PAST MODALS: could have | may have | might have | must have | should have | would have - GRAMMAR

Summary

El video ofrece una visión detallada de los modos verbales en pasado, centrándose en 'could have', 'may have', 'might have', 'must have', 'should have' y 'would have'. El presentador, Arnel, explica que estos modos verbales son utilizados para expresar posibilidades pasadas, opciones no tomadas, certezas casi absolutas, expectativas y regret, y situaciones hipotéticas. Además, aborda la pronunciación relajada típica en hablantes nativos, ofreciendo formas contraídas y su pronunciación casual. El objetivo es que los estudiantes puedan usar estos modos verbales con confianza y naturalidad en contextos del pasado.

Takeaways

• 📚 Los verbos modales son muy flexibles y tienen muchos usos distintos, especialmente en el contexto del pasado que se discute en la lección.
• 🔍 El pasado participio es una forma verbal importante para formar oraciones con verbos modales en pasado, como 'could have', 'may have', 'might have'.
• 🤔 'Could have', 'may have' y 'might have' se usan para expresar posibilidades pasadas cuando no se tiene toda la información.
• 🤷‍♀️ Cuando se habla de opciones pasadas que no se tomaron, se puede usar 'could have' o 'might have' para indicar que algo no sucedió.
• 😌 'Must have' se usa para expresar casi certeza de que algo sucedió en el pasado, basado en la lógica o la evidencia.
• 🚫 La forma negativa 'can't have' se utiliza para expresar que algo fue imposible en el pasado.
• 🤔 'Should have' se refiere a expectativas no cumplidas o arrepentimiento por acciones pasadas.
• 🔮 'Would have' se utiliza para hablar de situaciones hipotéticas o no reales en el pasado.
• 🗣️ En inglés hablado, los modales en pasado tienden a contraerse, como 'could've', 'should've', 'would've'.
• 📝 Es útil escribir oraciones de ejemplo personales para facilitar la memorización de los usos de estos verbos modales.
• 🧐 Prestar atención a cómo se usan estos verbos modales al leer o ver películas puede hacer que su uso se sienta más natural.

Q & A

¿Qué son los verbos modales?

Los verbos modales son una clase de verbos que expresan posibilidad, probabilidad, necesidad, deseo, entre otros. En el contexto del video, se centran en su uso para expresar acciones en el pasado.

¿Cuál es la diferencia entre 'could have', 'may have' y 'might have' cuando se refieren a la posibilidad pasada?

Cuando se refieren a la posibilidad pasada, 'could have', 'may have' y 'might have' se pueden utilizar indistintamente, aunque algunos pueden considerar que 'may' es un poco más formal o que indica una posibilidad más alta.

¿Cómo se usa 'could have' para hablar de una opción pasada que no se tomó?

Se utiliza 'could have' para mencionar una opción que estaba disponible en el pasado pero que no se decidió seguir. Por ejemplo, 'I could have gone to a hair salon, but I decided to cut my hair myself'.

¿Cuál es el significado de 'must have' seguido del participio pasado?

'Must have' seguido del participio pasado se usa para expresar casi certeza acerca de que algo ocurrió en el pasado. Significa que es muy probable que la acción haya tenido lugar.

¿Por qué no se dice 'can have' seguido del participio pasado?

No se dice 'can have' seguido del participio pasado porque 'can' en este contexto no es correcto; en su lugar, se utiliza 'could have' para expresar posibilidades pasadas.

¿Cómo se utiliza 'should have' seguido del participio pasado?

'Should have' seguido del participio pasado se utiliza para expresar expectativas no cumplidas o sentimientos de arrepentimiento. Indica que algo debería haber ocurrido pero no lo hizo.

¿Qué es un uso común de 'would have' seguido del participio pasado?

'Would have' seguido del participio pasado se utiliza para hablar de situaciones hipotéticas o no reales en el pasado. Describe lo que alguien hubiera hecho en una situación imaginaria.

¿Cómo se abordan las formas contraídas de los verbos modales en inglés hablado?

