El destino de las mujeres francesas que colaboraron con los alemanes

Summary

تتحدث النص عن مصير النساء الفرنسيات المتهمات بالتعاون مع الألمان خلال وبعد الحرب العالمية الثانية، حيث تعرضن لموجة عنف برية واستهداف بسبب علاقاتهن مع القوات الألمانية. يستعرض النص تفاصيل الانتقام الجماعي والمحاكمات القانونية اللا مشروعة التي تعرضن لها، مسلطاً الضوء على الظروف التي دفعتهن لهذه العلاقات ومحاولات بعضهن التبرير والدفاع عن أنفسهن. يقدم النص تحليلاً لهذه الظاهرة التاريخية ويشير إلى أن النساء كانن دائما أولى ضحايا عواقب الحروب.

Takeaways

• 📜 **Væ victis** 是一个拉丁语短语，意为“被征服者的悲哀”，在战争结束后用来强调战败者的无助和对胜利者的完全依赖。
• 🌎 第二次世界大战结束后，暴力并未立即结束，尤其是女性，她们在战后遭受了持续的苦难。
• 🚫 苏联士兵对德国女性的大规模强奸被认为是历史上最大规模的集体强奸事件。
• 🇫🇷 法国女性在解放期间和之后遭受的暴力行为，尤其是那些与德国占领军有某种关系的女性，并没有得到足够的关注。
• 👥 “Wild Purge” 或 “Ugly Carnival” 是指对被指控的法国国内通敌者的私刑正义，特别是针对女性。
• 👩‍🦰 法国女性在二战期间的角色、机会和责任有所扩展，但她们也遭受了性暴力的特殊羞辱。
• 🤬 1944年，超过20,000名法国女性被“审判”并“定罪”为“水平合作者”。
• 🎭 被公开羞辱的女性经历了被剃头、涂焦油、画上纳粹标志等羞辱行为。
• 📉 解放后，许多女性面临了非司法处决和随后的合法审判，她们被控与敌人合作。
• 👮‍♀️ 被控告的女性中，有的承认了自己的行为，有的声称是被胁迫，或试图将责任推给维希政府。
• 💔 法国女性在解放后首先成为报复的对象，这反映了法国男性对1940年屈辱失败和随后占领的挫败感和无助感。
• 🤔 为什么法国女性在法国解放后首先遭受了这种“诗意正义”的报复，而男性却没有受到类似的对待，这是一个值得深思的问题。

Q & A

拉丁语短语 'Væ victis' 的含义是什么？

拉丁语短语 'Væ victis' 的含义是 '痛苦给被征服者' 或 '悲哀给被击败者'，它用于强调战败者在胜利者面前的无助，完全受制于对方，不期待任何宽容。

二战结束后，暴力行为是否立即停止了？

二战结束后，暴力行为并没有立即停止。特别是女性，她们在战败国投降后仍然遭受冲突带来的破坏。

在二战期间，法国女性遭受了哪些形式的暴力？

在二战期间，法国女性遭受了多种形式的暴力，包括性暴力和被指控为与德国占领者合作后受到的羞辱和惩罚。

什么是 'Wild Purge' 或 'Ugly Carnival'？

'Wild Purge' 或 'Ugly Carnival' 是指在法国解放后，针对被指控为合作主义者的个人，特别是女性，进行的一场民间正义的暴力行动，其目的是在公众面前羞辱他们。

在 'Wild Purge' 期间，被指控与德国占领者有关系的法国女性遭遇了哪些对待？

在 'Wild Purge' 期间，被指控与德国占领者有关系的法国女性被公开羞辱，她们的头发被剃光，额头上被涂上纳粹标志，被迫裸体游街，遭受殴打和侮辱。

为什么法国女性在解放后会成为报复行为的首要受害者？

法国女性在解放后成为报复行为的首要受害者，这反映了法国男性对于1940年屈辱失败和随后国家被占领的挫败感和无助感。剃光她们的头发或在她们额头上画纳粹标志是为了使她们背负耻辱的标志，并遭受法国民族的排斥。

