🥇 DRENAJE VENOSO DEL CUELLO - (Venas Yugular Interna, Externa, Subclavia). Fácil y Sencilla

Summary

Este script de video ofrece una detallada explicación sobre la drenaje venoso del cuello, abarcando las tres grandes venas responsables: la vena yugular interna, la vena subclavia y la vena yugular externa. Se describe cómo estas venas se unen para formar los troncos venosos braquiocefálicos, que a su vez se combinan para formar la vena cava superior, que drenaje la sangre al átrio derecho del corazón. El video también destaca la importancia de la vena yugular interna, que recoge más del 95% de la sangre intracraneal, y su relación con otras estructuras del cuello, incluyendo músculos, nervios y ganglios linfáticos. Además, se exploran las relaciones anatómicas y los afluentes de las venas subclavia y yugular externa, así como la formación y drenaje de las venas braquiocefálicas. El contenido es rico en detalles anatómicos y proporciona una comprensión sólida de la anatomía y fisiología del drenaje venoso del cuello.

Takeaways

• 🌐 La parte del cuello está drenada por tres grandes venas: la vena yugular interna, la vena subclavia y la vena yugular externa.
• 🔄 Las venas yugulares internas derraman más del 95% de la sangre intracraneal y también drenan estructuras del cuello.
• 🤝 La unión de las venas yugulares internas con las venas subclavias forma las venas braquiocefalicas o venas innominadas.
• 🧵 Las venas braquiocefalicas derriten en la gran vena cava superior, que finalmente vacía la sangre en el átrio derecho del corazón.
• 💉 La vena yugular interna tiene una relación importante con el músculo esternoclavicular y el nervio frénico.
• 🔗 La vena subclavia es continua con la vena axilar y empieza a ser llamada así cuando pasa el borde lateral de la primera costilla.
• 🌱 La vena yugular externa tiene una formación variable y puede drenarse en la vena subclavia o en la yugular interna.
• 🔄 La vena yugular interna recibe afluentes como la vena faríngea, la vena facial, la vena lingual y la vena tiroides superior.
• 📍 La vena subclavia está frente a la arteria subclavia y está separada por el músculo escaleno anterior y el nervio frénico.
• 🏞 La vena yugular externa es una vena superficial que puede recibir la vena yugular anterior y tiene una relación con la glándula parotida.
• 🔬 Las venas braquiocefalicas reciben afluentes como la vena mamaria interna, la vena pericardiofrenic y las venas tiroides inferiores.

Q & A

¿Cuáles son las tres grandes venas que drenan el cuello?

Las tres grandes venas que drenan el cuello son la vena yugular interna, la vena subclavia y la vena yugular externa.

¿Cómo se forman las venas brachiocefalicas?

Las venas brachiocefalicas se forman por la unión de la vena yugular interna con la vena subclavia, y cada una se encuentra en el lado derecho e izquierdo del cuerpo.

¿Cuál es la función del músculo omohyoideo en relación con la vena yugular interna?

Algunos autores sugieren que el músculo omohyoideo se contrae al mover el cuello, especialmente cuando el esternoclejoideomastoideo se contrae, lo que ejerce presión sobre la vena yugular interna. La contracción del músculo omohyoideo podría aliviar la presión y evitar el colapso de la vena durante la contracción del cuello.

¿Qué venas y estructuras linfáticas drenan en la vena yugular interna?

La vena yugular interna drenaría la vena faríngea, la vena facial, la vena lingual, la vena tiroides superior, la vena tiroides media, y en el lado izquierdo, también drenaría el conducto linfático torácico.

¿Cuándo se denomina a la vena axilar como vena subclavia?

Se denomina a la vena axilar como vena subclavia cuando esta pasa por el borde lateral de la primera costilla.

¿Qué venas y estructuras están relacionadas con la vena subclavia?

La vena subclavia está siempre frente a la arteria subclavia y está separada de esta por el músculo escaleno anterior y el nervio frénico.

¿Cómo se forma la vena yugular externa y cuáles son sus tributarias comunes?

La vena yugular externa se forma de manera variable y comúnmente por la unión de la vena retromandibular y la vena auricular posterior. Recibe la vena yugular anterior y a veces se une dentro del glándula parotídea.

