🥇 ARTICULACIONES, Clasificación Fácil, Rápida y Sencilla
Summary
TLDREn este video, Juan José Sánchez nos introduce en el complejo mundo de las articulaciones del cuerpo humano. A pesar de la diversidad en la clasificación de las articulaciones según los autores, Juan intenta simplificar y explicar la clasificación más fácil encontrada en la literatura. Las articulaciones se dividen en tres grandes grupos: sinoviales (diartrosis), cartilaginosas (amphiarthrosis) y fibrosas (synarthrosis), cada una con sus propias subclasificaciones según la movilidad. Las sinoviales, también conocidas como diartrosis, son las articulaciones móviles, como las que encontramos en los miembros superior e inferior y la columna cervical. Estas articulaciones están compuestas por seis componentes fundamentales: superficies óseas lisas cubiertas de cartílago hialino, una cápsula fibrosa, ligamentos, y la membrana sinovial que produce el líquido sinovial. Además, se subclasifican en multiaxiales, biaxiales y uniaxiales según el grado y los ejes de movimiento. Las cartilaginosas, como las articulaciones entre las vértebras y el disco intervertebral, y las fibrosas, como las suturas craneales, son menos móviles. Finalmente, se mencionan las uniones especiales como las gomphosis, encontradas en las encías dentales. El video es una guía valiosa para entender la diversidad y la complejidad de las articulaciones que permiten el movimiento y la estructura del cuerpo humano.
Takeaways
- 🤖 Los huesos articulan con otros huesos, cartílagos o incluso dientes, formando uniones que se denominan articulaciones.
- 🔍 Las articulaciones se clasifican en dos maneras principales: según el material que las une y según su movilidad.
- 🦴 Los tipos de articulaciones son sinoviales (diartrosis), cartilaginosas (amphiarthrosis) y fibrosas (synarthrosis).
- 💡 Las articulaciones sinoviales son móviles y se caracterizan por tener superficies lisas cubiertas de cartílago hialino.
- 🏼 Las articulaciones cartilaginosas tienen movilidad limitada y están formadas por cartílago, como los discos intervertebrales.
- 💺 Las articulaciones fibrosas tienen muy poca o ninguna movilidad, como las suturas craneales.
- 🤲 Las articulaciones sinoviales están compuestas por seis componentes: superficies lisas, cartílago hialino, cápsula fibrosa, ligamentos, membrana sinovial y fluido sinovial.
- 🔄 Las articulaciones sinoviales se subdividen en multiaxiales, biaxiales y uniaxiales, cada una con un rango de movimientos específicos.
- 🏋️♂️ Las articulaciones de esfera o enarthrosis, como la articulación hombro-humeral y cadera, son de tipo multiaxial y pueden realizar movimientos de circunducción.
- 🧘 Las articulaciones cartilaginosas primarias o sincrondroses están hechas de cartílago hialino y se endurecen con el tiempo, mientras que las secundarias o simfisis están hechas de cartílago fibroso.
- 🦷 El tipo de articulación fibrosa conocido como gomphosis se encuentra únicamente en la unión entre los dientes y los maxilares.
- 📚 Para entender completamente las articulaciones, es importante tener en cuenta su estructura, composición y el rango de movimientos que permiten.
Q & A
¿Qué es un articulación en términos generales?
-Una articulación es la unión de dos estructuras rígidas del cuerpo entre sí, lo que puede incluir la unión de huesos con huesos, huesos con cartílago o incluso huesos con dientes.
¿Cuáles son los tres grandes grupos de articulaciones según el material que las une?
-Los tres grandes grupos de articulaciones son las articulaciones sinoviales (diartrosis), las articulaciones cartilaginosas (amphiarthrosis) y las articulaciones fibrosas (synarthrosis).
¿Por qué se clasifican las articulaciones según el grado de movilidad que tienen?
-Se clasifican según el grado de movilidad para distinguir entre las que tienen una gran movilidad, como las sinoviales, y aquellas que tienen menos movilidad o son inmoviles, como las fibrosas.
¿Qué son las articulaciones sinoviales y qué tipo de movilidad poseen?
-Las articulaciones sinoviales, también conocidas como diartrosis, son las articulaciones móviles que permiten un amplio rango de movimientos, como las que se encuentran en los extremos superior e inferior y en la columna cervical.
¿Qué son las articulaciones cartilaginosas y qué tipo de movilidad poseen?
