Sejarah Perkembangan Pertambangan di Indonesia. #pertambangan #sejarah #indonesia
Summary
TLDRThis video from the 'Sobat Bedah Peristiwa' channel explores the history of Indonesia's mining sector during Dutch colonialism, beginning around the 1850s. The video highlights the transition from a spice-dominated economy to one centered on mining, driven by the Industrial Revolution in Europe. Key developments include the establishment of the first geological survey office, regulations favoring Dutch companies, and the eventual entry of private companies into the industry. Major milestones, such as mining laws and amendments, enabled extensive exploration and exploitation of resources like tin, oil, and coal, which shaped Indonesia's mining landscape.
Takeaways
- 📜 The history of mining in Indonesia began during the Dutch colonial era, around the 1850s.
- 🌍 Industrialization and the Industrial Revolution in Europe influenced the rise of the mining sector, shifting focus away from the spice trade.
- ⛏️ In 1850, the Dutch colonial government established a geological research office to manage and explore mining resources across the archipelago.
- 🚫 A colonial decree (Besluit No. 45) was enacted in 1850, prohibiting non-Dutch individuals from mining rights.
- 📊 Reports on mining exploration were published regularly, gaining international recognition during the colonial period.
- 🏢 By 1852, the first mining regulations were introduced, allowing private Dutch citizens to engage in mining activities outside Java.
- 💼 The Dutch government liberalized policies in 1870, granting private ownership rights to mining companies under the Agrarian Law (Agrarische Wet).
- 📝 The 'domain declaration' in the Agrarian Law allowed the government to claim any land without proven ownership, impacting local land rights.
- ⚖️ The first formal mining law (Indische Mijnwet) was introduced in 1899, focusing on basic mining operations and resource classifications.
- 📈 Significant amendments in 1910 and 1918 enabled more extensive participation of private companies in mining, introducing contracts between companies and the colonial government.
Q & A
What marked the beginning of the mining industry in Indonesia?
-The mining industry in Indonesia began during Dutch colonialism in the 1850s, influenced by the spread of the Industrial Revolution in Europe.
What was the significance of the Dutch government establishing a geological survey office in 1850?
-The establishment of the geological survey office in 1850 allowed the Dutch to manage and explore mining resources in Indonesia, expanding their control over the archipelago's mineral resources.
What did the colonial decree No. 45 in 1850 stipulate?
-Decree No. 45, issued in 1850, prohibited anyone other than Dutch citizens from receiving permission to mine land containing minerals.
When were private companies first allowed to engage in mining activities in Indonesia?
-Private companies were first allowed to participate in mining in 1852, when the Dutch government issued regulations permitting Dutch private companies to conduct mining operations outside Java.
What role did the Agrarian Law of 1870 play in Indonesia’s mining sector?
-The Agrarian Law of 1870 allowed private ownership and recognized private companies' role in mining, requiring them to lease land from the government for long periods of up to 75 years.
How did the Agrarian Law of 1870 affect local land rights?
-The Agrarian Law included a controversial 'domain declaration,' which stated that any land not proven as private property belonged to the state, disadvantaging local landowners.
What was the significance of the first Mining Law of 1899?
-The Mining Law of 1899, known as the 'Indische Mijnwet,' established regulations for mining activities in Dutch colonial Indonesia, outlining the classification of mineral resources and mining rights.
How did the 1910 and 1918 amendments to the Indische Mijnwet impact private mining companies?
-The 1910 and 1918 amendments allowed private companies more flexibility in exploration and exploitation, simplifying permit requirements and establishing contracts between private companies and the government.
What were the dominant mining commodities during the Dutch colonial period in Indonesia?
-The dominant mining commodities during this period were tin, oil, and coal.
By 1938, how many mining concessions had been granted in colonial Indonesia?
-By 1938, there were 471 mining concessions granted in Dutch colonial Indonesia.
Outlines
⛏️ The Emergence of Mining in Indonesia Under Dutch Colonialism
The history of Indonesia's mining industry began during the Dutch colonial period in the mid-1800s, coinciding with the spread of the Industrial Revolution in Europe. As mining began to replace spices as the primary commodity of the Dutch East Indies, the colonial government established a geological research office in 1850 to manage and explore mining resources. A law was passed in the same year prohibiting non-Dutch individuals from obtaining mining permits. The Dutch published exploration reports, which gained international recognition, marking the rise of mining in Indonesia as a key economic sector.