¿Cómo se relacionan las venas yugulares internas y externas?

La vena yugular externa puede drenarse en la subclavia o en la yugular interna, y hay comunicaciones entre ambas venas yugulares.

¿Qué venas forman la vena cava superior y cuál es su importancia?

Las venas brachiocefalicas, formadas por la unión de las venas yugulares internas con las subclavias, se unen para formar la vena cava superior, que drenará la sangre en el átrio derecho del corazón.

¿Qué venas y estructuras adicionales drenan en las venas brachiocefalicas?

Las venas brachiocefalicas también drenan la vena mamaria interna, la vena pericardiofrenic, las venas tiroides inferiores y la vena vertebral.

¿Por qué la vena brachiocefalica izquierda es más larga que la derecha?

La vena brachiocefalica izquierda es más larga porque debe alcanzar el lado derecho del cuerpo donde se encuentra la vena cava superior.

¿Qué es el espacio de Burns y cómo se relaciona con las venas yugulares anteriores?

El espacio de Burns es la región en la que se forma el arco yugular anterior, que une las dos venas yugulares anteriores y se encuentra por encima del manubrio del esternón.

Outlines

00:00

🌐 Drenaje Venoso del Cuello

Se discute el drenaje venoso del cuello, es decir, las venas responsables de drenar la sangre de esta región. Se mencionan las tres grandes venas principales: la vena yugular interna, la vena subclavia y la vena yugular externa. Además, se describe cómo estas venas se unen para formar los troncos venosos braquiocefálicos, que a su vez se unen para formar la vena cava superior, que drenará la sangre en el átrio derecho del corazón. Se destaca la importancia de la vena yugular interna, que recoge más del 95% de la sangre intracraneal y su relación con otras estructuras del cuello.

05:07

🔄 Relaciones Superficiales y Tributarias de la Vena Yugular Interna

Se profundiza en la formación y relaciones de la vena yugular interna, destacando su continuidad desde el seno sigmoide y su relación con otras estructuras como el plexo cervical profundo y la dilatación conocida como bulbo superior. Se discuten las relaciones superficiales de la vena, incluyendo su posición frente a los músculos esternoclavicular y omohyoide, y cómo esta última puede aliviar la presión sobre la vena yugular interna durante el movimiento del cuello. Además, se exploran los tributarios de la vena yugular interna, incluyendo la vena faríngea, la vena facial, la vena lingual y las venas tiroideas superior e intermedia.

10:12

🌐 Drenaje de la Vena Subclavia y Formación de la Vena Yugular Externa

Se aborda la función de la vena subclavia, que recoge sangre del miembro superior y es continuada por la vena axilar. Se describen las relaciones anatómicas de la vena subclavia con el músculo escaleno anterior y el nervio frénico. Se mencionan los tributarios de la vena subclavia, incluyendo la vena yugular externa y la vena yugular anterior. Se discute la formación variable de la vena yugular externa y sus posibles uniones con la vena parotídea y la glándula parotídea. Finalmente, se habla sobre las uniones de las venas yugulares internas y subclavias para formar los troncos venosos braquiocefálicos.

15:14

🔄 Drenaje de las Venas Braquiocefálicas y Vena Cava Superior

Se concluye el tema del drenaje venoso del cuello describiendo las venas braquiocefálicas, que son las uniones de las venas yugulares internas con las subclavias. Se diferencian las características de la vena braquiocefálica derecha y la izquierda en términos de su orientación y longitud. Se mencionan los tributarios de estas venas, incluyendo la vena mamaria interna, la vena pericardiofrénica, las venas tiroideas inferiores y la vena intercostal superior izquierda. Se destaca la formación de la gran vena cava por la unión de ambas venas braquiocefálicas y su importancia en la drenaje de la sangre del cuello y miembros superiores.

Keywords

💡Vena yugular interna

La vena yugular interna es una de las tres grandes venas que drenan la cabeza y el cuello. Recolecta más del 95% de la sangre intracraneal y es clave en el drenaje sanguíneo de la región. Se menciona en el contexto de su importancia y su relación con otras estructuras, como el nervio omohioideo y la vena carótida común.