在法国解放后，有多少法国女性因为 '水平合作' 被起诉？

在法国解放后，大约有20,000名法国女性因为 '水平合作'（与德国占领者有亲密关系的指控）被 '审判' 和 '定罪'。

法国女性在战后被起诉的罪名有哪些？

法国女性在战后被起诉的罪名包括与敌人的情报合作、损害国家安全和攻击国家外部安全等，这些罪行是根据法国刑法典第75条和第86条来定性的。

在法国解放后，有多少女性被认为与德国占领者有合作？

在法国解放后，大约有五分之一的被起诉的合作者是女性。

在法国解放后，那些被指控与德国占领者有关系的女性有哪些类型？

被指控与德国占领者有关系的女性没有特定类型，包括年轻的母亲、失业的女性、因政治信仰而与德国人合作的女性，以及那些仅仅因为爱上了征服者的女性。

为什么一些女性在没有与德国人合作的情况下也被指控为合作者？

一些女性在没有与德国人合作的情况下被指控为合作者，可能是因为家庭纠纷或个人恩怨，导致她们成为了错误指控的受害者。

法国解放后的 'Wild Purge' 对女性的影响如何？

法国解放后的 'Wild Purge' 是一个大规模的现象，影响了法国所有地区的女性。它不仅是对女性的肉体和精神的摧残，也是对她们社会地位的严重打击，许多女性因此被社会排斥。

Outlines

00:00

📜 The Legacy of Væ Victis and Women's Plight Post-WWII

This paragraph delves into the Latin term 'Væ victis,' which translates to 'woe to the vanquished.' It discusses the term's historical origins and its use to illustrate the powerlessness of the defeated in the aftermath of war. The narrative then shifts to the end of World War II, highlighting the continued suffering of women, particularly the sexual violence they endured. The focus narrows on the lesser-known plight of French women who were accused of collaborating with the Germans, facing brutal treatment not only from the Allies but also from their own countrymen. The 'Wild Purge' or 'Ugly Carnival' is introduced as a period of vigilante justice targeting collaborators, with a particular emphasis on the public shaming and violence against women accused of 'horizontal collaboration' with German forces. The complexities of the French Resistance and the social divisions within it are also explored, painting a picture of a nation grappling with the transition from occupation to liberation and the internal conflicts that arose as a result.

05:04

🏛️ The Wild Purge: Public Humiliation and its Aftermath

The second paragraph describes the power vacuum in France following the liberation and the disorganized efforts to re-establish authority. It details the public humiliation and punishment of women accused of collaboration, known as 'horizontal collaborators,' at the hands of locals and authorities. More than 20,000 French women were subjected to these acts, which included being stripped, tarred, and paraded through towns with their heads shaved and swastikas painted on their foreheads. The narrative also includes observations from foreign journalists and the reactions of notable figures like Winston Churchill's secretary, Jock Colville. Estimates of extrajudicial executions are provided, with women constituting a significant percentage of the victims. The paragraph further discusses the legal proceedings that followed the purge, where survivors faced prosecution for collaboration, and the various justifications and defenses presented by the accused. The harsh sentences ranged from hard labor to imprisonment and even death. The concept of 'horizontal collaboration' is explored in legal terms, and the diversity of women accused is acknowledged, from those coerced into relationships to those who did so out of love or political conviction.

10:11

👥 The Complexities of Collaboration and its Societal Impact

The final paragraph examines the reasons behind the collaboration of French women with German soldiers, presenting a spectrum of motivations from survival and economic necessity to political alignment and love. It also acknowledges that some women were falsely accused due to personal disputes. The paragraph reflects on the broader implications of the 'Wild Purge,' suggesting it was a manifestation of French men's frustrations following the country's defeat and occupation. The act of shaving women's heads is interpreted in various ways, from a mark of infamy to a symbolic purging of societal sins. The narrative questions why women bore the brunt of post-liberation revenge and ponders the historical tendency of women to suffer disproportionately in the aftermath of war. The paragraph concludes with a call to consider these harsh realities and the enduring questions they raise about gender, justice, and the consequences of conflict.

Keywords

💡Væ victis

Væ victis 是一个拉丁语短语，意为“被征服者的痛苦”或“被击败者的悲哀”。在视频中，这个短语被用来强调战败者在胜利者面前的无助，以及他们在战后完全受制于对方，不应期待任何宽容。这个概念与视频中讨论的第二次世界大战后对女性受害者的不公对待形成对比，特别是在法国解放后对与德国占领军有关联的女性的暴力行为。

💡Wild Purge

Wild Purge，或称为'Ugly Carnival'，指的是法国解放后对被指控的通敌者进行的一系列自发的、过激的惩罚行为。这些行为旨在公开羞辱那些与德国占领者合作的人，尤其是女性。在视频中，这一术语与法国女性在战后遭受的不公正对待和羞辱性惩罚紧密相关，如被剃头和在额头上画上纳粹标志。

💡Horizontal Collaboration

Horizontal Collaboration 是一个由法国历史学创造的术语，用来描述许多法国女性与德国占领军成员之间的自愿浪漫或性关系。视频中提到，这些关系在法国领土上广泛存在，并且在解放后仍然持续。这种所谓的'水平合作'成为女性在战后遭受暴力和羞辱的原因之一。

