant to

justice of peace and later in 1856

as major lieutenant he died on february

20 1862

at the age of 73. on his death bed

he asked a favor that none of his

children

become a poet like him who had suffered

under his gift he even told them it

would be better to cut their hands off

than let them be writers balaktas is so

greatly revered in the philippines

that the term for filipino debate in the

extemporaneous verse is named after him

balagtasan and one of the greatest

literary awards in the philippines

is also named after him

next one we have another filipino

playwright named severino

arreyes he is the father of the tagalog

cersuela

he is the son of rafinovius and andrea

rivera

reyes was born in santa cruz manila on

february 11

1861. he studied at san juan de letran

college

and later at the university of saint

thomas where he studied philosophy

a filipino writer dramatist and

playwright

reyes was highly acclaimed as one of the

giants of tagalog literature

in 1902 reyes founded and directed

the grand compania la tagala

on june 14 1902 the company staged his

play

walang sugat or no wounds a drama set

against the historical events in bulacan

during the philippine revolution in 1923

reyes co-founded the ui a tagalog

weekly which published a series of fairy

tales

titled maguentoni written by reyes

the storyteller lola bashang was based

by the author

on a neighbor named gervasha de guzman

severino reyes died on september 15 1942

when the philippines was under the

japanese regime

[Music]

severino reyes's masterpiece walangsugat

broadly underscores the injustice of

spanish rule

even as it dances around the global fate

of the young lovers

tenyong and julia with humor and song

set in the final leg of the philippine

revolution

ten-young is forced to leave behind his

childhoods with heart julia

to join the katipunan meanwhile holy's

mother pressures her

into marrying the wealthy miguel instead

with no word from ten young as the

battle prolongs

julia gives in but her wedding is

interrupted

by the fatally wounded danyong he

mentions his dying wish to holia

and the play features an unexpected

twist

that shows how tanyang was able to

outwit the person separating him

from his beloved hulia the production

was directed by ricardo abbad

under the musical direction of josefino

toliedo

john john villarreal handled light's

design while dexter santos choreographed

set and costumes were designed by

national artist

salvador bernal

[Music]

next one we have a famous filipino

director

named dr ricardo ji abad born in manila

on august 10 1946

of parents from cabite and camiguin

graduated at the ateneo de manila after

which

he obtained a fulbright grant to finish

a doctorate in sociology

at fordham university in new york a

full-time faculty

department of sociology and anthropology

artistic director tanghalang ateneo

network of outstanding teachers pathways

ateneo de manila university role players

theater for life social weather stations

he has been involved as actor and

director in over 120 productions

while at the same time doing

sociological work as teacher

researcher and editor he has also

directed and acted

for professional companies like theatro

filipino and tangalam

at the cultural center of the

philippines in the metropolitan theater

the theater guild many of his theater

productions

were classics of western drama but in

terms of a filipino and ancient

sensibility

like shakespeare's romeo and juliet

[Music]

and finally we have salvador f bernal

he is known as the father of theater

design in the philippines

he was born in 1945 to a family that ran

after in a shop

he was the first to develop theater

design as a profession

and elevated it on art form he studied

at ateneo de manila and at northwestern

university

evanston illinois usa practiced and

handled courses in the art and craft of

theater design

he thought briefly at ateneo de manila

and university of the philippines

he had designed more than 250

productions in ballet

theater and film he is also a national

artist awardee

[Music]

and that ends our lesson for the fourth

quarter of arts today

i hope you learned a lot about the

different western classical place in

operas

and the different famous filipino

playwrights

now as i said earlier i will show you

the activities that you need to answer

in your arts module 1 in module 2. we

have a total of 2 art modules this

quarter

and please make sure that you will

finish all your activities

[Music]

alright that ends our lesson for today

if you have any questions about the

lesson

or the activities you can reach me

through this posted social media

platforms

thank you all for listening and see you

in our next lesson