Cristianesimo: astri giù, uomo su.
Summary
TLDRThe video script discusses the decline of Greek philosophy after the great thinkers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, leading to the rise of Hellenistic philosophies that advocate for moral teachings such as apathy, ataraxia, and aponia. These philosophies suggest a retreat from life to avoid suffering and the pursuit of truth, which is seen as elusive. The script then transitions to the impact of Christian philosophy, which introduced a moral and theological revolution with significant philosophical implications. It emphasizes the concept of a single God as both logos (thought) and love, and the universe as a created entity, not divine. This shift led to a rejection of the Aristotelian-Ptolemaic system and the deification of celestial bodies. Early Christian thinkers like Augustine argued against astrology and the worship of celestial bodies, asserting human freedom and the concept of 'person' as a new philosophical idea, granting every individual, regardless of status, immense dignity. This marked a profound change in the philosophical understanding of the individual's worth and role in the cosmos.
Takeaways
- 📚 The script discusses the decline of Greek philosophy after the great philosophers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, leading to the rise of Hellenistic philosophies focusing on moral teachings.
- 🧘 Hellenistic philosophies advocate for apathy, ataraxia (tranquility), and aponia (freedom from suffering), suggesting a life free from passions to avoid suffering and disappointment.
- 🤔 Skepticism during this period questioned the pursuit of truth, implying that it may not be as meaningful to seek it if it cannot be found.
- 🔄 The script contrasts the decline in Greek philosophical thought with the rise of Christian philosophy, which brought about a moral and theological revolution with clear philosophical implications.
- ⛪ Christian philosophy introduced the concept of a single, loving God who is both logos (reason) and the creator of a universe that is not self-sufficient but created in time.
- 🌌 The cosmological view of the universe as a created entity destined to end challenged the Aristotelian-Ptolemaic system, which viewed celestial bodies as divine and perfect.
- 🌟 Early Christian theologians and philosophers argued against the deification of celestial bodies, asserting they are material creations subject to God's laws, not gods themselves.
- ⚖️ The rejection of astrology by Christian philosophy emphasized human freedom and the idea that the stars and planets do not determine human life.
- 🚫 St. Augustine's stance against astrology was part of a broader Christian opposition to the practice, aligning with the first commandment of monotheism.
- 🧐 St. Thomas Aquinas later had to address the influence of the stars, suggesting they might affect personality and physical traits but not deprive humans of free will.
- 🌱 The concept of 'person' as a new philosophical idea brought by Christian philosophy, granting every individual a unique dignity, regardless of their status in the ancient Greek world.
- 🕊️ The transformation in the view of humans as individuals directly created and thought by God represented a significant philosophical shift from the hierarchical views of Plato and Aristotle.
Q & A
What is the significance of the decline of Greek philosophy after Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle?
-The decline signifies a shift in philosophical focus towards moral philosophies known as Hellenistic philosophies, which emphasize emotional detachment and the avoidance of suffering as a means to live a virtuous life.
What does the term 'apatia' refer to in the context of Hellenistic philosophies?
-'Apatia' refers to the concept of emotional detachment or the absence of passion, which was advocated as a means to avoid the suffering that comes from being emotionally involved in life.
How did the Christian revolution impact philosophical thought?
-The Christian revolution introduced a new moral and theological framework that had profound philosophical implications, shifting the focus towards a monotheistic view of a divine, rational, and loving God, and the belief in a created universe governed by divine laws.
What was the role of the concept of 'logos' in Christian philosophy?
-In Christian philosophy, 'logos' is seen as both divine thought and love, representing the idea that the universe and all its components are the result of a thoughtful and intentional creation by God.
How did the Christian view of the cosmos differ from the Aristotelian-Ptolemaic system?
-The Christian view considered the cosmos as a created and temporal reality, not composed of divine, perfect, and unchanging entities. This stood in contrast to the Aristotelian-Ptolemaic system, which viewed the cosmos as eternal and the celestial bodies as divine.
What was the stance of early Christian philosophers and theologians on the worship of celestial bodies?
-Early Christian philosophers and theologians, such as Augustine, argued against the worship of celestial bodies, asserting that they were material creations subject to divine laws, not divine entities themselves.
How did the Christian philosophy challenge the practice of astrology?
-Christian philosophy challenged astrology by asserting that the stars and planets were created objects obeying physical laws and could not determine human life or fate, thus denying the astrological belief in the influence of celestial bodies on human affairs.
What is the meaning of 'astri inclinant, non necessitant' in the context of Thomas Aquinas' work?
-'Astri inclinant, non necessitant' means that the stars may influence human character or physical traits to some extent but do not take away human free will, emphasizing the individual's liberty to make choices.
How did the concept of 'persona' introduced by Christian philosophy differ from the Greek concept of the individual?
