Chemistry Tutorial: Atomic Structure meets the Periodic Table
Summary
TLDRThis video explains how atoms are formed by adding protons to the nucleus and electrons to the electron shells. It focuses on the first 10 elements of the periodic table, showing the relationship between the number of protons, electrons, and their position on the periodic table. The video emphasizes the connection between electron shells and the tableβs rows, demonstrating how each shell fills with electrons. The concept of valence electrons is introduced, highlighting their importance in determining an elementβs properties and how it interacts with other atoms.
Takeaways
- π¬ The number of protons in the nucleus determines the atomic number of an element.
- βοΈ The periodic table is built by adding protons and electrons, starting with hydrogen (1 proton, 1 electron).
- π§βπ« The atomic number of an element is always equal to the number of protons in its nucleus.
- π The first row of the periodic table corresponds to the first electron shell, which holds 2 electrons.
- π’ The second row of the periodic table corresponds to the second electron shell, which can hold 8 electrons.
- π§ͺ The third row of the periodic table also corresponds to a shell that holds 8 electrons.
- π The fourth row of the periodic table can hold up to 18 electrons, matching the number of elements in that row.
- π The pattern of electron distribution in shells matches the rows of the periodic table.
- π Scientists have confirmed that the first four electron shells can hold 2, 8, 8, and 18 electrons respectively.
- π The outermost electrons (valence electrons) determine an element's properties and how it interacts with other atoms.
Q & A
What is the significance of adding one proton and one electron to an atom?
-Adding one proton and one electron to an atom increases the atomic number by 1 and creates a new element. For example, adding one proton and one electron forms hydrogen (atomic number 1), and continuing this process forms subsequent elements.
How does the number of protons in an atom relate to the periodic table?
-The number of protons in an atom is equal to its atomic number, which determines the element's position on the periodic table. For instance, hydrogen has one proton and is placed at atomic number 1.
What happens to the electron shells as more electrons are added to an atom?
-As more electrons are added, they fill the electron shells in a specific order. The first shell can hold up to 2 electrons, the second can hold up to 8, and subsequent shells can hold even more.
What is the relationship between electron shells and rows in the periodic table?
-Each row in the periodic table corresponds to the filling of an electron shell. For example, filling the first shell corresponds to completing the first row (2 elements), while filling the second shell corresponds to completing the second row (8 elements).
How many electrons can the third and fourth electron shells hold?
-Both the third and fourth shells can hold 18 electrons. The third row of the periodic table has 8 elements, but the third shell can hold more electrons as elements grow more complex.
Why are the outermost electrons, or valence electrons, important?
-Valence electrons determine an element's chemical properties, such as how it bonds with other atoms, its reactivity, and other characteristics like electrical conductivity.
What is the purpose of showing the simplified version of the atom without neutrons?
-The simplified version without neutrons helps to focus on the relationship between protons, electrons, and the structure of the periodic table. Neutrons are later introduced for a more complete picture.
How many elements are formed by adding 10 protons and 10 electrons?
-By adding 10 protons and 10 electrons, you form the first 10 elements of the periodic table, ending with neon, which has an atomic number of 10.
What are 'valence electrons' and why are they described as 'cool' in the script?
-Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell of an atom, and they are 'cool' because they are crucial in determining how an atom interacts with other atoms and forms chemical bonds.
How do scientists confirm the number of electrons in each shell?
-Scientists confirm the number of electrons in each shell through experimental measurements, which align with the predicted numbers: 2 in the first shell, 8 in the second, 8 in the third, and 18 in the fourth.
Outlines
π¬ Introduction to Atom Construction and the Periodic Table
This paragraph introduces the concept of building atoms by adding protons and electrons, simplifying the atomic structure by omitting neutrons. The focus is on constructing the first ten elements, linking their atomic numbers to their positions in the periodic table. The narrator begins with hydrogen (atomic number 1) and works towards neon (atomic number 10), explaining how each additional proton and electron corresponds to a new element.
π§ͺ Connection Between Protons, Electrons, and the Periodic Table
This section explores the relationship between protons in the nucleus and the atomic number of elements in the periodic table. It highlights how the number of protons in an atom's nucleus directly determines its atomic number, with hydrogen having one proton and helium having two. The paragraph also explains how filling electron shells correlates with filling rows in the periodic table. For example, the first shell holds two electrons, corresponding to the two elements in the first row, and the second shell holds eight electrons, matching the eight elements in the second row.
