Grizelda, S.H., M.H. - Hukum Internasional (Subjek Hukum Internasional)

Law Faculty Mulawarman University
24 Aug 202113:17

Summary

TLDRThe video is an introduction to an international law course discussing the subjects of international law. The lecturer, Grizelda, explains that the main subjects include states, international organizations, the International Committee of the Red Cross, the Vatican, individuals, and rebel groups. She highlights key criteria for recognizing states, like permanent population, defined territory, and sovereign government. The lecturer also discusses organizations like the UN, and how rebels and individuals can be subjects of international law, especially in cases of human rights violations or war crimes.

Takeaways

  • πŸ“š International law has six key subjects: states, international organizations, the International Red Cross, the Vatican, individuals, and rebel groups.
  • 🌍 The state is the oldest and most important subject of international law, originally designed to regulate interactions between states.
  • πŸ‘₯ A state must meet five criteria according to the 1933 Montevideo Convention: a permanent population, a defined territory, a government, the capacity to interact with other states, and recognition.
  • πŸ›οΈ International organizations became subjects of international law after 1948, with the UN being recognized after a significant incident involving the killing of a UN agent.
  • 🩺 The International Red Cross (ICRC) holds a special status in international law due to its humanitarian mission and was recognized before many other international organizations.
  • ✝️ The Vatican, or the Holy See, is a unique subject of international law, focused on promoting peace rather than political influence.
  • πŸ›‘οΈ Rebel groups can be considered subjects of international law to protect their human rights, especially when recognized as organized and controlling territory (belligerency).
  • βš–οΈ Individuals who commit crimes against peace, humanity, or war crimes can be held accountable under international law through mechanisms like the International Criminal Court (ICC).
  • 🚩 Rebel groups are classified as either 'insurgents,' who spread fear sporadically, or 'belligerents,' who are more organized and seek change in a nation's political structure.
  • πŸ’‘ Students are tasked with considering whether ISIS qualifies as a subject of international law.

Q & A

  • What is the main topic of the lecture?

    -The lecture focuses on subjects of international law, specifically identifying entities that qualify as subjects under international law.

  • Who is considered the oldest and most important subject of international law?

    -The oldest and most important subject of international law is the state.

  • What are the five criteria for a state to be recognized as a subject of international law, according to the Montevideo Convention?

    -The five criteria are: (1) a permanent population, (2) a defined territory, (3) a government, (4) the capacity to enter into relations with other states, and (5) recognition by other states.

  • How did international organizations become subjects of international law?

    -International organizations became subjects of international law after 1948, following an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice regarding the legal status of the United Nations.

  • What distinguishes the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) from other international organizations?

    -The ICRC is distinct because it is primarily a humanitarian organization recognized as a subject of international law due to its humanitarian mission, and it was recognized earlier than other international organizations.

  • Why is the Vatican considered a subject of international law?

    -The Vatican is considered a subject of international law because of its unique status as a center for religious activities, particularly promoting peace, which differentiates it from typical political states.

  • Why are rebel groups considered subjects of international law?

    -Rebel groups are considered subjects of international law to ensure their human rights are protected, even if they oppose the sovereign state. Their inclusion also recognizes their role in certain conflicts under specific conditions.

  • What are the two types of rebel groups recognized in international law?

    -The two types of rebel groups are 'insurgents,' who act sporadically to instill fear, and 'belligerents,' who are more organized, with established leadership, symbols, and control over territory.

  • Under what circumstances can individuals be considered subjects of international law?

    -Individuals can be subjects of international law when they commit crimes such as crimes against peace, crimes against humanity, or war crimes. These individuals are tried in international courts, such as the International Criminal Court.

  • What question did the lecturer leave for the audience to consider?

    -The lecturer asked whether ISIS should be considered a subject of international law.

Outlines

00:00

πŸ“š Introduction to International Law Course

The speaker introduces themselves as Grizelda, the instructor for the international law course. The session continues from the previous week’s discussion on sources of international law, moving into the topic of subjects of international law. The speaker explains that subjects of international law are entities that hold rights and obligations under the law, capable of entering into legal relationships. There are six recognized subjects: states, international organizations, the International Red Cross, the Vatican, individuals, and rebel groups.