-The Christian concept of 'persona' endowed every individual, regardless of their status, with a new and unique dignity directly created by God, contrasting with the Greek view where concepts like natural slaves and hierarchical value of individuals existed.
What was the most significant philosophical change brought about by Christian philosophy regarding the view of human beings?
-The most significant change was the transformation of every human being into a creature with immense dignity, regardless of their ethnicity, gender, age, or health, as each was seen as a singular individual directly willed and thought by God.
How did the Christian revolution influence the understanding of the human person in relation to the divine?
-The Christian revolution emphasized that each person is a unique creation of God, possessing inherent dignity and freedom, and is not subject to the deterministic influences of celestial bodies or fate, as opposed to the views of classical Greek philosophy.
What was the role of the concept of free will in Christian philosophy as it pertains to human dignity?
-The concept of free will was central to Christian philosophy, asserting that every human, as a creation of God, has the freedom to make choices and is not bound by the deterministic influences of the cosmos, which reinforces the idea of human dignity and individual worth.
Outlines
📜 Decline of Ancient Greek Philosophy and the Rise of Hellenistic Philosophies
The first paragraph discusses the decline of Greek philosophy after the works of the great philosophers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. It introduces Hellenistic philosophies, which are primarily moral philosophies advocating for apathy, ataraxia, and aponia. These philosophies suggest a life free from passions and emotional involvement to avoid suffering and disappointment. The paragraph also touches on the skepticism of the time, questioning the value of seeking truth. It reflects on the failure of philosophy to provide definitive answers to the most important questions of existence, suffering, and morality.
🌟 The Christian Revolution and Its Philosophical Implications
The second paragraph explores the Christian revolution, emphasizing its moral and theological aspects with significant philosophical implications. It outlines the foundational principles of Christian philosophy, including the concept of a singular God who is both logos (reason or thought) and love. The paragraph discusses the Christian cosmological view that the universe is created and temporal, contrasting with the Aristotelian-Ptolemaic system that positioned celestial bodies as divine and perfect. It also addresses the Christian rejection of astrology and the divinity of celestial bodies, asserting that humans are free and possess dignity as individuals created by God. The paragraph concludes by highlighting the transformation in the concept of 'person' within Christian philosophy, which grants every human being, regardless of their status, an immense dignity and value.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Socrates
💡Plato
💡Aristotle
💡Hellenistic philosophies
💡apatia
💡ataraxia
💡Christian Revolution
💡Logos
💡Astrology
💡Personhood
💡Freedom
Highlights
After the great philosophers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, Greek philosophy experienced a decline with the rise of Hellenistic philosophies that focused on moral teachings.
Hellenistic philosophies advocated for apathy, ataraxia (tranquility), and aponia (freedom from pain), promoting a life free from passions and suffering.
These philosophies suggested withdrawing from life to avoid suffering and even questioned the pursuit of truth, reflecting a perceived failure of philosophy to provide definitive answers to life's most important questions.
Plato's use of myths and his belief that reality is difficult to fully comprehend foreshadowed the limitations of philosophical inquiry.
A few centuries after the decline of Greek philosophy, the Christian revolution brought about a major shift in moral, theological, and philosophical thought.
Christian philosophy was built on the foundations of a monotheistic God who is both logos (reason) and love, a novel concept in the philosophical landscape.
The Christian view of the universe as a created, temporal reality challenged the Aristotelian-Ptolemaic system that viewed celestial bodies as divine and perfect.
Early Christian theologians and philosophers, such as Augustine, argued that the sun and moon were not gods but material creations subject to God's laws.
This shift led to the decline of astrological beliefs and practices, as Christians viewed the stars as created objects obeying physical laws, not divine entities.
The Christian fight against astrology was a major battle in defending the first commandment and the belief in human freedom.
Thomas Aquinas in the 13th century had to address the issue of astrology's influence, arguing that celestial bodies could affect human character and physique but not our free will.
The concept of the person as a unique, immediately created individual endowed with dignity was a new and transformative idea in Christian philosophy.
This view contradicted Platonic and Aristotelian ideas that some people were naturally slaves or inferior, and emphasized the inherent worth and dignity of every human being.
The Christian philosophy elevated every individual, regardless of their status, as a creature of immense worth, directly willed and thought by God.
This represented the most significant philosophical change brought about by Christian thought, emphasizing the inherent dignity and freedom of every human being.
