Biologist Answers Biology Questions From Twitter | Tech Support | WIRED

WIRED
25 Nov 202118:26

Summary

TLDREn este video, el biólogo y autor Thor Hanson responde a una variedad de preguntas de Twitter sobre biología. Explora temas como si los virus están vivos, la evolución de las plantas, cómo los ojos azules son una mutación reciente, y el debate sobre cómo las especies evolucionan. Hanson también aborda cuestiones sobre la bioética, el cambio climático y sus efectos en la fauna, así como misterios sin resolver como el porqué bostezamos. Con un enfoque accesible y educativo, el video ofrece una visión fascinante del mundo natural y la ciencia biológica.

Takeaways

  • 🧬 Los virus no cumplen con la definición tradicional de vida, ya que no tienen células y necesitan células vivas para reproducirse.
  • 🌵 Las suculentas son difíciles de cuidar en interiores porque han evolucionado para sobrevivir en condiciones extremadamente secas.
  • 🌱 Las semillas varían enormemente en tamaño, desde las diminutas semillas de las orquídeas hasta la gran semilla de doble coco.
  • 🦖 El Archaeopteryx es un fósil crucial que muestra características tanto de reptiles como de aves, sugiriendo que las aves son dinosaurios vivos.
  • 🐶 Los perros y los lobos pueden cruzarse, ya que los perros descienden de los lobos, pero los perros y los zorros no pueden, ya que son genéticamente más distantes.
  • 🐟 La transición de los peces a la tierra no fue un proceso lineal; la evolución es un fenómeno complejo y multifacético.
  • 🧠 La evolución humana ha estado marcada por el aumento del tamaño cerebral, que requiere un mayor consumo de calorías.
  • 🍌 El CRISPR es una herramienta biotecnológica que podría ayudar a las bananas Cavendish a resistir la amenaza de hongos.
  • 🌿 Las plantas generalmente crecen desde la parte superior, pero algunas, como los pastos, crecen desde la base para adaptarse a la herbivoría y el corte.
  • 🌡️ El cambio climático impacta a la fauna de manera significativa, provocando que muchas especies migren, se adapten o enfrenten la extinción.

Q & A

  • ¿Por qué los virus no se consideran organismos vivos?

    -Los virus no se consideran vivos porque no tienen células y solo pueden reproducirse al cooptar las capacidades reproductivas de una célula viva, lo cual no cumple con la definición tradicional de vida en biología.

  • ¿Por qué las suculentas son difíciles de mantener como plantas de interior?

    -Las suculentas están adaptadas a condiciones de sequía extrema en la naturaleza, y es difícil replicar esas condiciones dentro de una casa, lo que las hace plantas delicadas para cuidar en interiores.

  • ¿Qué es un ejemplo de la diferencia en tamaño de semillas en la naturaleza?

    -Un ejemplo extremo es la diferencia entre las semillas de la orquídea Coralroot, que son del tamaño de partículas de polvo, y la semilla del coco doble, que puede llegar a pesar 40 libras.

  • ¿La teoría de la evolución de Darwin también se aplica a las plantas?

    -Sí, la teoría de Darwin de la evolución por selección natural también se aplica a las plantas.

  • ¿Por qué los lobos y los perros pueden cruzarse, pero no los perros y los zorros?

    -Los lobos y los perros pueden cruzarse porque son parientes cercanos y pertenecen al mismo género, mientras que los zorros pertenecen a un género diferente, lo que impide que se crucen.

  • ¿Cómo fue posible que algunos peces evolucionaran para caminar en tierra?

    -Aunque no sabemos con precisión cómo ocurrió, todavía existen criaturas como el pez pulmonado, que puede arrastrarse brevemente sobre la tierra. Este tipo de transición de los peces al caminar fue un proceso gradual y complejo.

  • ¿Por qué la yawn (bostezo) sigue siendo un misterio para los científicos?

    -A pesar de ser una acción común, los científicos aún no entienden completamente por qué las personas bostezan, lo que demuestra que incluso los fenómenos más cotidianos pueden ser un misterio.