05:01

🌍 The Concept of States as Subjects of International Law

States are the oldest and most fundamental subjects of international law. The speaker references the Montevideo Convention of 1933, which outlines five criteria for an entity to be recognized as a state: a permanent population, a defined territory, a government, the capacity to enter into relations with other states, and recognition. The speaker emphasizes that these criteria do not impose limits on the population or size of a state, using examples like Brunei Darussalam and China to highlight the flexibility of the criteria.

10:04

πŸ›οΈ International Organizations as Subjects of International Law

International organizations became subjects of international law after 1948, following an incident involving the death of a UN agent in Israel. The International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled that the UN could bring claims in international law, establishing it as a subject. These organizations consist of two or more states, formed by agreement to pursue common objectives. International organizations are either public, where member states’ governments are involved, or private, where membership consists of private sector entities.

πŸš‘ The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)

The ICRC is distinguished from national Red Cross societies and is a unique subject of international law due to its humanitarian mission. The ICRC predates other international organizations and was recognized for its critical role in providing medical aid to war victims, starting with Henry Dunant’s efforts during armed conflicts. Its status as a subject of international law is tied to its role in international humanitarian efforts, and it has been granted special recognition because of the universal support and sympathy it garnered.

β›ͺ The Vatican as a Subject of International Law

The Vatican, also known as the Holy See, is another unique subject of international law. Unlike states, it focuses on promoting peace and religion rather than political power. Its role in disseminating peace gives the Vatican a distinct status in the international community, allowing it to act as a subject of international law while maintaining its spiritual and non-political objectives.

βš”οΈ Rebel Groups and Their Legal Recognition

Rebel groups are recognized as subjects of international law to ensure their human rights are protected, even during conflicts. There are two types of rebels: insurgents and belligerents. Insurgents engage in sporadic actions aimed at spreading fear, while belligerents are well-organized, with leadership and control over territory. Only belligerents, who effectively govern territories and pursue lasting changes, are considered legitimate subjects of international law. This recognition prevents governments from disregarding the rights of rebels.

βš–οΈ Individuals as Subjects of International Law

Individuals are considered subjects of international law when they commit international crimes, such as crimes against peace, humanity, or war crimes. These individuals can be held accountable in international courts like the International Criminal Court (ICC), as outlined in the Rome Statute. This ensures that individuals, especially those responsible for grave offenses, are subjected to international justice.

Mindmap

Keywords

πŸ’‘International Law

International law refers to a set of rules and principles that govern relations between sovereign states and other international actors. In the video, the speaker explains its role in regulating subjects like states, organizations, and individuals, highlighting how international law shapes global governance.

πŸ’‘Subjects of International Law

Subjects of international law are entities recognized as having rights and obligations under international law. These include states, international organizations, individuals, and entities like the Vatican. The video lists six key subjects: states, international organizations, the Red Cross, the Vatican, individuals, and rebel groups.

πŸ’‘Montevideo Convention

The Montevideo Convention is an international treaty that outlines the criteria for statehood. It specifies four essential requirements: a permanent population, a defined territory, a government, and the ability to enter relations with other states. The speaker references this convention when explaining how an entity qualifies as a state under international law.

πŸ’‘States

States are the primary subjects of international law, recognized as sovereign entities with a permanent population, territory, government, and international relations. The video emphasizes that states are the oldest and most fundamental subjects in international law, and discusses the requirements outlined in the Montevideo Convention for state recognition.

πŸ’‘International Organizations

International organizations are associations of two or more states, established by agreements to pursue common goals. The video explains how these organizations, such as the United Nations, became recognized as subjects of international law after pivotal moments, like the case involving a UN agent's death in Israel.

πŸ’‘International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)

The ICRC is an international humanitarian organization focused on providing aid in conflict zones. Unlike national Red Cross organizations, the ICRC operates globally and is recognized as a subject of international law due to its humanitarian mission. The video describes its early recognition as a legal subject due to its unique role in war relief.