En inglés hablado, las formas de los verbos modales se contraen para ser más rápidas y naturales. Por ejemplo, 'could have' se contrae a 'could've', y 'would have' a 'would've'.

¿Cómo se pueden utilizar las formas lazier de los verbos modales en el habla coloquial?

Las formas lazier de los verbos modales se pueden utilizar añadiendo un 'a' al final de la contracción. Por ejemplo, 'could've' se convierte en 'coulda'.

¿Por qué es importante prestar atención a la pronunciación de los verbos modales en inglés?

La pronunciación es importante porque los hablantes nativos tienden a ser más laisos al usar estos verbos, lo que puede hacer que el aprendizaje de la versión escrita sea diferente de lo que se escucha en la conversación diaria.

¿Cómo pueden los estudiantes mejorar su comprensión y uso de los verbos modales?

Los estudiantes pueden mejorar su comprensión y uso de los verbos modales escribiendo oraciones de ejemplo personales y escuchando atentamente su uso en películas y libros.

¿Por qué es útil para los estudiantes dejar comentarios con ejemplos personales?

Dejar comentarios con ejemplos personales ayuda a los estudiantes a retener mejor el material, ya que la asociación con situaciones de la vida real hace que la información sea más memorable.

Outlines

00:00

😀 Introducción a los modales del pasado

Arnel, del canal A rnel's Everyday English, comienza la lección abordando los modales 'could have', 'may have', 'might have', 'must have', 'should have' y 'would have'. Destaca que los modales son verbos muy utilizados y que en esta lección se enfoca en su uso en pasado. Expone que los modales se combinan con 'have' y el participio pasado para formar frases que reflejan posibilidades, obligaciones, expectativas y suposiciones del pasado. Además, menciona la importancia de la pronunciación al usar estos modales en inglés coloquial.

05:01

🔍 Uso y diferencias entre 'could have', 'may have', 'might have' y 'must have'

Se profundiza en el uso de los modales del pasado para expresar posibilidades pasadas ('could have', 'may have', 'might have') y certeza casi absoluta ('must have'). Se explica que estos modales se usan para hacer suposiciones o especulaciones sobre eventos pasados. Además, se discute el uso de 'could have' y 'might have' para referirse a opciones pasadas que no se tomaron, y cómo 'must have' se utiliza para expresar casi certeza sobre un evento pasado. También se explora el uso de las formas negativas de estos modales.

10:05

📚 'Should have' y 'would have' para expectativas y situaciones hipotéticas

El video continúa con la explicación de 'should have', que implica expectativas no cumplidas o arrepentimiento, y 'would have', que se utiliza para situaciones hipotéticas del pasado. Se proporcionan ejemplos prácticos para ilustrar cómo se aplican estos modales en contextos reales. Además, se menciona brevemente la tercera condicional, aunque no es el foco de la lección.

🗣️ Pronunciación coloquial de los modales del pasado

Por último, el video se enfoca en la pronunciación de los modales del pasado en inglés hablado. Se muestra cómo los hablantes nativos tienden a contraer estas formas ('could've', 'should've', 'would've', etc.) y se ofrecen sugerencias para que los estudiantes puedan imitar este estilo más natural y relajado. Incluso se explora la forma muy coloquial y reducida ('Coulda', 'Shoulda', 'Woulda') para dar un toque de 'lazy English'. Se alienta a los estudiantes a prestar atención a estos modales en películas y libros y a practicar con oraciones personales.

Keywords

💡Modal verbs

Los verbos modales son una clase de verbos que expresan posibilidad, capacidad, necesidad, deseo, entre otros aspectos. En el video, se enfoca en su uso para hablar de acciones pasadas, como 'could have', 'may have', 'might have', 'must have', 'should have' y 'would have', que son clave para entender las diferentes formas de expresar la posibilidad y la suposición en inglés.

💡Past participle

El participio pasado es una forma del verbo que se utiliza junto con los verbos modales para formar tiempos compuestos. Se define como 'verb number three' en el video y se utiliza para formar frases que expresan posibilidades, deseos o acciones pasadas, como en 'walked' o 'swum'. Es fundamental para la construcción de oraciones con verbos modales en pasado.