-Las articulaciones cartilaginosas, a veces llamadas amphiarthrosis, son semi-móviles, lo que significa que no tienen la misma libertad de movimiento que las sinoviales pero no son completamente rígidas, permitiendo una pequeña variedad de movimientos.
¿Qué son las articulaciones fibrosas y qué tipo de movilidad poseen?
-Las articulaciones fibrosas, a menudo llamadas synarthrosis, son las que se mueven muy poco o son completamente inmoviles. Un ejemplo son las suturas craneales que unen los diferentes huesos de la caja craneal.
¿Cuáles son los seis componentes que describen una articulación sinovial?
-Los seis componentes de una articulación sinovial son: superficies óseas lisas cubiertas de cartílago hialino, la cápsula articular fibrosa, los ligamentos, el espacio sinovial lleno de fluido sinovial, y la membrana sinovial.
¿Qué son las articulaciones poliaxiales y qué tipo de movimientos pueden realizar?
-Las articulaciones poliaxiales son aquellas que pueden moverse en todos los posibles ejes, es decir, en los tres ejes, lo que les permite realizar seis movimientos diferentes, incluyendo la circunducción.
¿Cómo se clasifican las articulaciones sinoviales según el tipo de movimientos que realizan?
-Las articulaciones sinoviales se clasifican en poliaxiales, biaxiales y uniaxiales, dependiendo de la cantidad de ejes en los que pueden moverse y los tipos de movimientos que pueden realizar.
¿Qué son las articulaciones primarias y qué materiales están hechas?
-Las articulaciones primarias, también llamadas sincondroses, están hechas de cartílago hialino y son cartilaginosas. Son caracterizadas por ser cartilaginosas cuando nacemos y, con el tiempo, empiezan a osificar.
¿Qué son las articulaciones secundarias y cómo se diferencian de las primarias?
-Las articulaciones secundarias, a veces llamadas sinfoisis, están hechas de cartílago de tipo fibroso en lugar de hialino. Se diferencian de las primarias en que, aunque también son cartilaginosas, contienen cartílago fibroso en lugar de hialino.
¿Qué son las articulaciones de sutura, sindesmosis y gomphosis, y cuál es su grado de movilidad?
-Las articulaciones de sutura son las que unen los huesos de la caja craneal. Las sindesmosis son tejidos fibrosos que unen dos huesos, como el radiocarpiano y el tibiofibito. La gomphosis es la unión que se forma entre los dientes y las mandíbulas, y es la única articulación de este tipo en el cuerpo. Todas estas articulaciones son fibrosas y tienen muy poca movilidad o son inmoviles.
Outlines
🦴 Introducción a las articulaciones del cuerpo
El primer párrafo introduce el tema de las articulaciones del cuerpo, presentando al narrador, Juan José Sánchez. Se menciona que el tema puede ser difícil de explicar debido a la variabilidad en la clasificación de las articulaciones según los autores. El objetivo es explicar la clasificación más fácil encontrada en la literatura. Se definen las articulaciones como la unión de dos estructuras rígidas, y se destaca que no solo incluyen uniones de huesos sino también uniones de huesos con cartílago o dientes. Se clasifican las articulaciones en dos grupos principales: según el material que las une y según su movilidad. Se presentan los tres grandes grupos de articulaciones: sinoviales (diartrosis), cartilaginosas (amphiarthrosis) y fibrosas (synarthrosis), y se describe brevemente sus características.
🤲 Características y subclasificación de las articulaciones sinoviales
Este párrafo se enfoca en las articulaciones sinoviales, también conocidas como diartrosis, y su importancia en la movilidad del cuerpo. Se describen las seis características o componentes de una articulación sinovial: superficies óseas lisas cubiertas de cartílago hialino, cápsula fibrosa, ligamentos, y la membrana sinovial que forma el espacio sinovial lleno de fluido sinovial. Luego, se subclasifican las articulaciones sinoviales en tres grupos según sus movimientos: multiaxiales (huesos esféricales o enarthrosis), biaxiales (condilares, yugo-sellado o saddle, y artróides o planas) y uniaxiales (troquelar o hinge, y trocoides o pivot). Se proporcionan ejemplos de cada tipo de articulación y sus movimientos posibles.