  • ¿Cómo afecta el cambio climático a la vida silvestre?

    -El cambio climático está obligando a las especies a moverse, adaptarse o morir. Muchas están cambiando de hábitat, adaptando sus comportamientos o dietas, mientras que otras están desapareciendo por completo.

  • ¿Por qué los ojos azules son el resultado de una mutación reciente?

    -Los ojos azules son el resultado de una mutación en el ADN que ocurrió relativamente reciente en la historia humana. Aunque no se conoce la ventaja evolutiva específica de esta mutación, ha persistido en algunas poblaciones.

  • ¿Cómo está afectando el cambio climático a la interacción entre chimpancés y gorilas?

    -En Gabón, los científicos han observado recientemente a chimpancés atacando y matando gorilas, lo cual podría estar relacionado con la competencia por recursos alimenticios debido a los cambios climáticos.

Outlines

00:00

🦠 ¿Los virus están vivos?

El autor responde a una pregunta sobre si los virus están vivos. Explica que la vida generalmente se define como organismos con células que responden al entorno y se reproducen por sí mismos. Los virus no cumplen con esta definición, ya que carecen de células y solo se reproducen al invadir células vivas. Sin embargo, su impacto en los seres vivos plantea interrogantes sobre la propia definición de la vida.

05:02

🌵 ¿Por qué las suculentas son difíciles de cuidar?

Las suculentas están adaptadas a condiciones áridas y almacenan agua en sus hojas. Estas condiciones son difíciles de recrear en interiores, lo que hace que las suculentas sean plantas complicadas de mantener como plantas de interior.

10:03

🌱 Semillas: ¿pequeñas pero poderosas?

El autor describe las diminutas semillas de la orquídea 'Coralroot' que son casi como polvo, en contraste con las enormes semillas del coco doble, que pueden pesar hasta 40 libras. Esto resalta la diversidad de formas y tamaños en la naturaleza, aunque ambas semillas cumplen la misma función de reproducción.

15:04

🦖 ¿El Archaeopteryx como mascota?

El Archaeopteryx, considerado un 'eslabón perdido' entre reptiles y aves, habría sido una mascota difícil, debido a su naturaleza caótica y sus dientes. Sin embargo, es un fósil crucial en la biología evolutiva, que muestra cómo las aves son descendientes directas de los dinosaurios.

🦌 Identificación de huesos en el bosque

Una persona encuentra huesos en el bosque y pregunta sobre su origen. El autor identifica los huesos como de un ciervo, destacando la falta de dientes superiores en estos animales, que usan una placa ósea para morder y desgarrar la vegetación, dejando un corte desigual.

🐺 ¿Pueden cruzarse perros y zorros?

Aunque perros y zorros pertenecen a la familia de los cánidos, están en géneros diferentes, lo que significa que no pueden cruzarse y producir descendencia viable. Sin embargo, los perros y lobos, que están más estrechamente relacionados, sí pueden hibridar, ya que los perros descienden de lobos domesticados.

🐠 El paso de los peces a la tierra

El autor refuta la idea de que la evolución es un proceso lineal. Explica cómo criaturas como los peces pulmonados, que pueden moverse entre charcos, ofrecen pistas sobre cómo algunas especies pasaron de vivir en el agua a la tierra, un proceso más complejo de lo que las imágenes tradicionales sugieren.

🧠 El futuro de la evolución humana

El autor destaca que la evolución humana está vinculada al aumento del tamaño del cerebro, que requiere más energía. Señala que, a lo largo de la historia, comportamientos como el uso de herramientas y la cocción de alimentos han permitido a los humanos obtener más calorías para alimentar sus cerebros, y se pregunta cómo los cambios futuros afectarán nuestra evolución.

🌽 ¿Mutación en el maíz?

Alguien pregunta sobre las mazorcas de maíz con granos gigantes. El autor sugiere que el tamaño inusual podría no deberse a una mutación, sino a la influencia de enfermedades, bacterias o hongos. Sin embargo, señala que quien obtenga esa mazorca tendrá una ventaja en la cena.