💡French Resistance

法国抵抗运动是第二次世界大战期间在被纳粹德国占领的法国境内活动的多个抵抗组织。视频中提到，尽管法国抵抗运动在解放巴黎的过程中发挥了重要作用，但其内部成员之间存在着共产党人、共和党人、社会主义者、右翼民族主义者和法国民主党人等不同政治派别的分歧。抵抗运动的活跃加剧了战后对通敌者的追捕和惩罚。

💡Liberation of Paris

巴黎的解放标志着第二次世界大战中盟军在法国取得的重要胜利。视频中描述了法国和美国军队在香榭丽舍大街上的联合胜利庆典，以及解放后法国面临的权力真空和混乱。尽管巴黎的解放为法国人带来了主权和自由，但它也揭开了对那些被指控与德国占领者有关联的女性的暴力和羞辱行为的序幕。

💡Extrajudicial Executions

法外处决是指未经正式司法程序而进行的处决。视频中提到，在所谓的'Wild Purge'期间，许多被指控通敌的男女遭到了法外处决。尽管难以给出确切的数字，但据估计，在某些地区，女性在被处决者中的比例高达21%至30%。这些未经审判的处决是对被指控者，特别是女性的一种极端和非法的惩罚。

💡Collaborationism

通敌主义是指在战争期间与敌对国家或占领军合作的行为。视频中讨论了战后法国对通敌者的追捕和惩罚，特别是对那些与德国占领者有关系的女性。这些女性在经历了公众的羞辱和暴力之后，还要面临正式的司法审判，许多人因此被判重刑，甚至死刑。

💡Shaved Women

剃头女性（femme tondue）是那些在战后法国被公开羞辱并剃去头发的女性。这是一种极端的羞辱形式，旨在将她们标记为与敌人合作的人，并使她们在社会中受到排斥。视频中提到，这种做法不仅是对个人的羞辱，而且是一种象征性的惩罚，代表着对整个法国民族的背叛。

💡Sexual Violence

性暴力是指以性为基础的暴力行为，包括强奸和其他形式的性侵犯。视频中提到，第二次世界大战期间，女性特别容易成为性暴力的受害者。战后，性暴力并未结束，尤其是在法国，许多女性在战争结束后仍然遭受着来自盟军士兵和本国人民的性暴力和性侵犯。

💡Revenge

复仇是指为了报复而进行的行为，通常涉及对他人的伤害或惩罚。视频中讨论了战后法国人对那些被指控与德国占领者合作的人，特别是女性的复仇行为。这种复仇不仅是对个体的惩罚，而且反映了法国社会对于战争失败和占领的集体挫败感和愤怒。

💡Social Exile

社会排斥是指个体被社会主流群体排除在外，失去社会地位和联系的状态。视频中提到，那些被指控与德国占领者有关系的女性在战后遭受了社会排斥，她们被剃头、公开羞辱，并被标记为民族的叛徒。这种排斥不仅是身体上的，也是心理上的，对她们的余生造成了深远的影响。

Highlights

The Latin term Væ victis, meaning 'pain to the conquered' or 'woe to the vanquished', has been used to emphasize the powerlessness of the defeated after a war.

Women were the most likely to suffer the ravages of World War II long after the end of the conflict.

The rape of German women by Soviet soldiers is considered the greatest mass rape in history.

French women who collaborated with or had relationships with Germans during the occupation faced violence from their own countrymen after liberation.

The 'Wild Purge' or 'Ugly Carnival' was a wave of vigilante justice against those accused of collaborationism in France, with a focus on shaming collaborators, especially women.

The term 'Horizontal Collaboration' refers to the voluntary romantic or sexual relationships between French women and German soldiers during the occupation.

After the liberation of France, women accused of intimate relations with the enemy faced savage punishment from authorities, locals, and resistance groups.

The French Resistance was divided among communists, republicans, socialists, nationalists, and democrats, despite General De Gaulle's efforts to present a united front.

A power vacuum and disorganized efforts to re-establish authority followed the liberation of France.

Over 20,000 French women were 'tried' and 'condemned' as 'horizontal collaborators' in 1944, facing public humiliation and punishment.

The punishment of 'femme tondue' (shaved women) involved cutting off their hair, painting swastikas on their foreheads, and parading them through town.

The Wild Purge disproportionately targeted women, with estimates of 20-30% of extrajudicial executions being female.