🔗 Clasificación y características de las articulaciones cartilaginosas y fibrosas
El tercer párrafo explora las articulaciones cartilaginosas y fibrosas. Las cartilaginosas, a veces llamadas amphiarthrosis, se subdividen en primarias (synchondroses) y secundarias (symphysis), y se describen ejemplos como las uniones costales y el ápendice xifóide. Las articulaciones fibrosas, sinovialmente llamadas synarthrosis, se subdividen en sutures (uniones craneales), syndesmosis (membranas fibrosas como la que une el radio con el cúbito) y gomphosis (unión dental). Se destaca la única articulación gomphosis presente en el cuerpo, la unión dental. Finalmente, se anima a los espectadores a suscribirse, compartir y seguir en Instagram para recibir más información.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Articulaciones
💡Diartrofosis
💡Amphiartrofosis
💡Sinartrosis
💡Cartílago Hialino
💡Cápsula Articular
💡Ligamentos
💡Tendones
💡Movilidad Articular
💡Subclasificaciones de Articulaciones
💡Articulaciones Primarias y Secundarias
Highlights
Hoy hablaremos sobre las articulaciones del cuerpo
Existe mucha variación en la clasificación de las articulaciones según los autores
Las articulaciones son la unión de dos estructuras rígidas entre sí
Las articulaciones no solo son las partes móviles del cuerpo, también incluyen uniones no móviles
Se clasifican en 3 grandes grupos: articulaciones sinoviales, cartilaginosas y fibrosas
Las articulaciones sinoviales también se llaman diartrosis y son las más móviles
Las articulaciones sinoviales tienen 6 componentes característicos
Las superficies óseas de las articulaciones sinoviales están cubiertas por cartílago hialino
La cápsula articular es una membrana fibrosa que cubre la articulación
Los ligamentos son estructuras fibrosas que protegen las articulaciones sinoviales
Las articulaciones sinoviales se subdividen en 3 grupos según la movilidad: multiaxiales, biaxiales y uniaxiaes
Las articulaciones multiaxiales, como la cadera y hombro, pueden realizar 6 movimientos
Las articulaciones condilares o elipsoidales, como la muneca, tienen 4 movimientos en 2 ejes
Las articulaciones de silla o recepcales, como la articulación del pulgar, son de superficies encajadas
Las articulaciones trófidas o planas, como la tarsometatársica, son de superficies planas entrelazadas
Las articulaciones uniaxiaes, como la articulación del codo, solo tienen 2 movimientos en 1 eje
Las articulaciones cartilaginosas, como las intervertebrales, son semi-móviles
Las articulaciones cartilaginosas primarias, como las costales, están hechas de cartílago hialino
Las articulaciones cartilaginosas secundarias, como la simfisis pubiana, están hechas de cartílago fibroso
Las articulaciones fibrosas, como las suturas craneales, tienen muy poca o ninguna movilidad
Las suturas son uniones entre los huesos del cráneo
Las sindesmosis son tejidos fibrosos que unen dos huesos, como la membrana entre el radio y cúbito
La gomphosis es la unión dental, única en el cuerpo, entre los dientes y las maxilas
Transcripts
yes good good friends welcome to another anatomical video my name is juan josé sánchez and today
we will talk about body joints, first of all this is a topic that is somewhat difficult
to explain because, although it is a topic that is easy to understand There is a lot
of variation according to the authors in what the classification of these articulations
is, however, I tried to make a compendium and well I will try to explain to you the
easiest classification that I found in the literature, first of all we are going to say
the concept of joints, which is nothing more than the union of two rigid body structures
with each other, get rid of that articulation chip at the union of two or more bones because,
although most joints are formed by the unions of bone with bone, we are also going to find
body joints where there is a union of a bone with a cartilage, also some joints where the
bone is simply joined with a tooth for example, then the joints of the body are not only the
parts of the body that you see that can move, there is another type of joints that I am
going to explain to you right now that are not mobile but, however, meet the criterion
that they are two rigid structures that are joined together, and that is why they are
considered joints as well, so we are going to start with the classification Of the joints,
we are going to classify the joints in two ways, first according to the material that
joins them, and second according to the mobility or the degree of mobility that each joint
group has.
The first group is 3 large groups: The first group that I am going to talk to you about
are the synovial joints, these synovial joints are also called diarthroses, so you will get
them in most of the texts, within the classification of mobility, these synovial joints or diarthroses
are considered mobile joints.