🍌 ¿Puede CRISPR salvar los plátanos?

El autor explica cómo los plátanos Cavendish, que se propagan por clonación en lugar de por semillas, son vulnerables a enfermedades fúngicas debido a la falta de diversidad genética. CRISPR podría ser una herramienta para activar genes que protejan a los plátanos del hongo que los amenaza.

🌿 ¿De dónde crecen las plantas?

En la mayoría de las plantas, el crecimiento ocurre en la parte superior, pero algunas, como los pastos, han evolucionado para crecer desde la base en respuesta al pastoreo o al corte, lo que les permite regenerarse incluso cuando son cortadas.

🌍 Impacto del cambio climático en la vida silvestre

El autor utiliza el acrónimo 'MAD' (moverse, adaptarse o morir) para describir las respuestas de las especies al cambio climático. Menciona que muchas especies están cambiando su rango geográfico, modificando su comportamiento o, en algunos casos, enfrentando la extinción. Un ejemplo reciente es la observación de chimpancés atacando a gorilas en Gabón, posiblemente debido a la competencia por recursos.

👁️ ¿Cómo ocurrió la mutación de los ojos azules?

El autor explica que las mutaciones ocurren cuando el ADN se copia y que la mutación que causa ojos azules apareció relativamente recientemente en la evolución humana. Aunque aún no se entiende completamente por qué persiste esta característica, las mutaciones son una fuente clave de nuevos rasgos en los organismos.

🐘 ¿Pueden volver las especies extintas?

El autor aclara que, aunque las especies extintas no pueden volver, hay esfuerzos científicos para recrearlas mediante ADN antiguo. Proyectos como el de resucitar al mamut lanudo aún están en fases tempranas, pero están en marcha.

🐒 ¿Por qué los monos no se extinguieron?

El autor explica que cuando una nueva especie evoluciona, no necesariamente reemplaza a su antecesora. Es más común que nuevas especies coexistan con especies cercanamente relacionadas, como ocurre con los humanos y otros primates.

🧬 ¿Es finito el número de seres humanos genéticamente diferentes?

El autor detalla que, aunque los humanos pueden parecerse genéticamente, cada individuo es único. Esto se debe a la vasta cantidad de combinaciones posibles de genes y cómo estos se expresan. El número de variaciones posibles es casi infinito.

🐧 Plumas impermeables de los pingüinos

Las plumas de los pingüinos no solo son impermeables sino también estructuralmente resistentes al agua. Las plumas tienen pequeñas cavidades de aire que podrían ser la clave para mantener el agua fuera, evitando que los pingüinos se mojen.

🧩 Misterios sin resolver en biología

Uno de los grandes misterios es la complejidad del genoma humano. Aunque se ha secuenciado, aún no se comprende completamente cómo la secuencia, la forma del ADN y otros factores determinan cómo se expresan los genes. Otro misterio fascinante es el bostezo, algo tan común pero aún sin explicación científica clara.

📜 ¿Cómo llegó Darwin a sus conclusiones?

Darwin desarrolló su teoría de la evolución por selección natural a través de sus observaciones de fósiles y la vida silvestre. Aunque era una idea radical en su tiempo, surgió de la evidencia de que las especies cambian a lo largo del tiempo. Darwin esperó años antes de publicar sus teorías, anticipando la controversia que causarían.

🔬 ¿Qué es la bioética?

La bioética trata sobre los dilemas éticos en biología, especialmente a medida que la tecnología avanza y permite manipular el ADN o combinar especies. La pregunta no es solo si podemos hacer estas cosas, sino si deberíamos hacerlo. Esto es cada vez más relevante en el campo de la biología moderna.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Virus

Un virus es una entidad biológica que no se considera viva según la definición tradicional, ya que no tiene células y solo puede reproducirse usando una célula viva. En el video, se discute si los virus están vivos, destacando cómo cuestionan la definición misma de la vida debido a su impacto en otros organismos.

💡Evolución

La evolución es el proceso por el cual los organismos cambian a lo largo del tiempo mediante la selección natural. Se menciona varias veces en el video, explicando cómo aplica tanto a las plantas como a los animales, y cómo fue descubierta por Darwin al observar cambios en las especies.

