APUSH America's History: Chapter 9 Review Video

Adam Norris

13 Oct 201414:38

Summary

TLDRThis video provides an insightful overview of Chapter 9 from 'America's History', focusing on the transformation of the U.S. economy between 1800 and 1860. Key topics include the American Industrial Revolution, the introduction of the factory system and assembly lines, and the Lowell System, which offered women greater independence. It also covers the Market Revolution, transportation developments like canals and railroads, and inventions such as Eli Whitney’s cotton gin and interchangeable parts. Additionally, it touches on the growth of unions, immigration patterns, and religious movements like the Second Great Awakening.

Takeaways

🔧 The American Industrial Revolution introduced the division of labor and early assembly lines, especially in industries like slaughterhouses and shoe factories.
🇺🇸 Samuel Slater, known as the father of the American factory system, brought textile factory designs from Britain, helping start American manufacturing.
🏭 The U.S. had natural resource advantages and tariffs on foreign goods, but Britain had a larger workforce willing to work for low wages in the textile industry.
🧵 The Lowell system allowed young women from local farms to work in factories, providing them with independence and wages while living under strict rules in boarding houses.
⚙️ Eli Whitney's inventions, including the cotton gin and interchangeable parts, greatly increased production efficiency and contributed to the growth of slavery in the U.S.
🛠️ Unions began to form to negotiate with employers, but they were not widely recognized as legal until Massachusetts' Commonwealth vs. Hunt case in 1837.
🚂 The Market Revolution transformed labor, population, and transportation in the U.S., especially benefiting the Northeast and Midwest with improvements in roads, canals, and railroads.
📜 Key transportation innovations included the Erie Canal and National Road, which expanded trade and connected regions of the country.
🏙️ The Market and Industrial Revolutions led to the growth of cities and social class distinctions, with an emerging middle class and more pronounced wealth disparities.
🍻 The Temperance movement, led largely by women, sought to reduce alcohol consumption, while religious figures like Charles Grandison Finney preached individual free will during the Second Great Awakening.

Q & A

What was the role of Samuel Slater in the American Industrial Revolution?
-Samuel Slater played a key role in the American Industrial Revolution by memorizing British factory plans and bringing them to the United States, earning him the title 'Father of the Factory System in America.'
How did the division of labor impact American factories in the early 1800s?
-The division of labor allowed American factories to increase efficiency by assigning workers to specific repetitive tasks, similar to primitive assembly lines, which sped up production.
Why were tariffs important in the American textile industry during the early 1800s?
-Tariffs, such as those implemented under Henry Clay’s American System, protected American businesses by making foreign goods more expensive, encouraging the development of domestic industries.
How did the Lowell System contribute to women's independence in the 19th century?
-The Lowell System provided employment opportunities for young women from local farms, giving them a degree of financial independence by working in factories and living in employer-provided boarding houses.
What were Eli Whitney's two major contributions to the American Industrial Revolution?
-Eli Whitney's two major contributions were the invention of the cotton gin, which revolutionized cotton processing, and the concept of interchangeable parts, which increased the efficiency of manufacturing.
How did the Market Revolution affect the economy of the Northeast and Midwest differently than the South?
-The Market Revolution connected the Northeast and Midwest through improved transportation and economic systems, while the South remained largely focused on agriculture, particularly cotton production.
What was the significance of the Erie Canal in the early 19th century?
-The Erie Canal significantly reduced transportation costs by connecting New York City to the Great Lakes, enabling goods to be shipped more quickly and cheaply, spurring economic growth.
How did the rise of factories and industrialization affect social classes in America?
-Industrialization led to the emergence of distinct social classes, with a clear divide between the wealthy business elite, the growing middle class, and urban workers and the poor, who were particularly vulnerable during economic downturns.
What was the purpose of the Second Great Awakening, and how did it influence American society?
-The Second Great Awakening was a religious revival that emphasized individual free will and the possibility of salvation for everyone, leading to social reforms such as temperance, abolitionism, and the establishment of asylums.
What was the impact of nativism on Irish immigrants during the 19th century?
-Nativism, driven by fears of Catholic influence and the political power of Irish immigrants, led to widespread discrimination against Irish Catholics, who were often seen as a threat to American Protestant values and politics.

Outlines

00:00

💼 Introduction to the American Industrial Revolution

This paragraph introduces Chapter 9 of America's history, focusing on the American Industrial Revolution (1800-1860). The division of labor and the rise of factory work are discussed, with examples such as assembly lines in slaughterhouses (Porkopolis) and shoe factories. Samuel Slater's role as the 'father of the American factory system' is highlighted, as he brought British textile knowledge to America. The U.S. textile industry's advantages, including tariffs, natural resources, and innovations like the Lowell system, are also covered. Eli Whitney's contributions, including the cotton gin and interchangeable parts, are emphasized.

05:03

🚢 Transportation and the Market Revolution

This section covers the rise of transportation systems during the Market Revolution, including canals (notably the Erie Canal) and steamboats. These innovations connected regions and significantly reduced transportation costs and times. Railroads eventually replaced canals, further connecting the North and Midwest. Inventions like the McCormick reaper and John Deere's steel plow helped improve agricultural productivity. While the North and Midwest embraced manufacturing and trade, the South remained focused on agriculture, particularly cotton. The development of cities like Cincinnati and Buffalo is attributed to their roles as manufacturing and trading centers.

