Hydrolysis of ATP

Summary

In this video, Seher from Easy Peasy explains ATP hydrolysis, where ATP (adenosine triphosphate) converts into ADP (adenosine diphosphate), releasing energy in an exergonic reaction. The video breaks down ATP’s structure, composed of a ribose sugar, adenine base, and three phosphate groups. Using water molecules, the hydrolysis process is initiated, resulting in the breakdown of ATP into ADP and an inorganic phosphate. The phosphate undergoes resonance stabilization, releasing free energy. The video also hints at the ionization process of ADP. Overall, it's an informative breakdown of ATP hydrolysis mechanics.

Takeaways

• 📘 ATP hydrolysis is the process of ATP converting into ADP, releasing energy and making the reaction exergonic.
• ⚛️ ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate, consisting of a ribose sugar, adenine nitrogenous base, and three phosphate groups.
• 🔗 ATP carries a -4 charge due to the negative charges on its oxygen atoms.
• 💧 Hydrolysis involves the use of water molecules to break down ATP into ADP.
• 🧬 Water molecules interact through hydrogen bonds, which help facilitate the reaction with ATP.
• 🔋 The lone pair of oxygen from water attacks the phosphate group of ATP, initiating the reaction.
• 🧪 Phosphate in ATP forms five bonds, and cannot handle a sixth bond, causing the bond breakage and release of a phosphate group.
• 📉 As a result, ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate are formed.
• 🔄 ADP undergoes ionization, releasing a proton and leaving an inorganic phosphate group.
• ⚡ The inorganic phosphate group undergoes resonance stabilization, releasing free energy in the process.

Q & A

What is ATP hydrolysis?

ATP hydrolysis is the process where ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is converted into ADP (adenosine diphosphate) by breaking one phosphate bond, releasing energy. This reaction is exergonic.

What is the significance of ATP being called ATP?

ATP is called adenosine triphosphate because it consists of an adenine nitrogenous base, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups.

What charge is present on the oxygen atoms of ATP?

Each oxygen atom in ATP carries a negative charge, and collectively, ATP has a charge of negative 4.

What is the role of water molecules in ATP hydrolysis?

Water molecules participate in ATP hydrolysis by donating oxygen’s lone pairs to interact with hydrogen atoms and attack the phosphate group in ATP, facilitating the release of a phosphate.

How does oxygen interact with phosphate in ATP hydrolysis?

The oxygen from the water molecule uses its lone pair to attack the phosphate group in ATP, causing a bond break between phosphate and oxygen, which leads to the release of energy.

Why does the phosphate group in ATP become unstable during hydrolysis?

The phosphate group becomes unstable because it cannot handle a sixth bond created by the incoming oxygen from the water molecule, causing a bond to break.

What is the end result of ATP hydrolysis?

The end result of ATP hydrolysis is the formation of ADP (adenosine diphosphate), an inorganic phosphate, and the release of free energy.

What happens to the inorganic phosphate after ATP hydrolysis?

The inorganic phosphate undergoes resonance stabilization, where the hydrogen associated with oxygen relocates among the oxygen atoms, providing stability to the phosphate group.

What is ionization in the context of ATP hydrolysis?

Ionization refers to the release of a proton from the oxygen atom in the ADP molecule, contributing to the energy release during ATP hydrolysis.

Why is ATP hydrolysis considered an exergonic reaction?

ATP hydrolysis is considered an exergonic reaction because it releases free energy when the phosphate bond is broken.

Outlines

00:00

💡 Introduction to ATP Hydrolysis

The video begins with Seher from Easy Peasy introducing the topic of ATP hydrolysis. ATP converts into ADP through hydrolysis, which is an exergonic reaction because it releases energy. The introduction sets the stage for explaining the mechanism of this conversion process.

🧬 Structure of ATP

Seher provides a brief overview of ATP’s structure, highlighting that it consists of a ribose sugar, an adenine nitrogenous base, and three phosphate groups, giving it the name 'adenosine triphosphate'. A charge of -4 is present on the oxygen atoms in ATP, which is discussed in terms of how it affects the molecule's overall stability.

💧 The Role of Water in Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis involves water molecules, and Seher explains how water interacts with ATP during this process. She describes how oxygen atoms in water molecules use their lone pairs to form hydrogen bonds and interact with hydrogen atoms in ATP, setting the stage for the subsequent chemical reactions.

🔄 Phosphate Group Instability and Bond Breakage

The phosphate group in ATP, due to its five bonds, becomes unstable when water molecules interact with it. This leads to the breakage of bonds between the phosphate group and oxygen, converting ATP into ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and an inorganic phosphate. Seher explains the bond cleavage and the electron redistribution in this step.

⚛️ Ionization of ADP and Phosphate Stabilization

Following the conversion to ADP, the molecule undergoes ionization, releasing a proton attached to oxygen. The inorganic phosphate undergoes resonance stabilization, as the hydrogen atom relocates across oxygen atoms, leading to greater stability. This process also releases free energy.

✅ Conclusion and Thank You

Seher concludes the video by summarizing the process of ATP hydrolysis and its outcome—the release of energy and formation of ADP and inorganic phosphate. She thanks viewers for watching and encourages them to take care before signing off.