π Shell Capacity and Periodic Table Row Patterns
This paragraph delves into the electron capacity of shells and how they align with the rows in the periodic table. It explains that the third shell can hold eight electrons, just like the second shell, and counts the elements in the third and fourth rows, showing how the fourth shell holds 18 electrons. The explanation emphasizes how experimental data on electron shell capacities match the periodic table structure, with two electrons in the first shell, eight in the second, eight in the third, and 18 in the fourth.
β‘ The Role of Valence Electrons
The final paragraph shifts focus to the significance of outer or valence electrons. It teases the idea that valence electrons are key to determining an element's properties, such as color, hardness, and electrical conductivity. The narrator hints that valence electrons also dictate how atoms bond with others and suggests that these outer electrons will be explored further in the next video.
Mindmap
Keywords
π‘Protons
π‘Electrons
π‘Electron Shells
π‘Periodic Table
π‘Atomic Number
π‘Hydrogen
π‘Helium
π‘Neon
π‘Valence Electrons
π‘Electron Configuration
Highlights
We will create different kinds of atoms by adding protons and electrons step-by-step.
The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus.
Adding one proton and one electron makes hydrogen, which has an atomic number of 1.
After adding 10 protons and 10 electrons, we will have neon with atomic number 10.
The connection between shells and rows in the periodic table is that the number of electrons in a shell matches the number of elements in the row.
The first electron shell can hold 2 electrons, filling the first row with 2 elements.
The second shell can hold 8 electrons, filling the second row with 8 elements.
The third shell also holds 8 electrons, corresponding to 8 elements in the third row.
The fourth shell holds 18 electrons, matching the number of elements in the fourth row.
These shell counts have been confirmed through scientific experiments.
Future shells can be calculated similarly, with the fifth, sixth, and seventh shells accommodating more electrons.
Electrons in the outermost shell, called valence electrons, determine the chemical properties of an atom.
Valence electrons define how an element behaves, including its color, hardness, and electrical conductivity.
The number of valence electrons also dictates how atoms bond with others and how many atoms they will join.
In the next video, we will explore more about the importance of valence electrons and their role in bonding.
Transcripts
[Music]
like in the last video we're going to
make different kinds of atoms by putting
10 protons in the nucleus one at a time
and as we do that we will place 10
electrons in the electron shells outside
the
nucleus remember that we are simplifying
our picture of the atom by not bothering
about the neutrons at this stage we'll
do that later we will also show how the
atoms that we make fit into the periodic
table let's see if there's a connection
between the number of protons and
electrons with the periodic table's
shape
adding one proton and one electron as we
already have makes hydrogen atomic
number
one as we add more we build elements
with bigger atomic numbers after adding
10 protons and 10 electrons we will have
neon now let's start with the blank
periodic table and add protons and
electrons see if you can spot the
connection because we're only making the
first 10 elements of the periodic table
we only need the first few rows so let's
zoom in on
those we'll start from the beginning by
making hydrogen again as we make the
atoms on the left we will put them into
their position in the periodic table
above one proton and one electron makes
a hydrogen atom atomic number
one now watch the
rest
[Music]
[Applause]
[Music]
[Applause]
let's first look at where the protons in
the nucleus show up on the periodic
table with one proton we made the
element with atomic number one
hydrogen with two protons in the nucleus
we made the element with atomic number
two
helium there's a simple connection
between these numbers they're always the
same the atomic number of an element is
equal to the number of protons in the
nucleus you can't get much simpler than
[Music]
that now let's look at where the
electrons in their shells show up on the
periodic table did you spot the
connection between shells and
rows when we filled the first electron
shell we also filled the first row of
the periodic IC
table the first shell takes two
electrons before it becomes full and the
first row takes two
[Music]
elements when we filled the second shell
we also filled the second row
row the second shell takes eight
electrons before it becomes full and the
second row takes eight
[Music]
[Applause]
[Music]
elements can you guess how many
electrons the third and fourth shells
take before they become
[Music]
full according to our new Theory the
number of electrons that it takes to
fill the third shell is the same as the
number of elements in the third row of
the periodic table
let's count
them 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 the third shell can take eight
electrons same as the second
shell while we're at it let's count the
fourth row 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
18 so it must take 18 electron to fill
the fourth
shell does this agree with the
experiment yes it does scientists have
measured the number of electrons in each
shell and this agrees with our answers
two in the first shell 8 in the second 8
in the 3D and 18 in the fourth
shell so how many electrons can the
fifth sixth and seventh shells take
see if you can work it
[Music]
out in the next video we will see how
the electrons in the outer shell are the
most important
ones they tell the element how to behave
that is what properties it will have
such as color hardness electrical
conductivity and so
on they also tell the atom how it will
join with other atoms and how many to
join
with the outer electrons are called the
veence electrons and they're really
cool
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