10:03

🏠 Social Classes and Economic Changes in the Market Revolution

This paragraph discusses the social impacts of the Market and Industrial Revolutions, particularly the emergence of distinct social classes. The wealthy elite began to dress more extravagantly, marking a growing divide between them and the working class. The middle class, made up of farmers, merchants, and professionals, became a powerful demographic, with a focus on education and cultural refinement. Meanwhile, urban workers and the poor struggled, especially during economic downturns. Children were often forced to work, and families faced hardships. This era saw the rise of class-based tensions and distinctions.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡American Industrial Revolution

The American Industrial Revolution refers to the transformation in manufacturing and production processes from 1800 to 1860. It introduced assembly lines, mechanized labor, and factory systems in industries like textiles and shoes, increasing efficiency. This revolution is the central theme of the video, which emphasizes its role in transforming the economy and creating new labor divisions.

💡Division of Labor

Division of labor refers to the process of breaking down work into specific tasks that are repeated by workers. This method, seen in early assembly lines and places like Cincinnati's slaughterhouses, increased efficiency and productivity in factories. The video highlights it as a key feature of industrialization, making work more specialized and routine.

💡Lowell System

The Lowell System was a labor and production model that involved hiring young women from rural areas to work in factories, primarily in Massachusetts. These women lived in company-provided boarding houses and followed strict rules, offering them a degree of independence. The system is important in understanding early labor dynamics, especially for women, during the Industrial Revolution.

💡Eli Whitney

Eli Whitney was an American inventor, best known for creating the cotton gin and developing interchangeable parts for manufacturing. His inventions had a significant impact on both agriculture and industry, as the cotton gin led to an increase in slavery, while interchangeable parts revolutionized production efficiency. His contributions are central to the technological advancements discussed in the video.

💡Market Revolution

The Market Revolution was a major economic transformation in the U.S., involving changes in labor systems, population distribution, and transportation. It connected regions like the Northeast and Midwest through infrastructure like canals and railroads. The video highlights how this revolution primarily affected the Northern regions while leaving the Southern states reliant on agriculture.

💡Erie Canal

The Erie Canal was a significant engineering project that connected the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean via the Hudson River, drastically reducing transportation costs and time. It played a critical role in boosting trade between the Northeast and Midwest, as mentioned in the video. The canal exemplifies the infrastructural changes that fueled the Market Revolution.

💡Interchangeable Parts

Interchangeable parts, pioneered by Eli Whitney, were standardized components that could be used in various products, like guns, to streamline production. This innovation allowed factories to produce goods faster, more consistently, and at a lower cost. The video compares interchangeable parts to cookie cutters, emphasizing their importance in shaping the industrial manufacturing process.

💡Commonwealth v. Hunt

Commonwealth v. Hunt was an 1837 Massachusetts Supreme Court case that legalized labor unions and their right to strike. This marked a turning point for the labor movement, although unions didn’t gain widespread influence until after the Civil War. The video presents it as a symbolic victory for workers’ rights during the Industrial Revolution.

💡Second Great Awakening

The Second Great Awakening was a religious revival movement in the early 19th century that emphasized individual salvation and free will, contrasting with Calvinist ideas of predestination. Charles Finney, a key figure in this movement, helped spread its message, particularly resonating with middle-class Americans. The video highlights its impact on society and its links to social reforms like temperance.

💡Nativism

Nativism is the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants. In the video, it is associated with the fear of growing immigrant populations, particularly the Irish and Germans. Nativists feared that immigrants, especially Catholics, would have too much political influence, leading to social tension and anti-immigrant sentiment.

Highlights

The American Industrial Revolution saw the introduction of primitive assembly lines, particularly in slaughterhouses in Cincinnati, nicknamed 'Porkopolis.'

Samuel Slater is known as the father of the American factory system, having smuggled British industrial knowledge to the U.S. in disguise.

The U.S. had significant natural resources and imposed tariffs to promote American business over foreign competition as part of Henry Clay's American System.

The Lowell System in Massachusetts employed young women from farming families, providing them independence and strict living conditions in boarding houses.

U.S. patents increased drastically between 1820 and 1860, symbolizing the country’s innovation and technological growth.

Eli Whitney revolutionized manufacturing with his invention of the cotton gin and interchangeable parts, leading to mass production and cheaper goods.

The Commonwealth v. Hunt case in 1837 was pivotal in making unions legal in Massachusetts, although unions did not gain widespread traction until after the Civil War.

The Market Revolution, which impacted labor, population, and transportation, primarily benefited the Northeast and Midwest, leaving the South behind.

The construction of the National Road and the Erie Canal connected distant regions, enhancing trade between New York City, the Great Lakes, and the Midwest.

Railroads began to replace canals as the primary transportation method, particularly during and after the Civil War, linking the North and Midwest.

Cities like Cincinnati, Buffalo, and Pittsburgh emerged as key trading and manufacturing centers during the Industrial and Market Revolutions.

Distinct social classes began to form, with the business elite dressing more extravagantly and employing servants, while the middle class grew in influence.

The Benevolent Empire was a religious movement aimed at reducing alcohol consumption and vices, leading to social reforms such as homes for orphans and asylums.

Charles Grandison Finney played a major role in the Second Great Awakening, promoting free will and the belief that anyone could be saved.

The American Temperance Society, with 200,000 members, advocated for abstaining from alcohol and had significant social influence in the early 19th century.