💡Vena subclavia

La vena subclavia es otra de las grandes venas del cuello, que junto con la vena yugular interna, forma los troncos venosos braquiocefálicos. Recolecta sangre de la extremidad superior y es continuada de la vena axilar al pasar por el borde lateral de la primera costilla.

💡Vena yugular externa

La vena yugular externa es una vena superficial que drenaje la parte externa del cuello y puede terminar en la vena subclavia o en la vena yugular interna. Su forma de unión es variable y se forma a menudo por la unión de la vena retromandibular y la vena auricular posterior.

💡Troncos venosos braquiocefálicos

Los troncos venosos braquiocefálicos son las uniones de las venas yugulares internas con las subclavias. Existen dos, uno en el lado derecho y otro en el izquierdo, que se unen para formar la vena cava superior. Son cruciales para el drenaje de la sangre de la cabeza, el cuello y los miembros superiores.

💡Vena cava superior

La vena cava superior es la vena más grande del cuerpo, formada por la unión de los troncos venosos braquiocefálicos. Finalmente, vacia la sangre en el atrio derecho del corazón. Es fundamental en el drenaje de la sangre de la cabeza, el cuello y los miembros superiores.

💡Nervio omohioideo

El nervio omohioideo es un músculo que cruza la vena yugular interna y es mencionado en relación con su posible función de aliviar la presión ejercida por el esternoclejo mastoides sobre la vena yugular interna durante la contracción del cuello.

💡Drenaje linfonodal

El drenaje linfonodal es parte del sistema circulatorio y se refiere a cómo los fluidos linfáticos se drenan a lo largo del cuerpo. En el contexto del video, se menciona cómo el conducto torácico y el conducto linfático derecho drenan en las venas yugulares internas.

💡Vena facial y lingüal

La vena facial y la vena lingüal son tributarias de la vena yugular interna. Se mencionan como ejemplos de las venas que esta recolecta, y en algunos casos, la vena facial se une a la vena lingüal para formar el tronco lingofacial.

💡Vena tiroidea superior

La vena tiroidea superior es una de las venas que drenan la glándula tiroides y se conecta con la vena yugular interna. A veces, puede unirse a otras venas formando el tronco tirolingofacial o el tronco tilo-lingofacial.

💡Vena parotidea

La vena parotidea es donde se sugiere que algunas venas, como la vena retromandibular, se unen para formar la vena yugular externa. Se menciona como un lugar de importancia en la formación de la vena yugular externa.

💡Arco anterior jujelar

El arco anterior jujelar es una estructura que une las venas jugulares anteriores y se encuentra sobre el esternón, en el espacio formado por la aponeurosis cervical superficial, también conocido como espacio de Burns. Es una característica importante en la anatomía del cuello.

Highlights

La venosa cervical es drenada por tres grandes venas: la vena yugular interna, la vena subclavia y la vena yugular externa.

Las dos venas yugulares internas se unen para formar los troncos venosos braquiocefálicos o venas braquiocefálicas.

Las venas braquiocefálicas se unen para formar la vena cava superior que drenará la sangre en el átrio derecho del corazón.

La vena yugular interna recoge más del 95% de la sangre intracraneal.

La vena yugular interna tiene una relación importante con el músculo esternocleidomastoideo.

La vena subclavia es la continuación de la vena axilar y recibe la sangre de la extremidad superior.

La vena subclavia está siempre frente a la arteria subclavia, separada por el músculo escaleno anterior y el nervio frínico.

La vena yugular externa tiene una formación muy variable y es una vena superficial.

La vena yugular externa recibe la vena yugular anterior, que a veces se dreña en la vena yugular externa y otras veces en la subclavia.

Las venas braquiocefálicas son formadas por la unión de la vena yugular interna con la vena subclavia.

La vena cava superior es formada por la unión de ambas venas braquiocefálicas y dreña en el átrio derecho del corazón.

La vena yugular interna tiene varios afluentes, incluyendo la vena faríngea, la vena lingual y la vena tiroides superior.

La conducto linfático torácico derecho se dreña en la vena yugular interna derecha, mientras que el izquierdo lo hace en la vena yugular interna.

La vena subclavia recibe la vena yugular externa y la vena anterior jugular.