💡Mutación

Una mutación es un cambio en el ADN de un organismo que puede dar lugar a nuevas características. En el video, se menciona como la causa de la aparición de ojos azules en humanos, y cómo las mutaciones pueden ser beneficiosas o inservibles para la evolución.

💡Selección natural

La selección natural es el mecanismo mediante el cual los organismos mejor adaptados a su entorno tienden a sobrevivir y reproducirse. En el video, se hace referencia a la teoría de Darwin sobre la evolución mediante selección natural, que explica la diversidad de la vida en la Tierra.

💡Adaptación

La adaptación es el proceso por el cual una especie cambia para ajustarse mejor a su entorno. Se menciona en el contexto de cómo las especies responden al cambio climático, ya sea moviéndose, adaptándose o muriendo, conocido como el concepto MAD (moverse, adaptarse o morir).

💡Clima

El clima, y más específicamente el cambio climático, afecta a las especies de varias maneras. En el video se explica cómo el cambio climático está obligando a las especies a cambiar su comportamiento o migrar para sobrevivir, y en algunos casos está causando su extinción.

💡CRISPR

CRISPR es una herramienta de biología molecular que permite modificar genes específicos, encendiéndolos o apagándolos. Se menciona como una posible solución para salvar las plantas de plátano Cavendish de una enfermedad fúngica mortal.

💡Embrión

Un embrión es la etapa temprana de desarrollo de un organismo multicelular. En el video, se menciona en relación con las semillas, destacando cómo cuando comemos una semilla, en realidad estamos comiendo un pequeño embrión de planta.

💡Especie

Una especie es un grupo de organismos que pueden reproducirse entre sí y producir descendencia viable. En el video, se aborda la pregunta de por qué los monos no se extinguieron cuando los humanos evolucionaron de un ancestro común, explicando que las nuevas especies no reemplazan necesariamente a las anteriores.

💡Genoma

El genoma es el conjunto completo de ADN de un organismo, incluyendo todos sus genes. En el video, se menciona cómo el Proyecto Genoma Humano reveló la complejidad de nuestro propio ADN, y cómo todavía queda mucho por aprender sobre el funcionamiento de los genes y su expresión.

Highlights

Viruses aren't classified as alive because they don't have cells, but they impact life significantly.

Succulents are finicky as houseplants because their natural environment is hard to replicate indoors.

The tiny seeds of the Spotted Coralroot orchid contrast with the large double coconut seed, illustrating extreme size variation in seeds.

Darwin’s theory of evolution applies to plants as well as animals.

Archaeopteryx is a key fossil that shows characteristics of both birds and reptiles, suggesting birds are living dinosaurs.

Deer have no top teeth, which helps distinguish their feeding patterns from other herbivores like rabbits.

Dogs and foxes cannot crossbreed because they belong to different genera, while dogs and wolves can because of their closer relation.

Lungfish, capable of short land crawls, display traits from a time when creatures first transitioned from water to land.

The future of human evolution might be shaped by brain size and how we adapt to caloric needs, as seen in past human evolution.

CRISPR might offer a solution to fungal threats facing the Cavendish banana, a cloned fruit that’s vulnerable to disease.

Many species respond to climate change by moving, adapting, or dying, with some species shifting their range in search of suitable habitats.

Mutations like blue eyes occur when DNA makes copying errors, some of which persist if they provide evolutionary advantages.

The reintroduction of extinct species like the wooly mammoth is being explored through ancient DNA, though it's still far from realization.

Evolution isn’t linear; species often evolve alongside their ancestors rather than replacing them entirely.

Despite sequencing the human genome, the complex interactions between genes and their expression remain a mystery in biology.