Survivors of the Purge faced further prosecution for collaborationism under the new judicial authorities of the Fourth Republic.

Horizontal Collaboration was considered a crime of intelligence with the enemy, with 901 women prosecuted in the Court of Justice of the Seine.

The women accused of collaboration included young mothers, unemployed women, those with political convictions, and those who fell in love with German soldiers.

Some women accused of collaboration were actually victims of family disputes or personal vendettas.

The Wild Purge was a massive phenomenon affecting women across France, reflecting the frustrations and helplessness of French men after the defeat and occupation.

The punishment of shaving women's heads and marking them was meant to bear the marks of infamy and suffer societal rejection.

Some interpret the shaving of women's heads as a symbolic act for them to carry the sins and crimes of collaboration into social exile.

The harsh treatment of French women after liberation raises questions about why they were the first victims of revenge, while men did not face similar 'poetic justice'.

History shows that women often suffered the worst consequences after the end of wars.

Transcripts

There is a Latin term called Væ victis, whose meaning can be understood as "pain to the conquered" or "woe to the vanquished".

This phrase, originating in 390 B.C., has survived to the present day and has been used to emphasize the powerlessness of the vanquished before the victor after a war,

being completely at the mercy of them and not expecting any indulgence.

Although this term is used between victors and vanquished, I believe that its meaning can be understood in other contexts.

As is well known, the end of World War II did not imply an automatic end to violence.

In this context, women were the most likely to suffer the ravages of the conflict.

For them, the war lasted long after the capitulation of the defeated.

When talking about this issue of violence against women, one instinctively thinks of the rape of German women by Soviet soldiers;

not for nothing is it considered the greatest mass rape in history.

However, one fact that has not been addressed as much as it should be is the violence perpetrated against French women.

In this channel we have already spoken, in a first approach to this topic,

of the rapes of allied soldiers against French women during and after the liberation, but a fact that was not touched upon,

was the issue of violence against women who collaborated or engaged in some kind of relationship with the Germans during the occupation;

in this case, those responsible for committing such acts were the French themselves.

Today, we will discover the harsh fate of the French women who were accused of collaborationism

and why their treatment was so different from that of the men who also collaborated with the Germans. Welcome to Mini War Stories...

Women's lives changed in many ways during World War II.

As with most wars, many women saw their roles, opportunities and responsibilities expanded.

But war also resulted in the special degradation of women, as victims of sexual violence.

As the Allied armies pushed deeper into French soil and liberated every town and city from German occupation,

a new wave of violence was sweeping the country against those accused of collaborationism.

These events were later dubbed the "Wild Purge" or the "Ugly Carnival", which sought,

in simple terms, to exercise vigilante justice against traitors to the French nation.

And as is evident from the concept of vigilante justice, it turned out to be disproportionate,

inequitable and permeated by feelings of anger and hatred that clouded its application.

However, the particularity of the Wild Purge did not necessarily seek the death of those who collaborated,

but distinguished itself by wanting to shame the collaborators in front of all the people, especially women.

In their particular case, this episode is related to the so-called "Horizontal Collaboration",

a term coined by French historiography to refer to the voluntary romantic or sexual relationships that many

French women had with members of the German occupation forces.

These relationships were widespread throughout the French territory and many even continued over time.

But when the Allied armies started with the liberation of the German occupation,

they left behind many women who would end up being accused of having intimate relations with the enemy,

being savagely punished by the authorities and local inhabitants or by resistance groups.

But what was the situation in France at that time that made this new wave of unchecked violence so likely?

Once the Allies had secured the Normandy beachhead, their arrival towards Paris was a matter of time.

Under that idea, the activity of the French Resistance intensified considerably,

but contrary to what some images show about the social cohesion of the French, the reality was different.

The groups of what is considered the French Resistance, and even within General De Gaulle's own liberation army,

were strongly divided between communists, republicans and Spanish anti-Franco trade unionists,

socialists, right-wing nationalists and French democrats.

Despite this, the French general was determined to see the liberation of Paris as a great victory achieved by all the French as a whole.

After the bloody fighting and skirmishes, the French and Americans had reached the capital

and celebrated their joint triumph on the Champs Elysees.

After four long years of occupation, liberation and sovereignty had arrived for the French,

but behind them, ironically enough, a huge power vacuum remained throughout the country.

And the efforts of the authorities to re-establish French authority in the newly liberated towns and cities

were often disorganized and chaotic.

They began by hunting down local authorities appointed by the Germans who actively collaborated with them.

Some were lynched and publicly executed, and others, more fortunately, were sent to detention centers.