πŸ’‘Vatican

The Vatican, or Holy See, is a unique subject of international law due to its religious and diplomatic role, rather than being a typical sovereign state. The video highlights the Vatican's status, emphasizing its focus on promoting peace and diplomacy rather than engaging in political or military actions.

πŸ’‘Rebel Groups

Rebel groups can sometimes be recognized as subjects of international law when they control territory and have organized leadership. The video distinguishes between two types of rebellion: insurgency, which is sporadic and disorganized, and belligerency, where the group is well-organized and controls territory. Belligerent groups can engage in international relations and be recognized under certain conditions.

πŸ’‘Individuals

Individuals can be subjects of international law when they commit crimes such as genocide, war crimes, or crimes against humanity. The video references the Rome Statute, which established the International Criminal Court (ICC) to hold individuals accountable for these serious violations.

πŸ’‘Rome Statute

The Rome Statute is the international treaty that established the International Criminal Court (ICC), which prosecutes individuals for crimes like genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. The video explains that individuals who commit these crimes can be brought before the ICC, making them subjects of international law.

Highlights

The introduction discusses the topic of international law and the professor's welcome to the students.

The lesson covers the subject of 'subjects of international law,' introducing the concept of legal entities that possess rights and obligations under international law.

Six main subjects of international law are identified: states, international organizations, the International Red Cross, the Vatican, individuals, and rebel groups.

The first and oldest subject of international law is the 'state,' and it is regulated by the Montevideo Convention of 1933.

The Montevideo Convention establishes five criteria for statehood: a permanent population, defined territory, a sovereign government, the ability to enter into relations with other states, and recognition.

International organizations became subjects of international law after 1948, following the assassination of a UN agent, Count Folke Bernadotte, which led to a ruling from the International Court of Justice.

The International Red Cross is discussed as a unique humanitarian organization recognized as a subject of international law due to its work in conflict zones and providing humanitarian aid.

The Vatican is identified as a unique subject of international law, separate from political entities, due to its role in promoting peace and religion.

Rebel groups can be considered subjects of international law when their human rights are to be protected, and they fall under two categories: insurrectos and belligerents.

Belligerent rebel groups, unlike insurrectos, are well-organized, control territory, and can effectively engage in relations, making them subjects of international law.

Individuals who commit crimes against peace, humanity, or war crimes are also considered subjects of international law and can be prosecuted under the Rome Statute.

The role of international law in protecting human rights, even for rebel groups, is emphasized, ensuring their humane treatment during conflict.

The lecturer explains that the recognition of rebel groups as subjects aims to protect human rights and prevent violations during the conflict resolution process.

At the end of the lecture, students are asked whether they believe ISIS should be considered a subject of international law, encouraging critical thinking.

The professor concludes by encouraging students to submit their answers in the comment section and ends the class with a brief farewell.

Transcripts

play00:00

I

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am by the

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[Musik]

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Ayo kalau mau

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[Musik]

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Hai

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baik Bismillahirohmanirohim

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Assalamualaikum warahmatullahi

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wabarakatuh Selamat datang teman-teman

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di mata kuliah hukum internasional

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bersama saya grizelda selaku dosen

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pengampu dari mata kuliah hukum

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internasional ini Baik menyambung

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diskusi kita Minggu melalu tentang

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sumber dari hukum internasional sendiri

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pada pertemuan kali ini kita akan

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berbicara mengenai

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subjek-subjek dalam hukum internasional

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pertanyaan kemudian adalah siapa saja

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yang menjadi subjek dari hukum

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internasional ini

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sebelum kita berbicara mengenai siapa

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saja menjadi subjek dari hukum

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internasional ini perlu teman-teman

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ketahui Apa itu definisi dari subjek

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hukum internasional pada dasarnya ketika

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kita berbicara subjek-subjek ini

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merupakan pemegang pemilik ataupun

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pendukung hak dan kewajiban berdasarkan

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atau menurut hukum sehingga antar subjek

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tersebut mampu mengadakan hubungan

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antarmereka nah kemudian Siapakah

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menjadi subjek dalam internasional

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setidaknya ada enam helm ada enam subjek