💡Past possibility

La posibilidad pasada se refiere a la suposición o especulación sobre eventos que pudieron haber ocurrido en el pasado. En el video, se utiliza con verbos modales como 'could have', 'may have' y 'might have' para expresar que el hablante no tiene toda la información y está haciendo una conjetura, como en 'She could have gone home'.

💡Must have

Este verbo modal se utiliza para expresar casi certeza acerca de una acción pasada. Significa que el hablante está casi seguro de que algo sucedió, pero no lo vio directamente. En el video, se ejemplifica con frases como 'Hannah must have locked up last night', donde el hablante está casi seguro de que Hannah cerró porque era la última en la oficina.

💡Should have

Este verbo modal se utiliza para expresar expectativa fallida o arrepentimiento por una acción no realizada. En el video, se relaciona con la idea de que hubiera sido mejor si alguien hubiera hecho algo que no hizo, como en 'Pete should have landed by now' o 'I should have studied English sooner'.

💡Would have

Este verbo modal se utiliza para hablar de situaciones hipotéticas o no reales en el pasado. Se refiere a acciones que no ocurrieron pero que se consideran en una situación imaginaria. En el video, se da el ejemplo de 'I would have gone to the gym this morning, but my back was hurting', lo cual es una forma de hablar de una decisión que no se tomó.

💡Contractions

Las contracciones son formas abreviadas de palabras que combinan dos o más palabras en una sola. En el video, se discute cómo en el inglés hablado se utilizan contracciones de verbos modales y participios pasados, como 'could've' en lugar de 'could have', para facilitar la pronunciación y hacer que el habla sea más fluido y natural.

💡Pronunciation

La pronunciación se refiere a cómo se articula una palabra o frase en un idioma. En el video, se destaca la importancia de la pronunciación al usar verbos modales, ya que los hablantes nativos tienden a ser más 'perezosos' y usar formas más suaves y rápidas, como 'oulda' en lugar de 'should have'.

💡Negative forms

Las formas negativas son aquellas que denotan la negación de una acción o estado. En el video, se abordan las formas negativas de los verbos modales, como 'couldn't have', 'mightn't have', 'shouldn't have' y 'wouldn't have', que se utilizan para expresar que algo fue imposible o inapropiado en el pasado.

💡Personal examples

Los ejemplos personales son aquellos que el hablante utiliza para ilustrar un concepto o idea con una situación de su propia vida. En el video, se anima a los estudiantes a escribir sus propios ejemplos para que puedan recordar mejor el uso de los verbos modales en pasado, lo que ayuda a contextualizar y comprender mejor el material.

💡Lazy speech

El habla 'perezosa' o 'relajada' se refiere a la forma en que los hablantes nativos de un idioma simplifican su pronunciación para que sea más rápida y natural. En el video, se menciona que los hablantes nativos pueden simplificar aún más las contracciones, usando formas como 'coulda' en lugar de 'could have', lo que muestra cómo se adapta el lenguaje al habla coloquial.

Highlights

Today's lesson focuses on past modals: could have, may have, might have, must have, should have, and would have.

Modal verbs have many uses, and today's focus is specifically on their past forms.

Past participle is an important part of the modal verb structure, as in 'could have walked'.

Could have, may have, and might have are used for past possibility when information is incomplete.

Must have is used when there is almost certainty about a past event, like Hannah locking up the office.

Should have is used to express expectations that were not met or to show regret about past actions.

Would have is used for hypothetical situations that did not actually happen.

In spoken English, modals are often contracted (could've, might've, should've, etc.) and pronounced more casually.

Pronunciation tip: The contracted form sounds like 'of', but it is never written as 'could of'.

An even more casual, 'lazy' pronunciation is achieved by adding an 'a' at the end (coulda, mighta, shoulda).

Negative forms are also used, like couldn't have, mightn't have, and shouldn't have.

The lesson emphasizes the importance of listening for these modals in real-life English.