However, the most publicized punishments of the Wild Purge

were reserved for all women who were accused of having had an affair with the German occupiers.

In 1944, more than 20,000 French women were "tried" and "condemned", so to speak, as "horizontal collaborators".

The procedure of popular humiliation for them followed the same pattern.

Once they were identified by the local inhabitants and authorities,

they were gathered in a square or busy street, where they were subjected to mockery, insults and beatings by the crowd,

and in some cases, they were even stripped naked and smeared with tar.

After that, they were forced to march through the main streets to the steps of the town hall.

There, on raised platforms, their hair was cut off and swastikas were painted on their foreheads.

These women were called "femme tondue" (shaved women) and were easily identifiable.

It is worth noting that all this was happening under the watchful eye of foreign observers, especially American photojournalists,

who found them disconcerting demonstrations of medieval savagery. One of them remarked:

"After all, no traitorous man in France was ever treated so humiliatingly."

In that vein, Jock Colville, Winston Churchill's secretary wrote:

"I saw an open truck pass by, to the accompaniment of boos and whistles from the French population,

with a dozen miserable women in the back, all their hair shaved off.

They were crying, bowing their heads and ashamed."

When asked how many women were executed as part of this extrajudicial purge,

it is difficult to give an exact figure, since most correspondents did not distinguish between men and women.

Nevertheless, it was possible to give estimates for 20 departments.

For example, in one department, 2150 extrajudicial executions were reported,

including 454 women, or 21%.

In the following departments, the percentage exceeded 20%,

while in the departments of Saône-et-Loire and Morbihan, it reached 30%.

Despite the enormous ordeal they had lived through, the nightmare for the survivors of the extrajudicial executions was far from over.

Once justice by their own hand was over, it was the turn of legitimate justice.

When the new judicial authorities of the Fourth Republic were installed, the women who survived the Purge were prosecuted for collaborationism,

some of them under the private sphere, that is, under denunciations made by other people.

Approximately one-fifth of the collaborators prosecuted were found to be women.

Most of them had never been convicted before the war.

Apart from a few acquittals, sentences ranged from hard labor to actual imprisonment and even capital punishment.

As for the accusations, some courts considered the horizontal collaboration,

i.e. sentimental relationships between French women and German soldiers,

as a crime of intelligence with the enemy, acts prejudicial to national defense and attack on the external security of the State,

crimes under Articles 75 and 86 of the French Penal Code.

While some women fully acknowledged their participation in the acts of which they were accused,

others claimed that they were coerced, that they thought they were working for the Resistance

or tried to shift responsibility to the Vichy Government.

It was not possible to give an overall figure of how many women were prosecuted by the Horizontal Collaboration,

but it was possible to obtain that in the Court of Justice of the Seine, which covered most of the women's cases, 901 women were prosecuted.

As to the question of who were these women who collaborated with the enemy, there is no specific type of woman.

Anthony Beevor gives us a first approximation by commenting that "Many victims were young mothers,

whose husbands were in German prisoner-of-war camps.

During the war, they often had no means of subsistence, and their only hope of obtaining food for themselves and their children

was to accept a relationship with a German soldier."

Others were unemployed women who found an opportunity to earn a living working for the Germans,

either in factories or as radio operators.

Others, in fact, did so because of their political conviction.

And others, simply because they fell in love with their conquerors, whether married, widowed or single.

But it is worth mentioning that, on the other hand, some women who were finally accused

did not maintain any kind of collaboration with the Germans, but were victims of family disputes or personal vendettas.

The Wild Purge against women during and after the liberation of France was a phenomenon

whose impact has not been precisely quantified.

The fact is that it was massive, affecting all women in all regions of France.

In a way, this dark episode of French history is a reflection of the frustrations and sense of helplessness of French men

over the humiliating defeat experienced in 1940 and the subsequent occupation of their country.

The fact of shaving their heads or drawing swastikas on their foreheads was done so that they would bear the

marks of their infamy and suffer the rejection of the French nation.

Some authors, on the other hand, give it a more poetic meaning,

understanding that the shaving of those women would erase the stain that they themselves marked.

As Alain Brossat understands it,

"Everything happens as if the shaved one were the one in charge of carrying with him to the desert of social exile all the sins, all the crimes of collaboration".

Whether or not any of you agree with this idea, we must still ask ourselves why it is

that French women were the first victims of revenge after the liberation of France,

and why men did not receive similar treatment from this unusual "poetic justice".

Broadly speaking, there are no easy answers, but history seems to show that women

were always the first to suffer the worst consequences after the end of the war.

This has been all for today, don't forget to give it a like, and see you in the next battle…