Transcripts

play00:00

- And you're okay with the full frontal on this?

play00:02

We'll let the Twitter-verse comment on it.

play00:04

Hi, I'm Thor Hanson, author, and biologist.

play00:07

Today, I'm here to answer your questions on Twitter.

play00:10

This is biology support.

play00:12

[upbeat music]

play00:17

@Jerre_Peeters asks, "Are viruses alive?"

play00:20

Let me answer that question with another question.

play00:23

What does it mean to be alive?

play00:25

Most biologists define life as an organism with cells

play00:30

that respond to their environment and an organism

play00:33

that can reproduce itself.

play00:35

Viruses don't meet that definition

play00:38

because they do not have cells.

play00:40

They reproduce only by co-opting

play00:43

the reproductive capabilities of a living cell.

play00:47

Yet, we see viruses having a very direct impact

play00:50

on our lives and the lives of other creatures in this world.

play00:53

So it just goes to show us that the very definition of life

play00:57

is still in some ways, open to question.

play01:01

@subnomnomnom asks, "Why are succulents

play01:04

such finicky, little bitches?"

play01:06

A succulent plant lives in a particular condition,

play01:10

out in the wild, where they have adapted

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to really dry situations where they need to hold

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a lot of water in their leaves,

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and those are difficult conditions to replicate

play01:21

inside your house, which is part of the reason

play01:23

they can be very difficult to keep as houseplants.

play01:28

@HeyAdrienne asks, "Seeds are interesting.

play01:32

Who knew that when you eat one,

play01:34

you're eating little plant embryos?"

play01:36

It's hard to imagine how small a seed can be

play01:40

until you meet the seeds of an orchid.

play01:43

These come from a small orchid in our flora

play01:46

called the Spotted Coralroot, and each seed

play01:49

is like a mote of dust, only a few cells organized together.

play01:55

There are approximately 1 million Spotted Coralroot seeds

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in this vial, which stands in stark contrast

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to the world's largest seed, the double coconut,

play02:07

which grows on palm trees found only on two islands

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in the Seychelles archipelago,

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isolated out in the middle of the Indian ocean.

play02:16

And a full-sized double coconut can weigh 40 pounds,

play02:20

11 orders of magnitude larger than an orchid seed.

play02:25

So ask yourself, "Where else in nature,

play02:28

can you find something so different in form

play02:32

that has the same function?"

play02:34

@rbatra01 asks, "Does Darwin's theory of evolution

play02:38

apply to plants also?"

play02:40

Yes.

play02:41

@HungLee asks, "Dumb question time:

play02:44

do you think Archaeopteryx would have made a good pet?"

play02:49

This replica of an Archaeopteryx fossil

play02:52

hangs on the wall in my office, and I look at it every day,

play02:56

and biologists have been looking at this fossil

play02:59

for over 150 years.

play03:02

Some call it the Rosetta Stone of biology,

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because it contains so much information about evolution,

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and it reveals a creature that displays characteristics

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of reptiles and of birds.

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This is one of the first fossils that gave people an inkling

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that, in fact, the birds are living dinosaurs.

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Look at the mouth of it up close,

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you would see little teeth.

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It is what some people at the time,

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it was discovered called evidence of a missing link,

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if you will, evidence of evolution in progress.

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We know that it lived in the trees.

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If you look at the feathers, they are like modern feathers,

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offset and aerodynamic on the wings,

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which indicates it was soaring or flapping at the time,

play03:50

so it would have been a messy pet to have around

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in the house, knocking things over and so forth,

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and it might've given you a nasty bite

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because it had teeth.

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Overall, it's such an important creature

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that I think any biologist would love to have one as a pet.

play04:05

@jonmacelive sent a picture with a question.

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"Bones found while walking in the woods.

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Any idea of what it was?

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Bigger than my 50 lb dog."

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You are looking at the skeleton of a deer,

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and if you look closely, you will see

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that something is missing from that skeleton.

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You have the top of the skull, and it so happens

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that I have the jawbone from a deer skull right here.

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This part has teeth in the front,

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but if you were to go back in the woods and look at the top

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of that skull, you would find just a bony plate,

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no top teeth on a deer.

