GERAKAN PRRI/PERMESTA

Summary

The video script discusses the PRRI and Permesta movements in Indonesia, highlighting their differences and the reasons behind their emergence. It covers the geographical and leadership distinctions, the temporary union leading to the formation of a national unity republic, and subsequent division. The script also touches on the involvement of the military, regional disparities, the rise of the PKI, and the impact of the US's covert support. It concludes with the eventual suppression of the movements by the central government, emphasizing the complex historical context of these uprisings.

Takeaways

• 📜 PRRI stands for Pemerintahan Revolusioner Republik Indonesia, while Permesta stands for Perjuangan Rakyat Semesta.
• 🗺️ The PRRI movement originated in Sumatra, whereas the Permesta movement originated in Sulawesi.
• 🤝 Despite differences, the two movements briefly merged into the Republik Persatuan Nasional but later split again.
• 🏛️ Both movements were driven by demands for regional autonomy and fairness between central and regional governance.
• 💡 The movements started within the military due to dissatisfaction with the unequal treatment of military forces outside of Java.
• ⚖️ There was growing discontent with the central government, especially about economic disparities between Java and other regions.
• 📉 The rise of the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) after the 1955 elections caused unrest within the military and regional factions.
• 🚩 Several regional councils (Dewan) were established in response to central government policies, including Dewan Banteng and Dewan Manguni.
• 🇺🇸 The United States, concerned about the rise of communism in Indonesia, supported the PRRI and Permesta rebellions through the CIA.
• ⚔️ The Indonesian central government, under President Soekarno, responded by launching military operations to quell the rebellions by 1961.

Q & A

What does 'PRRI' stand for?

PRRI stands for 'Pemerintahan Revolusioner Republik Indonesia', which translates to 'Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia'.

What is the meaning of 'Permesta'?

Permesta is an acronym for 'Perjuangan Rakyat Semesta', meaning 'Struggle of the People of the Universe', referring to a movement.

What were the main differences between the PRRI and Permesta movements?

The PRRI and Permesta movements were different in terms of their geographical locations and leaders. PRRI was based in Sumatra, while Permesta was in Sulawesi. They also had different leaders and although they had the same demands for regional autonomy and justice, they pursued their struggles separately in their respective regions.

What was the role of the military in the emergence of the PRRI and Permesta movements?

The military played a significant role as the movements originated from the dissatisfaction of military personnel, particularly in the 'Banteng' division which was split into several regiments. The disparity in welfare between military personnel in Java and outside Java also contributed to the movements.

How did the rise of the PKI affect the situation?

The rise of the PKI (Indonesian Communist Party) in the 1955 elections became a new issue that caused concern among the military, as they remembered the PKI's rebellion in Madiun in 1948.

What was the significance of Muhammad Hatta's resignation?

Muhammad Hatta's resignation as Vice President in 1956 added to the nation's instability. He was a balancing figure in the government, and his departure increased tensions.

What were the 'Dewan-Dewan' and their purpose?

The 'Dewan-Dewan' were regional councils established in response to the difficulty of conveying regional aspirations to the parliament. They chose a non-parliamentary path by forming councils, such as the Dewan Banteng in Central Sumatra led by Letkol Ahmad Husein.

What was the ultimatum given by the regional councils to the central government?

The regional councils gave an ultimatum to the Djuanda Cabinet to resign within five days and to quickly form a new cabinet by Hatta and Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono, or else they would support an opposing government in Sumatra.

What was the involvement of the United States in the PRRI-Permesta rebellion?

The United States played a role by providing support to the rebels. The CIA began secret missions to support the PRRI and Permesta movements, viewing the rebellion as an attack on President Soekarno.

How did the central government respond to the rebellion?

The central government, under President Soekarno, ordered the military to crush the PRRI-Permesta rebellion. They launched amphibious and air attacks, such as Operation Merdeka, and offered amnesty to those who surrendered voluntarily.

What were the outcomes of the PRRI and Permesta movements?

The PRRI movement in Sumatra was suppressed by military force in 1961, and the Permesta movement ended with the surrender of its leaders, including Letkol Ahmad Husein, marking the end of the rebellion.