La vena yugular externa puede formar una unión con la vena yugular interna a través de un arco que se llama arco anterior jugular.

La vena braquiocefálica izquierda es más larga y cubre las tres ramas del arco aortico.

La vena braquiocefálica recibe afluentes como la vena mamaria interna y la vena tireoidea inferior.

La vena vertebral, análoga a la arteria vertebral, se dreña en la vena braquiocefálica.

La vena intercostal superior izquierda se une a la vena braquiocefálica izquierda.

Transcripts

Okay friends, it's a pleasure and a pleasure to greet you again, then we continue with the content

of the neck and today we will talk about the venous drainage of the neck, that is, the veins that

drain it, okay? Don't forget to subscribe to my channel, here in the lower right corner there is a

link so you can subscribe. So the neck is drained by three large veins:

the internal jugular vein, the subclavian vein and the external jugular vein, okay?

We are going to begin to explain to you with this little diagram, we then have two internal jugular veins,

we have an internal jugular vein on the right side and an internal jugular vein on the left side, as well

as we are going to have a right subclavian and a left subclavian, those veins go to join,

those on the right side and those on the left side separately and they will form the

brachiocephalic venous trunks, okay? or brachiocephalic vein, we are going to have a right brachiocephalic vein and a

left brachiocephalic vein and then those brachiocephalic veins join together and they will form the

great superior vena cava that will finally end up emptying into the right atrium of the

heart all the blood that comes then from the head, the neck and the upper limbs and

well the third vein that I told you drained the neck was in the external jugular vein,

this external jugular vein is going to end up draining into the subclavian vein, anyway we are going to

see it In the following diagram, also notice here we would have the internal jugular vein

draining a large part of the blood from my neck and head, then we come with the vein that brings

blood to my upper limbs and the subclavian veins that also drain a part of the neck

and as I told you just now, the external jugular vein is what is going to drain me into the subclavian, okay? The external jugular vein

drains into the subclavian vein and the union, as I told you, of the internal jugular vein with the

subclavian vein is what forms the brachiocephalic veins, trunks or innominate veins, they

also call it, and the union of both brachiocephalic veins is what will form

the superior vena cava which then ends up draining into the right atrium of the heart.

Let's start then by talking first about the internal jugular vein, okay? This

internal jugular vein collects the majority, more than 95% of the intracranial blood, okay? but it stops draining

the blood from the neck to the heart, remember that the veins come in the opposite direction to the

arteries, it has to pass through the neck and there it takes advantage and drains its neck structures,

so we are going to use this internal jugular vein see that it is always contained, as I repeated

in the previous videos, within what is the neurovascular package of the neck in the

most anterior structure, as you see it here and most lateral of the three that are found within the

carotid sheath, which is this membrane. which is here in black, okay? then more medial and posterior to

it here they are seen next to each other but theoretically this artery which is the

primitive carotid is more medial towards the midline and more posterior, in relation then medial

and posterior and posterior to the internal jugular we always find what is the vagus nerve,

wrapped within what is the carotid sheath, posteriorly we also find the

cervical sympathetic chain we find this nerve that you see here which is the phrenic nerve and these muscles that

would be the scalenes and the prevertebrals, anterior scalenes , middle, posterior and

prevertebral muscles, these are posterior relations; As an important anterior relationship

we are going to have the sternocleidomastoid which is its closest relationship, in fact this muscle

almost completely covers the internal jugular vein and the infrahyoid muscles, having

a very important relationship specifically with this muscle that crosses it, which is the omohyoid muscle

, now I'll explain it well, look at this image so here we have the

internal jugular vein, okay? It descends in the neck as a posterior relation. I told you that there were the

scalenus muscles, this is the anterior scalenus, this would be the phrenic nerve, there is the

posterior and medial scalenus, as I told you, the jugular vein, sorry, the

common carotid artery. but remember that this is until C4 ago because until the primitive arrives and there the