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They are pinch-and-tear herbivores,

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meaning they pinch the vegetation with their bottom teeth

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against that bony plate, and then tear it off,

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so you can always tell when you're out in your garden,

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whether it's been a deer attacking your favorite shrubbery

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or whether it's been something like a rabbit

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that makes a clean cut because deer always leave a rough cut

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on the end of the vegetation that they've been nibbling.

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@RJ_Zenith asks, "Can dogs and foxes be crossbred

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or are they too different?"

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So dogs and foxes are in different,

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what biologists or taxonomists would call, genera.

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They have a different genus.

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They're not closely related.

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They're very, very distant cousins.

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They cannot interbreed and produce viable offspring,

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whereas dogs and wolves are closely related.

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In fact, dogs descend from wolves.

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They were domesticated from wild wolves

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only 40,000 years ago, which isn't that long

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in evolutionary time, so those two can definitely hybridize,

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and they often do.

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@ndea_alese16 asks, "Like how the hell did a fish

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just get up one day and say,

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"I wanna walk on land" and now here we are.

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Like, it just miraculously turns its gills to lungs

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and can walk."

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Even though we can't say precisely what things were like

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at that critical moment, that there are creatures

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in the world that still display

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some of those characteristics.

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There are creatures called lungfish,

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which can crawl short distances through the mud

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to get from one pool to another.

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We are all familiar with that cartoon image of evolution

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with the creature emerging from the water,

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and then progressing through a series of forms

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until there's a human being at the end.

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It's the most destructive cartoon in the history of science,

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because it gives us this false idea

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that evolution is a linear progression of one form

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replacing the other along the path when in fact,

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it's much messier, more complex,

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and more wonderful than that.

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So yes, there was some creature that first began to emerge

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from those watery depths onto land, but that led

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to a great diversity of different pathways

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once that transition took place .

play07:02

@StartSOLE asks, "How will the human species evolve?"

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The future of our species is a big question

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and open to question, but we know a lot

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about human evolution from looking at the past,

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and the story of human evolution is really, in many ways,

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the story of brain size and each time we've seen

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some increase in the capacity of our brains,

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biologists and anthropologists have associated that

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with some change in human behavior that allowed us

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to gain more calories because brain tissue

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is what physiologists call metabolically expensive.

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It takes a lot of fuel to run a brain.

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As many as 20% of our daily calories go to fuel something

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that's only 2% of our body weight.

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So if you want a bigger brain, you're going to have to have

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more calories to run it, and we've seen that through time

play07:57

as our species has adopted new characteristics, new traits,

play08:03

new habits that have given us more to eat.

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Those things include tool use and social behaviors

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and cooking the food, so now, we are at a period of time

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where food, for many people, is plentiful,

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calories are plentiful.

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One question for future biologists then will be

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how did that change the human brain?

play08:23

@FlyBehaviour asks, "Mutant corn for dinner!

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Anyone know what mutation would likely cause

play08:29

the double sized kernels?"

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Well, we don't know if it's a mutation at all

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because sometimes corn or other plants

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respond in strange ways like that to disease

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or bacteria or fungi, so we can't say

play08:43

what's making those colonels large in that situation,

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but whoever gets that ear for dinner,

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will have a bonus.

play08:50

@CherylRofer asks, "Can CRISPR save bananas

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from the fungal threat?

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Serious question for biology tweeps."

play08:58

It's a serious question for anyone who loves bananas.

play09:01

The common banana that we buy in the grocery store

play09:04

is called the Cavendish banana,

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and unlike many other fruits in the store,

play09:10

the Cavendish bananas are not produced from seeds

play09:14

and traditional crop breeding.

play09:16

A banana plant produces offshoots that are easy to separate

play09:20

from that plant that are clones of the banana plant itself,

play09:24

so if you find a banana that has the characteristics

play09:28

that will be successful, commercially,

play09:30

it lasts a long time, it has good flavor,

play09:33

you can ship it around the world to grocery stores,

play09:37

that is a truly valuable fruit, and that's why

play09:40

the Cavendish banana is so popular and why it's produced

play09:44

via cloning so, when there is a threat,

play09:47

like this fungus that lives in the soil

play09:49

and it destroys the Cavendish banana plant,

play09:52

they're all susceptible to that fungus in the same way.