⚖️ Expansion of Private Sector Rights in Mining (1850-1899)
Over time, Dutch private companies gained the right to participate in the mining sector, especially outside Java. The first Dutch private company to receive mining rights was granted tin mining operations in Belitung in 1852. A new mining regulation was introduced, which shaped the Dutch colonial government's approach to controlling and profiting from mineral resources. The Agrarian Law of 1870 further opened opportunities for private companies by allowing them to lease land for mining purposes under long-term agreements, although the law was criticized for undermining local land rights by designating unclaimed land as state property.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Colonialism
💡Mining Industry
💡Revolutionary Industry
💡Geological Survey
💡Indische Mijnwet (IMW)
💡Private Ownership
💡Agrarian Law
💡Mining Concessions
💡Tin Mining
💡Amendments to Mining Laws
Highlights
The history of mining development in Indonesia began during Dutch colonialism around the 1850s.
The rise of mining in Indonesia was closely tied to the Industrial Revolution spreading across Europe.
By the mid-1800s, mining started to replace spices as a key commodity in the Dutch East Indies.
In 1850, the Dutch East Indies government established a Geological Investigation Office to manage exploration and mining operations.
A new colonial decree was issued in October 1850, prohibiting non-Dutch individuals from obtaining mining permits.
The results of geological research and mining explorations were regularly published, gaining international recognition at the time.
Private companies were allowed to enter the mining sector in 1852 under the first mining regulation issued by the Dutch government.
The first private Dutch company to receive mining rights operated a tin mine on Belitung Island.
A new policy shift toward more liberal regulations occurred in 1870, allowing greater private ownership and involvement in mining.
The 1870 Agrarian Law allowed private companies to lease land for mining activities from the government for up to 75 years.
The controversial Domain Declaration in the Agrarian Law declared that all land without proof of private ownership was considered state property, sparking criticism for its unfair treatment of local land rights.
In 1899, the first comprehensive mining law was introduced, called the 'Indische Mijnwet,' regulating key aspects of mining operations.
Amendments in 1910 and 1918 to the mining law expanded private sector rights and reduced government control over mining operations.
By the 1918 amendment, mining companies no longer required explicit government licensing, allowing them more flexibility in operations.
By 1938, there were 471 mining concessions and permits in the Dutch East Indies, with tin, oil, and coal dominating production.
Transcripts
[Musik]
sobat bedah peristiwa channel
kali ini kita membedah sejarah
perkembangan sektor pertambangan di
Indonesia dari masa kolonialisme Belanda
sekitar tahun 1850-an
yuk selamat menyimak
sejarah perkembangan industri
pertambangan di Indonesia bermula dari
masa kolonialisme Belanda
jika bakal industrialisasi pertambangan
ini juga tidak terlepas dari munculnya
revolusi industri yang terus meluas di
Eropa
dari sini sektor pertambangan mulai
menggeser kedudukan rempah-rempah yang
sebelumnya merupakan komoditas unggulan
di wilayah kolonial Hindia Belanda
untuk itu di tahun
1850 pemerintah Hindia Belanda
mendirikan kantor penyelidikan geologi
manajemen pengelolaan dan pencarian
bahan galian tambang yaitu
tempat di welcome
melalui lembaga inilah wilayah
penyelidikan geologi dan bahan galian
tambang akhirnya meluas hingga seluruh
pelosok nusantara
pada bulan Oktober di tahun yang sama
dibuatlah peraturan baru berupa besluit
keputusan pemerintah kolonial nomor
45 yang mengatur tentang larangan
memberikan izin penggalian tanah yang
mengandung bahan tambang kepada pihak
selain orang Belanda
Disamping itu Lembaga ini juga
menerbitkan laporan penelitian hasil
eksplorasi seputar pertambangan secara
berkala seperti yang ditulis di dalam
javasche coran dan jarbo x Van Hai Temi
bahkan pada masanya laporan ini sampai