Writing example sentences can help solidify understanding and make the concepts easier to remember.

The lesson provides clear explanations and examples to demystify the use of past modals.

Different scenarios are used to illustrate when to use each modal, enhancing comprehension.

The lesson is structured in a way that breaks down complex grammar into manageable pieces.

Practical examples make the abstract grammar rules more concrete and relatable.

The instructor's friendly and conversational style makes the lesson engaging and accessible.

The lesson ends with a call to action, encouraging students to practice and provide their own examples.

Transcripts

hi guys i'm Arnel from A rnel's Everyday English

and today we're looking at could have may have might have must have

should have and would have. I know all of this looks a bit

overwhelming, but today we're going to do it in

bite-sized pieces. First we're going to look at could have, may

have and might have together. We're going to see the

connection with must have then we have should have

and finally would have. What we also need to do

is look at something very important: Pronunciation! Native speakers get really

lazy when they use these. So at the end of the lesson, I'm going to

take a couple of minutes to show you how to be really lazy too.

First things first: Could, may, might, must, should and would, are what we

call modal verbs. Modal verbs have so many

different uses and it's really important to remember

that throughout today's lesson, because, today we are specifically

looking at past modals. These modals

plus have plus the past participle. What's the past participle? Let's do a

little review. Walk, walked, walked, that verb number

three is the past participle. Swim, swam, swum. Swum is my past

participle. So in today's lesson if I say past

participle or verb three, you know i mean this form there.

Could have, may have, might have. Past possibility. I am guessing.

I don't have all the information. We see my timeline there's a past and

the present. Where's Julie? She

could have gone home, I mean at six o'clock.

She might have gone home. She may have gone home. This is a past

possibility. I am guessing, I don't have all the

information. Maybe Julie went to the bathroom. Maybe

she went out to grab some dinner and she'll be back,

I'm not sure. You can see here even though my subject is she, I still

use have. She could have gone home, we would

never say: she could has gone home.

Where's my shopping bag? I could have left it

in the cafe. I might have left it in the cafe.

I may have left it in the cafe. This is a past possibility.

I am guessing, I don't have all the information.

Maybe i left my bag on the bus. Maybe my husband took it home with him.

I'm not really sure. So what's the difference between could, may

and might? When we are speaking about past possibility you can use these

interchangeably. Some people say may is a bit more formal.

Some people say may is more... the possibility is a bit higher. But

really don't worry about that difference, use these three freely.

Great. So you know she could, might, may have gone home. You know this

is a past possibility, and you can use these in the same way.

If we want to speak about something where we

had the option but we chose not to do something,

you can use could.

I could have gone to a hair salon, but i decided to cut my hair myself,

to save some money!

We could have stayed longer but i was getting a bit chilly, so we decided to go

home. There was a past option but we decided

to do something different. Use could have or might have

to say something didn't happen. Normally we use this structure

to show relief, we are relieved something didn't happen.

I am so glad my son was wearing his helmet,

he could have been really hurt. He might have been really hurt.

In this case we would not use may have.

Okay, let's take a look at this line here. Now let's have this question: Hey! Do you

know Hannah locked up last night? When i say

locked up it means lock up all the windows and doors before

closing a business for the night. So in my example, this is one colleague

speaking to another. I have actually happened 100% fact.

Yes, Hannah locked up last night. I was with her,

and i saw her do it. I have didn't happen 100% fact. No,

Hannah didn't lock up. We both left the office at four,

and there were other people still working. Here in the middle

I have: maybe happened. Hannah may, might, could have locked up

last night. I'm not sure, I left the office at four

but there were still a few people working - including Hannah.

Hannah must have locked up last night. I left the office at four and she was

the last person there. Okay, now i have must have plus past

participle. You can see on my line, must have is very

close to 100% fact. This is because I am almost certain

this happened. Hannah was the last person in the office

but i didn't see her do anything. My kids must have eaten the last slice

of cake. My husband doesn't really like cake, so

I'm pretty sure it was the kids. Carrie isn't here, she must have missed

her flight. I can't think of any other reason she

isn't here.