Primitive gives me the internal carotid and at that moment the internal jugular vein is accompanied

by the internal carotid, okay? See how the sternocleidomastoid that is sectioned here

almost completely covers me, as on this side of the image the internal jugular vein and this muscle

that crosses it is the omohyoid muscle, extremely important because this omohyoid muscle, notice

that its intermediate tendon It is just in front of the internal jugular vein and some authors suggest

that the function of the omohyoid is to contract when you move your neck,

specifically when the sternocleidomastoid contracts, because this contracted muscle puts a lot of

pressure on the internal jugular that is behind it, so some Authors say that

when this muscle contracts, it relieves the pressure exerted by the sternocleidomastoid on the

internal jugular vein and prevents this vein from collapsing during neck contraction. So

another important superficial relationship is this structure that is from the deep cervical plexus,

which is the cervical loop, it is located outside the carotid sheath but in front of what is

the jugular vein, it is also said that in both origins the sternocleidomastoid its sternal head

and its clavicular head in the triangle that is formed here between both heads of the

sternocleidomastoid is the internal jugular vein, so at the beginning it will have a

dilation that we will call the superior bulb of the internal jugular vein and it will having one at

its mouth because the veins speak to each other means that they flow, ok? And at that mouth

it will have another dilation that would be the inferior bulb. Now, how is the

internal jugular vein formed? It is a continuation at the cranial level of some structures that collect all the blood from the

skull that has an S shape, so that is the sigmoid sinus, once that sigmoid sinus

passes through a hole, which is the posterior lacerated foramen, in many books Also known

as the jugular foramen, it is no longer the sigmoid sinus and begins in the

internal jugular vein, which is why it is said to be a continuation of the sigmoid sinus. Now,

it is easy to think then that the hole through which the internal carotid artery enters has to be

very close to the posterior lacerated foramen, because remember that these two are accompanied within

the carotid sheath, so just see here how the posterior lacerated foramen is more medial

carotid foramen and a very important thing is that it is through that jugular foramen or posterior tear that

not only the internal jugular vein descends, three

important cranial nerves also descend through there, number 11, which is the accessory nerve, will descend, it will descend the 10, which is the

vagus nerve, okay? and it will descend the 9, which is the one you see back here, which is the glossopharyngeal nerve,

so that in addition to the internal jugular vein, it descends the 9, the 10 and the eleventh cranial nerve, which is

super important. Now tributaries in the vein, we talk about tributaries or tributaries,

that is one vein that drains into another, so the internal jugular vein, see that first it

will fill a pharyngeal vein that we do not see in this image because they are on the medial side, it is This is supposed

to be a lateral view. In addition, they drain my facial vein and my lingual vein, but

look, some people drain the facial vein alone and the lingual vein alone, but in other people

the facial vein joins the lingual vein and They form a trunk, then that trunk will be called

the lingofacial trunk; then it will also drain the superior thyroid artery, there are times when this

superior thyroid vein does not drain only as it is here but it also joins the trunk that is above,

so that way that trunk in that case would be called the thyrolingofacial trunk,

ok? In addition to that superior thyroid vein it also drains me to the middle thyroid vein,

let's not forget the superior and middle thyroid vein, there are other lymphatic structures that also drain me

into that internal jugular on the left side, this very structure drains into the left internal jugular

It is important that it is lymphatic, it is not venous, which is called the thoracic lymphatic duct,

while what is the right lymphatic duct flows into the right internal jugular,

okay? They have several ways to drain these lymphatic ducts but many times they drain in

the internal jugular or other times they do it in the subclavian jugular angle, which is also called

Pirogoff angles, it is not the same as Pirogoff triangle or something else, this is the angle.

Now we are going to talk about the subclavian vein, you know, that the subclavian vein collects

blood, so the upper limb and it are a continuation of the axillary vein, now when I

say that the axillary vein ends and the subclavian vein begins? When the axillary vein that comes

from the upper limb passes through the lateral edge of the first rib, there it begins to be called the

subclavian vein, okay? This subclavian vein is always in front of the subclavian artery, but separated

from it by two important structures: one is the anterior scalene muscle and then another is the

nerve that is always riding in front of the anterior scalene which is the phrenic nerve,

that new structure separates the vein from what is the subclavian artery,

another very important thing is that the subclavian vein only accompanies the third and second portion

of the subclavian artery, because the first portion is covered because it is in front,

that is, Most of it is covered by the internal jugular vein, which is in front of the first portion,

okay? So see here how the axillary vein comes when it passes through the

lateral external edge of the first rib and begins to be the subclavian vein, okay? See here that these axillary veins

when you start to do subclavian are covered by this muscle, this muscle is the

subclavius ​​muscle which is an anterior relationship, here you can see the clavicle much better, below

the clavicle the subclavius ​​muscle, this would be the scalenus anterior and this would be the middle scalene,

between the anterior and middle scalene would be the subclavian artery and in front, as I told you

right now, of the anterior scalene is the subclavian vein. What are the tributaries going to be?