menyebar luas dan dikenal di dunia
internasional
Seiring berjalannya waktu hak eksplorasi
pertambangan tidak hanya sebatas
dikuasai oleh pemerintah Hindia Belanda
saja namun pihak swasta juga Mulai
mendapat kesempatan untuk masuk ke
industri pertambangan ini
dimana pada tahun
1852 dibuatlah peraturan pertambangan
yang pertama kali oleh pemerintah
Belanda
di dalamnya dijelaskan tentang pemberian
hak penambangan kepada pihak swasta
warga negara Belanda
namun Aturan ini menegaskan bahwa pihak
swasta hanya boleh melakukan aktivitas
penambangan di luar pulau Jawa
pihak swasta Belanda yang pertama kali
mendapat hak penambangan
timah di Pulau Belitung
1850 menjadi landasan hukum yang
kemudian dipakai oleh kolonial Belanda
untuk menguasai mengatur serta
memanfaatkan Bahan mineral untuk
kepentingan pemerintahan Belanda
babak baru eksplorasi tambang oleh
perusahaan swasta memasuki tahun
1870 terjadilah perubahan arah kebijakan
pemerintah Belanda yang lebih liberal
saat itu muncul peraturan baru yang
dikenal dengan nama agraris cewek di
mana untuk pertama kalinya hak
kepemilikan pribadi dan peran swasta
diakui oleh pemerintah Hindia Belanda
masih melalui aturan agraris cewek
perusahaan swasta yang membutuhkan tanah
untuk aktivitas pertambangan harus
menyewa ke pemerintah terlebih dahulu
dengan jangka waktu panjang 75 tahun
namun pihak swasta juga bisa menyewa
tanah dalam jangka waktu pendek kepada
penduduk Hindia Belanda di bawah
persetujuan pemerintah
ada satu pernyataan di dalam agraris
cewek yang kala itu dinilai kurang
menghargai hak-hak rakyat atas tanah
yang bersumber pada hukum yakni
pernyataan tanah negara domain
pernyataan dalam domain yang dinilai
merugikan rakyat karena mengeruk
keuntungan sebesar-besarnya terdapat
pada pasal 1 domain yang berbunyi bahwa
semua tanah yang pihak lain tidak dapat
membuktikan sebagai hak engine hak milik
adalah menjadi domain milik negara
munculnya aturan usaha pertambangan
milik perusahaan swasta untuk mengatur
usaha pertambangan termasuk di dalamnya
pertambangan minyak di daerah kolonial
Hindia Belanda maka pada tahun
1899 dikeluarkan undang-undang
pertambangan yang pertama u ini disebut
dengan Indische
Kendati demikian di dalam Indische
miguet hanya mengatur mengenai
pokok-pokok persoalan pertambangan
seperti penggolongan bahan galian dan
pengusahaan pertambangan saja
pasalnya pemilik tanah masih tidak
memiliki hak atas Sumber daya mineral
yang terdapat di bawah tanah miliknya
sebelum adanya amandemen pada imw ini
kesan dari undang-undang tambang pada
zaman penjajahan Belanda memang terlihat
sangat terbatas di samping itu akses
untuk eksplorasi pun hanya boleh
dilakukan oleh pemerintah kolonial
kemudian terjadilah Amandemen sebanyak
dua kali yaitu di tahun 1910 dan 1918
melalui amandemen ini mulai nampak
perubahan yang signifikan terhadap
posisi swasta dalam kaitannya
penambangan mineral
melalui pasal 5A amandemen tahun 1910
perusahaan swasta diperbolehkan untuk
melakukan penyelidikan maupun
eksploitasi melalui perjanjian dengan
pemerintah yang nantinya disahkan oleh
undang-undang
tidak hanya itu pihak swasta juga
mendapat kemudahan dalam melakukan
penambangan dan eksploitasi di wilayah
Hindia Belanda yakni ketika adanya
amandemen tahun 1918
melalui amandemen yang kemudian dikenal
dengan sistem kontrak antara pemerintah
dan swasta kewajiban perijinan yang
disahkan oleh undang-undang akhirnya
ikut dihapus
amandemen pada imw ini sekaligus
memberikan pembahasan yang lebih
mendalam seperti perihal perlindungan
atas kepentingan usaha warga dan
perusahaan swasta milik Hindia Belanda
ada juga aturan mengenai masa berlaku
konsesi serta besaran pajak dan cukai
yang nantinya dipungut oleh pemerintah
dengan demikian mineral dan bahan
tambang yang dieksploitasi sepenuhnya
milik perusahaan yang bersangkutan
setidaknya sampai akhir tahun
1938 terdapat
471 konsesi dan izin Pertambangan yang
ada di wilayah kolonialisasi Hindia
Belanda
Pada masa itu produksi tambang
didominasi oleh timah minyak bumi dan
batubara
oke sekian untuk sesi kali ini
semoga informasinya bermanfaat bagi
sahabat bedah peristiwa channel
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