play09:56

CRISPR is a tool in molecular biology

play09:58

that's used for turning on or turning off particular genes

play10:03

within the genome of a species, so if there is a gene

play10:07

currently turned off in the Cavendish banana

play10:10

that could be turned on again to provide resistance,

play10:13

that is a possible solution to this problem.

play10:16

@A_C_Ella asks, "Friday debate in the office.

play10:20

Do plants grow from the bottom or the top?"

play10:23

Well, typically plants grow from the top,

play10:25

but there are situations that we're very familiar with

play10:29

where that growing part of the plant is lowered down,

play10:32

and we see that in our own lawns.

play10:35

Grasses have evolved to grow from the bottom

play10:38

in response to grazing by animals and more recently

play10:42

by the cutting of lawnmowers so that that leaf that you see

play10:47

when we cut it off will be replaced from below.

play10:51

But most plants, like a fir tree or an apple tree,

play10:53

are growing from the tips of their shoots.

play10:56

@Kbaumlier asks,

play10:58

"How does climate change affect wildlife?"

play11:01

We often summarize the impacts of climate change

play11:04

on plants and animals with the acronym, MAD,

play11:07

short for "move, adapt or die", and we see examples

play11:11

of all three of those playing out in nature,

play11:14

all around us.

play11:16

Between 25 and 85% of species on this planet

play11:19

are now moving, shifting their ranges

play11:22

in response to climate change, looking for the temperatures

play11:25

and conditions that they're used to.

play11:27

Many other species are adapting by changing diets

play11:30

or behaviors to try to cope with this crisis.

play11:33

And yes, some species are dying and going extinct.

play11:37

And we also see species struggling to adapt

play11:42

and adjust their relationships to one another.

play11:45

A fascinating example recently out of Gabon in Africa,

play11:49

where, for the first time, scientists observed chimpanzees

play11:54

attacking a group of gorillas, and in fact,

play11:56

even killing one of the gorillas.

play11:59

One of the reasons this may be happening,

play12:01

one of the theories, is that there is now a shortage

play12:04

of fruit and other foods for those creatures

play12:07

in that forest because of climate change

play12:10

creating a new hyper competitive environment

play12:14

for those two species that used to coexist peacefully.

play12:17

@NekoMiller asks, "Blue eyes are weird."

play12:22

What is AF?

play12:23

I'm sorry.

play12:24

How do I?

play12:25

- [Production Crew Member] Uh...

play12:26

[Production Crew Member Laughs]

play12:26

[beep]

play12:27

- Oh, as [beep]. Can I say that?

play12:28

Or what do I say?

play12:29

@NekoMiller asks, "Blue eyes are weird AF.

play12:33

Like honestly, how does a mutation like that even happen?"

play12:37

Mutations in biology occur in the DNA

play12:41

when it's being copied.

play12:42

It's not a perfect process.

play12:44

Mistakes are made.

play12:46

Oftentimes, those mistakes lead to new features

play12:49

in the organism.

play12:51

Usually, they're not very useful

play12:53

and they disappear over time,

play12:54

but sometimes they can impart a benefit and they persist.

play12:58

This is one of the fundamental ways that new traits

play13:02

are introduced into the evolutionary process.

play13:05

Blue eyes were introduced in that way fairly recently

play13:09

in human evolution.

play13:11

They have persisted, but no one's quite sure yet

play13:14

what the advantage of blue eyes may be.

play13:17

@TarrahLuzuriaga asks, "How do extinct species

play13:21

come back to the world?"

play13:22

Short answer, they don't.

play13:24

They're extinct, but there are efforts underway now

play13:28

to try to recreate or bring back some extinct species

play13:32

like the wooly mammoth from ancient DNA.

play13:35

It's still a work in progress, a long way off,

play13:38

but some experts are working on that very question.

play13:43

@LaurenRPeters asks, "If we have evolved from monkeys,

play13:46

why are they not extinct?"

play13:48

Mm.

play13:49

When new species evolve, it's not necessary

play13:52

for them to replace the species they evolved from.