That is, the entire structure of the body that you see or the entire joint that is very
mobile, like all those that you see in the upper limb, in the lower limb, that you see
at the level of the cervical spine that allows me to move my head, those are joints. of the
synovial type, they have the characteristic that they are highly mobile, in addition to
some anatomical characteristics that I am going to explain to you in more depth now,
then we have the second group of joints which are the cartilaginous joints, in some texts
you will find these cartilaginous joints with the name amphiarthrosis, according to the
mobility classification these cartilaginous joints are semi-articular joints mobile, that
is, they are not joints that have as much free movement as the synovial ones, but they
are not completely rigid joints, but rather have little variation in movement, an example
of which is the joints between the vertebral bodies through the intervertebral disc, which,
well, It is not as mobile as a synovium, I repeat, but if there was no movement we would
not be able to do the different flexion movements with the spine and others are joints that
you can hear well, they occur between the bony ribs and the costal cartilages, these
ones that you see here , those are cartilaginous type joints, now the third group of joints
are going to be fibrous joints, these fibrous joints in many books are going to be found
under the name of synarthrosis and within the classification of mobility they are said
to be joints that either they move very little, it is not that they do not move, always, but
that there are times that they move very little or simply that they are totally immobile joints,
an example of these are the cranial sutures, which are the joints that join the different
bones that They make up the cranial vault, now, we are going to start talking about the
largest group of them, the group that needs to be paid the most attention, which is the
one with the greatest number of subclassifications, which are the synovial joints.
I remind you that these synovial joints also They are called diarthrosis and are all those
joints of the body that have freedom of movement, as characteristically the joints that exist
in the upper limb and the lower limb.
Now, the entire synovial joint has six characteristics or six components rather, which describes
them.
First this is a typical synovial joint, see that it is a union between two bones, the
first thing you are going to see is that the bone surfaces of the bones that are going
to be in contact are smooth surfaces because they have to be smooth because they do not
have to allow the rubbing or friction between the structures that are being articulated,
in addition to that, in addition to being smooth, these bone surfaces are covered by
hyaline cartilage, this hyaline cartilage will allow there to be no collision of bone
with bone but will serve as a cushioning, after that hyaline cartilage, this synovial
joint will be covered by a thick membrane, a fibrous layer, which is what is called the
joint capsule.
Outside of that joint capsule, there will be a protection, which is what we call a ligament,
so what is it?
a ligament, a ligament is nothing more than a fibrous structure that protects every synovial
joint.
If you don't confuse ligaments with tendons, which is something very common that people
confuse, a tendon is an extension of a muscle, it is what the muscle uses or That is, it
is part of the muscle, it is what the muscle uses to insert itself into the bone and be
able to move it ok, while the ligament has nothing to do with the muscle, the ligament
is a structure that joins bone to bone and that simply connects it.
What it does is reinforce the fibrous capsule of the synovial joints [Music] now we find
four components.
The fifth component of every synovial joint is this membrane that you see here in green,
which is what is called synovial membrane, this synovial membrane makes A space is formed
that is the synovial space, that space is completely occupied by the famous synovial
fluid, which is the structure that will also help cushion that joint, so that all joints
have these six components.
synovial type, it is like those cavities, those bone surfaces that are free as if swimming
in that puddle that is why they already have so much mobility, now we are going to complicate
things a little more because we are going to subclassify each group of joints, Remember
that there were three large groups, we continue with the synovial or diarthrosis, we are going
to subdivide these joints into three groups, there are six in total, but those six are
subdivided into three groups according to the amount of movements they have, although
they They are the ones that move the most within them, there is one that moves more
than others, first we are going to talk about the multiaxial joints, here I make a reservation
to the word axi in Greek means axis, when I talk about multiaxial it means that it It
moves multiple axis, so you know, I recommend that you watch my previous video on the body
axes, that in the body there are three axes, I say that a joint is multiaxial because it
moves in all possible axes, that is, it moves in all three and if you watch the previous
video you will see that each axis allows two movements, I remind you about the lateral
lateral axis movements are flexion and extension on the anteroposterior axis movements of abduction
and adduction and on the longitudinal axis movements of internal rotation and external
rotation then a multiaxial joint moves in three axes and can make six movements and
the joints that were capable of making six movements make the conjugate movement called
circumduction, then, a single type of joint in the body can make that movement circumduction,
which are the ball joints or also called enarthrosis, for example, the shoulder joint which is the
glenohumeral joint and the hip joint which is the coxofemoral joint, then this simulates
in the head, let's say or the upper epiphysis of the humerus, which has to be a rounded
surface, almost a sphere that fits on another surface and is what allows movement to be
made, say conduction, then we have the biaxial synovial joints, biaxial then means that it
moves in two axes and I am wondering how many movements It could be well it could be only
four movements, so within these biaxial we are going to find three types of joints first,
we are going to have the condylar or ellipsoidal joints and these are joints where a convex
surface fits perfectly on a concave surface she then I am going to allow four movements
in two axes: flexion, extension plus abduction and adduction, it can be either flexion and
extension plus internal and external rotation, an example of which is the radiocarpal joint,
which allows me to do only four movements with the wrist: flexion, extension abduction
and adduction, also this type of condylar or ellipsoidal joints, we find it in the radial
humerus joint, it is what allows me to flex and extend the forearm and in addition to
that do internal and external rotation of the forearm, which is what allows me It allows
supination and pronation, then we have the reciprocal socket or saddle joints, well this
is a surface that looks like the saddle of a horse that fits perfectly on the other articular
surface characteristic of this, the thumb joint, which is the trapeziometacarpal joint
is a reciprocal or saddle joint, then we have the arthroid or flat joints.