Philip didn't answer my call, he must have been sleeping.

It was 11 pm so there is a very high probability

he was sleeping. In the negative some things are different.

May have, may not have. Might have, might not have - okay!

Must have, mustn't have - okay! Could have, okay couldn't have,

impossible! You can see the position changes from:

maybe.

Yes, can't have is another option. Remember, can't have plus past participle

is okay, but we do not say can have plus past

participle. Hannah could have locked up, maybe.

Hannah couldn't have locked up, she left work at three.

I really don't think this is possible.

Okay! You have done an amazing job with could,

may, might, and must have. One thing you can do to make this easier to remember

is to write example sentences, personal example sentences, this will make things

easier to remember. Should have plus past participle.

Expectation. Regret. This is better. Pete

should have landed by now. He should have landed

30 minutes ago. He should have called me. These are things I was expecting to

happen, now i'm waiting. I'm not really sure if he's landed or

not.

Regret. I should have studied English sooner!

A lot of students say this. I shouldn't have spoken to my mom like

that, I was angry. This is better.

I feel gross. Well, you shouldn't have eaten eight donuts.

What's better? Not eating eight donuts is better than what you did! You're an

hour late, you should have called me. Calling me

is better than what you did - what you didn't do, you didn't call me!

They shouldn't have increased their prices, I think they lost a lot of

customers. Here, what's better? Not increasing prices.

In this structure here, this is better, it's kind of like you're giving past

advice. Or possibly even criticism. You should

have done something,

differently. Would have plus past participle. Hypothetical

past. Hypothetical means not real,

imaginary...

Okay, the unicorn is a bit much but you know what I mean.

Not realistic. I would have gone to the gym this morning,

but my back was hurting a little bit. Why is this hypothetical?

Because in reality, I didn't go to the gym.

I decided not to give my teacher the card i made.

Why not? She would have loved it! This is hypothetical,

because in reality the child didn't give the card to his or her teacher.

If he had given his teacher the card she would have loved it.

Some of you know this as a third conditional. Don't worry, today is not a lesson about third conditional,

and you don't need to know the third conditional to use:

would have plus past participle correctly.

Let's do a few more examples together. I ordered a shirt online

but it had a hole in it, so i threw it away.

You threw it away? I would have returned it.

I am not you,. this situation didn't really happen to me

It's so good you didn't tell Brian you used his car,

he would have gone crazy. You didn't tell Brian,

in reality, nothing happened. Fantastic, let's keep going, we're on the

home stretch now. Could have, may have, might have,

must have, should have, would have. Okay, so we have these forms here

throughout the lesson I've been using the full form: could have

plus past participle, may have plus past participle.

But in spoken English, we normally contract everything.

Could've, may've, might've, must've, should've,

would've. I'll do that a bit faster: Could've, may've, might've, must've,

should've, would've. If you think that sound is a little bit difficult, try to

think about it like: of. Could of, may of,

might of, must of, should of, would of. Just so you know,

of is not correct, it's just the sound, we would never write

could of.

You know what, we are busy people, we don't even have time to say

of sometimes. Let's get a bit lazier! Coulda, maya, mighta, musta, shoulda, woulda.

Let's do that again a little bit faster: Coulda, maya, mighta, musta, shoulda, woulda.

Just add that a the end and you know it's the really lazy contracted form of

could have. She coulda gone home, she maya gone home, she mighta

gone home, she musta, gone home she shoulda

gone home, she woulda gone home.

In the negative: Couldn't've, mightn't've,

shouldn't've, wouldn't've. You can see i skipped may, we

would never say mayn't've that's very unnatural, so you

don't need to worry about that one. There you go, we've looked at all of

these modal verbs in the past with that have and verb

number three. So whenever you're watching a movie or

you're reading a book really listen out, or look out for, these

forms. The more you see it the more comfortable

you'll feel. Don't forget to subscribe to my channel,

I can't wait to see you in my next video. Leave me a couple of examples in the

comments below, personal examples, easier to remember. Have a

wonderful day and i'll see you soon.

Bye!