It will receive the external jugular vein, as you see here that it pierces the posterior triangle

of the neck to be able to drain at the level of the subclavius ​​and this vein, which is the anterior jugular vein,

which sometimes drains into the external jugular vein and other times drains in what is the subclavian vein.

Finally, well, penultimately, we are going to talk about the external jugular vein,

it has a very variable way of forming, okay? I already explained in the following image

how it is formed, it is a superficial vein, see that it is even in front, that is,

superficial to the sternocleidomastoid muscle which it surrounds from anterior to posterior,

it is even superficial to the superficial or covering sheet of the deep cervical aponeurosis,

a blade that pierces at the level of the posterior triangle so that this vein becomes sub-aponeurotic,

placed below the aponeurosis and can drain, ok? in the subclavian vein or other times

it drains into the internal jugular, this external jugular vein receives the anterior jugular vein

as you see it here, which is a vein that is in the center of the neck and then runs posterior to the

sternocleidomastoid to be able to reach the external jugular vein, also see here how

it is formed, as I told you right now it has many ways of being formed but the most common way

they describe is through the union of these two veins, this one that comes behind the pinna, which

is the posterior auricular vein. and this one that drains the posterior part of the jaw, which

is the retromandibular vein, then the union of the retromandibular vein with the

superficial posterior auricular to the sternocleidomastoid muscle indicates the beginning of the external jugular vein, a

very important thing that some authors suggest that the auricular Posteriorly, the retromandibular

join inside the parotid gland, in the thickness of the parotid gland, okay? So

they suggest that the beginning of the external jugular is in the thickness of the parotid gland, okay? So

don't forget that. See here then in this image how there are communications between the

external jugular and the internal jugular, okay? and something very important is this arch that joins both

anterior jugular veins, which is called the anterior jugular arch, which is an arch that is above

the manubrium of the sternum, in the space formed there by the superficial cervical aponeurosis,

which is called the space of Burns, okay? Finally we will then talk about the brachiocephalic veins,

These are veins, you already know that they are formed by the union of the internal jugular vein with the subclavian vein,

there are two of them, one on the right side that is much more vertical and much shorter and one on the

left side that is much longer; The union of both brachiocephalic veins is what

will form the great superior vena cava, which you already know is the one that drains into the right atrium,

that is why the left one is longer, because they have to reach to the side. right side of the

body, which is where the superior vena cava is, so that left brachiocephalic vein is

much longer and runs in a horizontal or oblique direction, unlike the right one, which is more

vertical, so this left one covers the three branches of the body. arch of the aorta,

it covers the brachiocephalic arterial trunk, the left common carotid artery and what

is the left subclavian artery, okay? They will receive as tributaries first the

internal mammary vein, it is the same internal thoracic vein, here is supposed to be the anterior part of the thorax

that is cut and well the internal mammary drains there, in addition to that this vein that you see here deeper

than the pericardiophrenic vein, okay? In addition to that it will drain the

inferior thyroid veins, see here, the middle and superior thyroid vein are from the internal jugular vein,

but the inferior thyroid veins drain into the brachiocephalic vein, don't forget.

Finally, I would finish by draining this vein that you see here deeply, which is the analogue of

the vertebral artery, which is the vertebral vein. These ones here are the ones that I told you just now,

which are the lower thyroid and something very important on the left side, see that The

left posterior intercostal spaces form a vein that is the

left superior intercostal vein, the left superior intercostal vein drains into the left brachiocephalic vein,

ok? only the left because the right upper intercostal see that it is looking for another vein

which is the azygos, although that is already material from the thorax we have to explain it right now because they

are venous drainage of the brachiocephalic vein, which here it is clearly seen how both brachiocephalic veins

form a the great superior vena cava, okay? So friends, this has been the entire video,

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