Some authors consider that the arthroid or flat joints are not biaxial, but are unixial,
but most agree that this joint is a flat surface on another, they are biaxial type joints,
an example of which is the tarsometatarsal joint, finally the third group within these
synovial joints, which are the ones that have the least movements within them, are the uniaxial
ones, that is, they move in a single axis, uniaxi but, it allows me two movements within
it, we are going to have two, first the trochlear or hinge joints, for example, the ulnar humerus,
between the humerus and the ulna, I can only do two movements, which are flexion and extension.
It calls hinge because well you see the hinge of a door and it will take joint movements
its flexion and extension and finally the trochoid or pivot joints which are joints
that can only make internal and external rotation movements and I remind you that These movements
are only made about a longitudinal axis characteristic of it, the joint that occurs between the odontoid
process of the axis of C2 and what it is, the anterior arch of the atlas that joins
the atlaidodont joint.
The idea is that it is a type of trochoid or pivot joint, which allows me to rotate
the head or you always know the trochoid or pivot joint.
They move along the longitudinal axis and I forgot to tell you that the trochlear or
hinge joints always move along the lateral axis, as in flexion and extension.
However, with the second group of joints, which are the cartilaginous joints, you will
find In many books with the name of amphiarthrosis, I remind you that within the mobility classification
there will be semi-mobile joints that had more or less movements, not as much movements
as the synovial but if they had more or less movement, they in turn are subdivided into
two groups we are going to have primaries and secondary ones, the primaries are also
called hyaline cartilage joints or simply synchondroses, they are made of hyaline cartilage
or they are called primaries because when we are born they are cartilage characteristic
of it the growth nuclei of the long bones and these joints that They are between the
bony rib and what is the costal cartilage, which are the costal chondral joints.
They are cartilage but over time they begin to ossify.
Another example of them is the xiphoid appendix, although in this image you see the xiphoid
appendix.
bone, when we are born it is cartilage and as we grow it begins to ossify, which is why
they are called primary, and then we have the secondary ones that are made of cartilage
but no longer hyaline like the primary ones, but rather these are made of fibrous type
cartilage, You will also find them in books with the name symphysis, these characteristic
joints are the pubic symphysis and the joints between the vertebral discs of the vertebral
bodies, these are examples of secondary or fibrotic cartilage, finally the third group
of joints What I name them, which have very little or simply do not move, are the fibrous
ones that are going to get the book with the name of synarthrosis, this in turn is subclassified
into three groups.
First, we have the sutures, which are nothing more than the joints that They are formed
between the different bones that make up my cranial vault, then we have the syndesmosis,
syndesmosis are membranes or are fibrotic tissue that join two bones, characteristic
of this is the interosseous membrane that
unites the ulna with
the radius, the interosseous membrane The most famous one that joins the tibia to the
fibula is called radio carpal syndesmosis and this is the tibiofibular syndesmosis,
after that syndesmosis we are going
to have
the gomphosis which is the third type of joint within this group, This is gomphosis, an example
of
it is the joint that is formed between
the teeth and what is the jaws, that joint
is called the dental socket joint and it is the only example of gomphosis that there is
in the body and well, friends, this has been
the entire video don't forget to subscribe, like and share so
that this information reaches as many people as possible, don't forget to follow me
on instagram and @juan_sánchez1315 thank you very much
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