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yang diatur oleh hukum internasional

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yang paling pertama adalah negara yang

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kedua organisasi internasional yang

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ketiga Palang Merah internasional yang

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keempat Vatikan kelima individu dan yang

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terakhir adalah kaum pemberontak kita

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bahas satu persatu baik kita mulai ke

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elemen yang pertama subjek hukum

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internasional yaitu negara bisa dibilang

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negara ini merupakan subjek yang paling

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tua dan paling utama bahkan hukum

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internasional pada awalnya lahir untuk

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mengatur Negara lalu kita lihat

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Bagaimana sebuah entitas bisa

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dikategorikan sebagai negara dalam

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subjek hukum internasional

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konvensi-konvensi montevideo tahun 1933

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tips setidak-tidaknya memuat lima syarat

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yang harus dipenuhi oleh sebuah negara

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sehingga bisa dikategorikan sebagai

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subjek dalam hukum internasional syarat

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yang pertama adalah negara tersebut

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harus memiliki penduduk yang tetap a nya

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ada masyarakat yang mendiami wilayah

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ada masyarakat yang menilai ini tempat

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negara tersebut masyarakat tersebut

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tidak berpindah Entah berapa pun

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jumlahnya entah itu negara yang se-10

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Brunei Darussalam atau negara yang

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sepadat cina mereka tetap sama-sama

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dihitung sebagai salah satu subjek hukum

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internasional mereka tetap dihitung

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sebagai satu negara tidak ada standar

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harus Berapa jumlah penduduk yang

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mendiami tersebut selama ada penduduk

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yang tetap tinggal melakukan aktivitas

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di wilayah tersebut maka bisa

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dipenuhi lah syarat negara yang memiliki

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penduduk yang tetap syarat yang kedua

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penduduk yang tetap itu harus mendiami

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wilayah yang pasti artinya apa jelas

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batas-batas sampai dimana Kedaulatan

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suatu negara tersebut wilayahnya sampai

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di mana

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entah itu negara yang seluas eh ini

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Soviet ataupun negara yang sekecil

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Singapura mereka sama-sama dianggap

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sebagai satu subjek hukum internasional

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tidak ada limitasi berapa jumlah wilayah

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yang harus mereka

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kuasai yang ketiga Syarat yang ketiga

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menurut konvensi montevideo adalah

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pemerintah yang berdaulat artinya di

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dalam

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wilayah negara tersebut ada pemerintahan

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yang mampu untuk mengatur untuk

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menjalankan

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melindungi masyarakat menjalankan

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kegiatan ekonomi jalannya sistem

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administrasi dalam tersebut artinya ada

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pemerintah yang mampu mengurus

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negara tersebut itu Syarat yang ketiga

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syarat yang keempat

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adalah negara tersebut mampu mengadakan

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hubungan dengan negara lain dan yang

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kelima adalah pengakuan Oke sekarang

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kita lanjut ke

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subjek yang kedua yaitu organisasi

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internasional pada dasarnya organisasi

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internasional ini dianggap ajak hukum

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internasional awalnya Berawal Di Tahun

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1948 sebelumnya organisasi internasional

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Tidak Dianggap sebagai subjek dalam

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hukum internasional Lalu setelah t948

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diawali dengan tewasnya salah satu

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agen PBB bernama bernadotte ketika

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beliau menjalankan tugasnya di Israel

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akhirnya PBB meminta pendapat Eza pengen

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dari mahkamah internasional untuk

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menjelaskan duduknya PBB dalam hukum

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internasional lain seperti apa akhirnya

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Mahkamah Internasional

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memutarkan er besar opinionnya

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menyebabkan kalau PBB sebenarnya bisa

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mengajukan keberatan jika ada agennya

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yang terluka ada agennya yang dirugikan

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ketika melakukan tugasnya ketika

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menjalankan tugasnya

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Oleh karena itu setelah keluarnya Eza

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Rio pingin dari Mahkamah Internasional

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ini maka PBB dianggap sebagai salah satu

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subjek hukum internasional yang Hai

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dengan negara sehingga PBB bisa

