POLITIK PINTU TERBUKA DAN POLITIK ETIS DI INDONESIA || SEJARAH INDONESIA KELAS 11 (SEBELAS) #3

Summary

The video discusses Indonesia's colonial period under Dutch rule, particularly from 1816 to 1870. It highlights the struggles faced by the Indonesian people due to exploitative policies such as the Cultuurstelsel (Forced Cultivation System) introduced by Governor-General Van Den Bosch. This system forced Indonesians to prioritize export crops, leading to poverty and famine. The liberal opposition in the Netherlands eventually led to the system's replacement with an open-door policy, which allowed foreign investments but continued to exploit the locals. The video concludes by discussing the ethical policy, which aimed to improve living conditions but largely failed in its execution.

Takeaways

• 📜 Indonesia was officially returned to Dutch control in 1816 after the signing of the London Convention.
• 💰 At the time, the Dutch government was facing financial issues due to resistance against French occupation and VOC debts.
• 👨‍💼 Governor-General Van Der Capellen was appointed to exploit Indonesia's natural resources to replenish the Dutch treasury, but his policies worsened the people's suffering.
• ⚔️ One major uprising during Van Der Capellen's rule was the Diponegoro War (1825-1830), which further strained Dutch finances.
• 🌱 Van Den Bosch, who replaced Van Der Capellen, introduced the Cultuurstelsel (Forced Cultivation System) in 1830, requiring local farmers to allocate 1/5 of their land for export crops like coffee and sugar.
• 😔 The Cultuurstelsel led to extreme exploitation of local farmers, causing poverty and hunger, as their land and labor were monopolized for the benefit of the Dutch.
• 📚 The system faced heavy criticism, especially through the book 'Max Havelaar' by Multatuli (Edward Douwes Dekker), which highlighted the exploitation of Indonesian people.
• 🏛️ In response to mounting criticism, the Cultuurstelsel was abolished in 1870, replaced by a liberal economic policy (Open Door Policy), which allowed foreign investment but continued to exploit Indonesia’s resources and people.
• 🤝 The Ethical Policy (Politik Etis) was introduced in the early 20th century as a form of gratitude to Indonesia, proposing improvements in migration, irrigation, and education (Trias Van Deventer), though its implementation largely benefited the Dutch.
• 📉 Despite the Ethical Policy, the reality for Indonesians did not improve significantly, with forced labor and low wages continuing, and education access limited mostly to the elite class.

Q & A

What event marked the official return of Indonesia to Dutch control?

The official return of Indonesia to Dutch control was marked by the signing of the London Convention, after which Indonesia was returned to Dutch administration.

Who was appointed as the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies to manage Indonesia after its return to Dutch control?

Van der Capellen was appointed as the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies to manage Indonesia after its return to Dutch control.

What was the main objective of Van der Capellen's administration in Indonesia?

The main objective of Van der Capellen's administration was to fill the Dutch treasury by exploiting Indonesia's natural resources to recover from the financial problems faced by the Netherlands.

What significant conflict occurred during Van der Capellen's term, and how did it affect his administration?

The Diponegoro War (1825–1830) occurred during Van der Capellen's term, leading to increased expenses and ultimately contributing to the failure of his administration in Indonesia.

How did the Dutch administration under Van den Bosch change the economic approach in Indonesia?

Under Van den Bosch, the Dutch administration implemented the Cultivation System (Cultuurstelsel), which required Indonesian farmers to allocate one-fifth of their land to grow export crops like coffee, sugar, and indigo for the Dutch.

What were some negative impacts of the Cultivation System on Indonesian farmers?

The Cultivation System led to Indonesian farmers losing control over their fertile lands, focusing entirely on export crops, and suffering from poverty and starvation due to the lack of resources to grow food for themselves.

What criticism arose against the Cultivation System, and who was a notable critic of this policy?

The Cultivation System faced criticism for its inhumane treatment of Indonesian farmers. A notable critic was Multatuli (pen name of Edward Douwes Dekker), who highlighted the suffering of the Indonesian people under this system in his book 'Max Havelaar'.

What policy replaced the Cultivation System, and what was its main focus?

The Cultivation System was replaced by the Liberal Economic System (Open Door Policy) in 1870, which emphasized economic freedom for private enterprises to invest in Indonesia.

What were the key goals of the Ethical Policy introduced by the Dutch in Indonesia, and who proposed it?

The Ethical Policy aimed at providing better opportunities for education, irrigation, and migration to improve the welfare of the Indonesian people. It was proposed by Van Deventer.

How did the implementation of the Ethical Policy fail to meet its intended goals in Indonesia?

The Ethical Policy's implementation was flawed as it primarily benefited Dutch interests; migration was used for labor exploitation, irrigation projects favored Dutch plantations, and education was limited mainly to the aristocracy, leaving common Indonesians with minimal educational opportunities.