Transcripts
[Musica]
Buongiorno ragazzi Abbiamo visto
brevemente i tre grandi Socrate Platone
Aristotele dopo questi giganti la
filosofia greca conosce un declino ci
sono le cosiddette filosofie
ellenistiche che sono soprattutto
filosofie morali e che
predicano Adesso lo diciamo in linea
generale l'apatia l'atarassia l' aponia
Questo è un Alfa privativo cioè è una
una lettera che nega la parola
successiva quindi predicano la mancanza
di passioni il tentativo di vivere una
vita che non si lasci coinvolgere perché
se noi viviamo soffriamo andiamo
incontro a sconfitte se amiamo prendiamo
delle delusioni Allora che cosa bisogna
fare bisogna ritirarsi bisogna cercare
di non soffrire di non patire in un
certo senso anche di non vivere
addirittura dal punto di vista
gnoseologico gli scettici dicono anche
la verità non ha tanto senso cercarla
c'è non c'è se c'è non la troviamo
quindi le filosofie eliste ellenistiche
in qualche modo ammettono un certo
fallimento della filosofia alle domande
più più importanti perché esisto perché
vivo perché il dolore perché il male
l'uomo non ha dato una risposta
definitiva e se voi pensate a Platone
che usa spesso il mito lo stesso Platone
sapeva di poter soltanto intuire
qualcosa perché la realtà è molto
difficile da comprendere nella sua
interezza Ebbene a questo fallimento fra
virgolette del pensiero filosofico greco
corrisponde sul piano temporale qualche
ehm un centinaio di anni dopo la
rivoluzione Cristiana che è una
rivoluzione Anzitutto se volete morale
teologica ma con delle implicazioni
filosofiche Molto evidenti per esempio
tutta la filosofia cristiana avrà dei
caposaldi dei pensieri da cui partire
l'arch cercato dai Greci È un Dio unico
che è logos pensiero ma anche amore e
questa è una novità logos no l'universo
con i suoi astri con i suoi pianeti con
i suoi animali è qualcosa di pensato e
di voluto nato però nel tempo quindi con
non autosussistenza
vuole e fra virgolette crea Questi sono
i capisaldi su cui ogni filosofo
Cristiano deve costruire la sua
speculazione
Ebbene vediamo subito le implicazioni di
questa visione
cosmologica se l'universo è una realtà
destinata a finire e il sole la luna le
stelle sono solo degli
oggetti cade tutto il sistema
aristotelico tolemaico quello per cui i
pianeti sono lisci divini perfetti
cristallini O come dice Platone nel
Timeo dei visibili È vero ci vorrà il
canocchiale di Galileo nel 609 puntato
sulla luna per contraddire
definitivamente il sistema aristotelico
tolemaico ma I filosofi i teologi del
primo secoli già lo fanno il sole non è
un Dio la luna non è un Dio sono dice
Agostino delle Creature materiali che si
muovono secondo determinate Leggi il
pagano Celso accusa i cristiani di non
venerare il sole e il Cristiano origine
nel izo secolo risponde rispondiamo che
celebrare il sole non Attendiamo gli
ordini da nessuno lo celebriamo in vero
ma come opera del Creatore che obbedisce
alle leggi di Dio il sole e la luna non
sono più divinità non sono più entità
ripeto Divine di quintessenza sono
creature che obbediscono a leggi Divine
In altre parole astri giù uomo su perché
uomo su perché se gli astri non sono più
quelle entità Divine di prima non hanno
più neanche il potere di determinare la
vita degli uomini cadono per esempio
tutte quelle visioni tipiche del mondo
antico di stampo astrologico l'oroscopo
dice Agostino non ha senso non
interrogare le stelle le stelle sono
oggetti creati che obbediscono a legi
fisiche tu sei soggetto libero Guardate
che la battaglia contro l'astrologia
sarà una delle più principali battaglie
della filosofia cristiana che se volete
è in relazione con il primo comandamento
non avrei altro diol in fuori di me cioè
i pianeti non sono dei mi spiego pensate
che ancora nel XO secolo Tommaso dovrà
spiegare astri inclinant non necessitant
Cosa vuol dire vuol dire che gli astrici
possono anche influenzare in qualche
modo a livello caratteriale corporale ma
non ci tolgono la nostra libertà Dunque
L'uomo è libero l'uomo è persona il
concetto di persona è un concetto nuovo
è un concetto che dà al singolo
individuo umano immediatamente
singolarmente creato una dignità
completamente nuova che nel mondo greco
non esisteva il concetto di persona per
esempio è quello che porta a contraddire
Platone e Aristotele per i quale per i
quali esistevano schiavi per natura
uomini superiori uomini inferiori
bambini sani da far crescere bambini
nati da eliminare
la visione dell'uomo come singolo
individuo direttamente voluto e pensato
da Dio Trasforma ogni singolo uomo in
una creatura dotata di un'immensa
dignità che sia lo ripeto Barbaro o
greco maschio o femmina adulto o bambino
sano o malato dal punto di vista morale
Questo è il più grande cambiamento
filosofico portato dal dalla filosofia
cristiana R
[Musica]
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