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mengajukan keberatan atas sikapnya

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Israel yang membunuh agen mereka ketika

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sedang melakukan

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tugas-tugas yang

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diperanakkan oleh PBB nah kemudian apa

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ini organisasi internasional organisasi

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International ini merupakan Kumpulan Dua

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negara atau lebih yang dibentuk atas

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kesepakatan negara-negara tersebut pada

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dasarnya organisasi internasional pasti

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memiliki fungsi tujuan kewenangan asas

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dan struktur organisasinya ada dua

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bentuknya yang pertama organisasi

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internasional yang bersifat public dan

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organisasi internasional yang bersifat

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bersifat privat pembeda nya adalah

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anggota-anggota dari organisasi ini

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untuk organisasi internasional yang

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bersifat public ini biasanya anggotanya

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adalah pemerintah dari negara-negara

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tersebut Sedangkan organisasi

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internasional yang bersifat privat

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anggotanya adalah Sector Vector private

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Oke subjek yang kedua adalah

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International the committee For The Red

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Cross jadi ini adalah Palang Merah

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Internasional

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berbeda dengan Palang Merah nasional

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yang dianggap sebagai

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subjek bagi hukum internasional adalah

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Ice artinya atau Palang Merah

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Internasional Karena pada dasarnya

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ketika menjalankan aksi-aksi kemanusiaan

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Wakwaw yang memberikan mandat untuk

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menjalankan misi-misi kemanusiaan itu

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adalah icfsi Palang Merah Internasional

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Palang Merah Internasional juga tidak

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bisa disamakan dengan hukum dengan

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organisasi internasional karena dilihat

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dari sejarahnya icsid lebih dulu diakui

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sebagai subjek sebab dalam hukum

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internasional Kenapa karena misi

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kemanusiaan yang dibawa oleh Palang

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Merah Internasional ini kalau kita

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flashback bagaimana sejarah berdirinya

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Palang Merah internasional yang diawali

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dari

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kuatirnya Henry Dunant akan

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korban-korban perang Dimana

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korban-korban perang benar-benar tidak

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Nah bisa atau tidak

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diberikan

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pertolongan medis yang memadai maka dari

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situlah terketuk hati Henry dengan untuk

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membuat suntuk membuat sebuah organisasi

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internasional yang terdiri dari

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masyarakat yang terdiri dari tenaga

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tenaga kesehatan untuk

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turun langsung ke wilayah-wilayah

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konflik dan memberikan

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dan memberikan pertolongan medis bagi

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korban korban konflik tersebut

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Nah karena sifatnya yang bergerak di

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bidang kemanusiaan sehingga sejak awal

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berdirinya pun masyarakat internasional

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sudah mendapatkan simpati icrc sudah

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mendapatkan simpati yang luar biasa dari

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masyarakat internasional sehingga

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icrc jauh lebih duluan dianggap sebagai

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subjek oleh hukum internasional

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dibandingkan organisasi internasional

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pada umumnya karena bentuknya yang unik

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ini berupa organisasi kemanusiaan org

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Eh serius subjek hukum yang ketiga

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adalah Vatikan atau Tahta Suci

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mirip-mirip dengan icfsi Vatikan ini

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tidak juga bisa disamakan sebagai

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seperti negara dalam eksistensinya

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sebagai subjek hukum internasional

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Vatikan ini merupakan suatu wilayah

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Dimana

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tempat pusat penyebaran agama yang

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mengutamakan menyebarkan kedamaian

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menyebarkan perdamaian ini dianggap

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sebagai salah satu sifat unik dari

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Vatikan tersebut yang berbeda dengan

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negara-negara pada umumnya yang mostly

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bersifat politis tapi kalau Vatikan view

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untuk

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menyebarkan kedamaian jabarkan keagamaan

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Sabrina kelima adalah kaum pemberontak

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sebenarnya agak ironis Ketika suatu kaum

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pemberontak dianggap sebagai subjek

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dalam hukum internasional cuman latar

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belakang Kenapa kaum pemberontak ini

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diberi atau di diberikan titel sebagai

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subjek hukum internasional tidak lebih