Keywords

💡ATP hydrolysis

ATP hydrolysis refers to the chemical reaction in which ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is broken down into ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and an inorganic phosphate. This process releases energy, making it an exergonic reaction. In the script, ATP hydrolysis is the primary focus, explaining how it occurs and how the energy is utilized.

💡Exergonic reaction

An exergonic reaction is a chemical process that releases energy. In the context of ATP hydrolysis, the breakdown of ATP into ADP and phosphate releases energy, which the cell can use for various functions. The video highlights that ATP hydrolysis is an exergonic reaction because it releases free energy.

💡Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is a molecule composed of a ribose sugar, adenine (a nitrogenous base), and three phosphate groups. It stores and provides energy for cellular processes. The script describes its structure and function in energy release during hydrolysis.

💡Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

Adenosine diphosphate, or ADP, is the product of ATP hydrolysis, formed when one phosphate group is removed from ATP. It plays a crucial role in cellular energy transfer. In the video, ADP is discussed as the product of the hydrolysis reaction.

💡Phosphate group

A phosphate group is a chemical group consisting of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms. In ATP, three phosphate groups are linked, and the removal of one during hydrolysis releases energy. The video explains how the phosphate group becomes unstable during hydrolysis, leading to the release of energy.

💡Water molecules

Water molecules (H2O) are essential in ATP hydrolysis as they participate in breaking the bond between ATP and one of its phosphate groups. The script explains how the oxygen in water interacts with ATP, initiating the hydrolysis process.

💡Hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen bonds are weak interactions between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom like oxygen. In the video, the water molecules are described as forming hydrogen bonds with each other, facilitating the interaction needed for ATP hydrolysis.

💡Inorganic phosphate

Inorganic phosphate is the phosphate ion released during ATP hydrolysis. After the hydrolysis of ATP, it remains separate from the ADP and goes through resonance stabilization. The script discusses how this phosphate stabilizes after ionization.

💡Resonance stabilization

Resonance stabilization refers to the distribution of electrons across multiple atoms to provide stability. In the video, it is mentioned that the inorganic phosphate undergoes resonance stabilization after ATP hydrolysis, helping maintain its structure by redistributing the charge across its oxygen atoms.

💡Ionization

Ionization in this context refers to the process in which the ADP loses a proton (H+) after hydrolysis. This results in a negatively charged phosphate group. The video briefly touches on this process, explaining how ADP is ionized after releasing its proton.

Highlights

Introduction to ATP hydrolysis and its exergonic nature, releasing energy.

Definition of ATP hydrolysis as the conversion of ATP into ADP.

Explanation of ATP structure, consisting of ribose sugar, adenine nitrogenous base, and three phosphate groups.

Reference to a previous video explaining the structure of ATP with a link in the description box.

Representation of ATP as ATP-negative 4 due to the negative charge on oxygen atoms.

Hydrolysis requires water molecules, and each oxygen in water has two lone pairs.

Intermolecular interactions between water molecules involve hydrogen bonding.

Lone pairs on oxygen in water can attack the phosphate group in ATP.

Phosphate in ATP belongs to the graphite group and forms five bonds with oxygen atoms.

Breaking of bonds between phosphate and oxygen in ATP leads to ADP formation and an inorganic phosphate.

ADP undergoes ionization and releases a proton attached to an oxygen atom.

The inorganic phosphate undergoes resonance stabilization for stability.

Resonance stabilization involves the relocation of hydrogen across oxygen atoms.

The process results in the release of free energy.

Closing remarks, thanking viewers for watching the video.

Transcripts

hello friends this is seher from easy

peasy and the topic that we are going to

discuss today is called as atp

hydrolysis so if we say that atp is

converting into adp

that process is called as hydrolysis and

as it is going to release energy so the

reaction is exergonic

now let's see how atp is converting

itself into adp

so we have adenosine triphosphate here

and we already know the structure of atp

from the last video

if you didn't watch the last video the

link will be given in the description

box

so this atp has a ribose sugar attached

itself with adenine nitrogenous base

and three phosphate group that's why it

is called as atp

now this negative 4 is basically the

charge present on each oxygen so we can

see there are four negative charge that

is why atp negative 4 is represented

here

now hydrolysis means that we need water

molecules so these are the water

molecules we are going to use

now each water molecule have oxygen that

is having two lone pairs on it and as we

know that water molecules make hydrogen

bonds with each other so these

intermolecular interactions can also

occur between these two water molecules

so if we say that this lone pair of this

oxygen is going to interact with

hydrogen over here

by this way this oxygen will get the

liberty to have its lone pair attack the

phosphate group present in atp molecule

now phosphate belongs to graphite

that is why it is making five bonds

two with this oxygen and one one with

these three oxygen so it cannot handle

the sixth bond that is created by this

oxygen now this phosphate group is

unstable so the electrons that are

sharing between this phosphate group and

oxygen will go back to the oxygen and

the bond will be break from here

and as a result we have adenosine

diphosphate with an inorganic phosphate

here from here the adenosine diphosphate

will go under the process called as

ionization

and will release this proton that is

attached with oxygen atom over here and

this inorganic phosphate will go under

the resonance stabilization

so this hydrogen is basically not

present with one oxygen

rather it is going to relocate itself

with all the oxygen and provide

stability to this inorganic phosphate

group here

with the release of free energy

that's it for now thank you very much

for watching this video

take care bye for now

[Music]

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