play13:56

In fact, it's more common for new species to exist

play13:59

side-by-side with many closely-related species.

play14:03

@karu1402 asks, "Is the number of genetically different

play14:08

human beings that can be formed finite?"

play14:11

People are often curious if there might be a doppelganger,

play14:14

someone almost exactly like them out there

play14:17

in the world today, or at some point in history,

play14:19

and the fact is we can be pretty close, genetically,

play14:22

but every individual is indeed unique.

play14:26

When you consider the number of genes in the human genome,

play14:29

20,000, 30,000, but also considering

play14:32

the number of base pairs in those DNA molecules,

play14:37

you're talking about billions of different combinations.

play14:41

On top of that, it's not just the genes themselves

play14:45

that are crucial, but how those genes are expressed.

play14:49

All of those things can be different among individuals.

play14:52

We're not going to run out of unique individuals

play14:55

anytime soon.

play14:57

@IBIS_journal asks,

play14:58

"What makes #penguin feathers ice-proof?"

play15:02

They're not just ice-proof.

play15:03

They are waterproof, structurally waterproof,

play15:07

and biologists still aren't sure exactly how that works,

play15:11

but if you look microscopically at the veins

play15:14

of those feathers, you see that they trap all sorts

play15:17

of small air pockets and it may be that air

play15:21

preventing water moving through the feather.

play15:24

That intricate feather vein has thousands and thousands

play15:27

of individual places where the feather surface

play15:29

is pushing against the natural surface tension of the water.

play15:33

Either way, you don't have to worry

play15:36

about penguins getting wet on their skin.

play15:39

@r_heisman asks, "What are some of your favorite

play15:42

unsolved mysteries in biology?

play15:44

Interpret however you like."

play15:46

One of the great mysteries that we've really only discovered

play15:50

somewhat recently is just how mysterious our own genome is.

play15:56

When the human genome project sequenced our DNA,

play16:00

I think many people thought we would have

play16:03

the recipe book for how to make a human being,

play16:08

but it turned out to be far more complicated

play16:10

than anyone thought, because it's not just the sequence

play16:14

of the genome, but it's the shape of the molecule.

play16:17

It's the genes.

play16:19

It's the patches of DNA around the genes that control them.

play16:23

It's all sorts of things that combine to see

play16:27

how those genes are expressed and what makes us human.

play16:31

But you don't even have to go into molecular genetics

play16:35

to find mysteries.

play16:36

They're all around us.

play16:38

A constant reminder that there's so much

play16:40

to learn about ourselves and about nature,

play16:44

consider something as familiar to all of us as yawning.

play16:47

We still don't understand why people yawn.

play16:51

@michaelmccollor asks, "How did Darwin know

play16:54

all that evolution stuff?"

play16:56

He didn't know.

play16:57

He learned it as he traveled and explored his world

play17:01

because, in the 19th century, it was still widely assumed

play17:05

that everything was created very recently, if you will,

play17:11

by the hand of God, and so Darwin was fascinated

play17:15

by geology and how there were species in the rocks

play17:19

in fossils that were no longer present in the modern world.

play17:23

He came up with the idea of evolution by natural selection,

play17:28

would help explain how things changed through time,

play17:31

and how you had this great diversity of life on the planet,

play17:35

and it was a radical idea at the time.

play17:38

He sat on it for years and years

play17:40

before finally publishing his theories because he knew

play17:43

they would be controversial.

play17:45

@lonely_kino asks, "What is bioethics?

play17:49

The ethics of biology?"

play17:51

The answer is yes, and we need to think

play17:54

about the ethics of biology as our ability to do

play17:58

more and more develops over time.

play18:01

Technologically, we have the ability now to change DNA.

play18:05

We have the ability to combine species in new ways,

play18:09

so we must constantly ask ourselves,

play18:11

not only, "Can we do these things, but should we?"

play18:14

So those are all the questions for today

play18:17

and we've covered a lot of ground.

play18:18

Thank you for watching Biology Support.

play18:21

[cymbal crashes]

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