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untuk menghormati untuk menghargai asasi

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dari

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kaum pemberontak itu sendiri hak asasi

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manusianya karena pada dasarnya ketika

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ada pemberontakan di suatu wilayah pasti

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negara yang berdaulat cenderung akan

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melenyapkan masalah tersebut akan

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menyelesaikan atau

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menyelesaikan masalah tersebut dengan

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cara-cara yang paling efisien nah

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kadangkala dalam penyelesaian masalah

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tersebut mengabaikan hak-hak asasi

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manusianya sehingga hukum internasional

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menganggap kaum pemberontak sebagai

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salah satu subjek diharapkan

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hak asasi manusia atau hak asasi hak

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asasi dari kaum pemberontak tersebut

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tetap bisa dijaga oleh hukum

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internasional

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Walaupun memang pada dasarnya tidak

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semua kaum pemberontak yang bisa

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dianggap sebagai subjek hukum

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internasional pada dasarnya hukum Hai

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kaum pemberontak ini ada dua bentuk

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yaitu insurjensi dan belligerensi

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insurjensi ini kaum pemberontak yang

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cenderung bersifat sporadis artinya

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ketika dia dia tugas tujuan utamanya

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hanya untuk menyebarkan ketakutan jadi

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Setelah dia menyebarkan ketakutan maka

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sudah selesai tidak ada lagi kelanjutan

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dari aksi mereka ini memang hanya untuk

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memberikan Keadaan tidak nyaman itu

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insurjensi yang kedua adalah kaum

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pemberontak yang bersifat belligerensi

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apa ini kaum pemberontak yang bersifat

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belligerensi artinya kaum pemberontak

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tersebut mereka sebenarnya sudah

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terorganisir dengan rapi Bahkan mereka

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sudah memiliki struktur organisasinya

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sudah ada ketuanya jadi tidaknya dari

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masyarakat Bagaimana satu kaum

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pemberontak bisa dikategorikan sebagai

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belligerensi yang pertama mereka sudah

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terorganisir secara rapi sudah memiliki

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pemimpin yang jelas memiliki simbol

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bendera atribut maupun logo

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menguasai wilayah sebagian atau seluruh

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dari wilayah pemberontakan tersebut dan

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berlaku secara efektif

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Hai di mereka memang benar-benar

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menguasai suatu wilayah dan penduduk di

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wilayah tersebut

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diduga mendukung kegiatan pemberontakan

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tersebut sehingga

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untuk kaum pemberontak yang bersifat

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belligerensi inilah yang bisa

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dikategorikan sebagai subjek dalam hukum

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internasional artinya Memang mereka yang

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menginginkan

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perubahan di negara tersebut mereka yang

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menginginkan pemberontakan-pemberontakan

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yang dilakukan menginginkan adanya

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perubahan di negara tersebut itu

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belligerence kaum pemberontak yang

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dianggap sebagai subjek dalam hukum

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internasional halus objek yang terakhir

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adalah individu Apa itu individu yang eh

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dianggap sebagai subjek dalam komentar

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nasional yaitu individu-individu yang

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membuat tiga kejahatan yang pertama

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individu tersebut melakukan kejahatan

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terhadap perdamaian individu tersebut

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melakukan kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan

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dan individu tersebut melakukan

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kejahatan terhadap perang

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ketika individu tersebut memang

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melakukan tiga jenis kejahatan tersebut

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maka mereka akan

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diselesaikan di Mahkamah Internasional

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Sesuai dengan amanat oleh statuta Roma 9

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8 Oke jadi itu tadi materi kita hari ini

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tentang subjek-subjek dalam hukum

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internasional kalau teman-teman ada yang

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ingin didiskusikan silahkan tanyakan di

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kolom komentar dan saya punya satu PR

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untuk teman-teman sekalian Menurut

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kalian ISIS itu termasuk subjek hukum

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internasional atau enggak Tuliskan

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jawaban kalian di kolom komentar Sampai

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ketemu di pertemuan selanjutnya

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assalamualaikum warahmatullah

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wabarakatuh

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hai hai

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[Musik]

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