carbon and its compounds Full Chapter in Animation | NCERT class 10 chemistry
Summary
TLDRThis video explores the significance of carbon and its compounds in daily life, highlighting their presence in common products like food, medicine, and fuels. It delves into the differences between carbon and ionic compounds, focusing on electrical conductivity, melting points, and bonding. The versatile nature of carbon is discussed through properties like catenation, bonding, and formation of hydrocarbons. Additionally, the video explains functional groups, homologous series, and chemical properties like combustion and oxidation. It concludes by discussing everyday uses of carbon compounds, including ethanol, acetic acid, and soap production.
Takeaways
- 🌍 Carbon compounds are essential to everyday life, found in items like toothpaste, soap, food, and fuels.
- 🧪 Carbon exists in both living and non-living things, making up 0.02% of Earth's crust and 0.03% of the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide.
- ⚡ Carbon compounds are poor conductors of electricity because they form covalent bonds, whereas ionic compounds like sodium chloride are good conductors when dissolved or molten.
- 🔥 Carbon compounds generally have lower melting and boiling points due to weak intermolecular forces, unlike ionic compounds, which have higher melting and boiling points.
- 🧲 Ionic compounds have strong electrostatic forces between ions, making them solid and hard, while carbon compounds are often gases or liquids at room temperature due to weaker forces.
- 🔗 Carbon forms covalent bonds by sharing electrons rather than gaining or losing them, allowing it to form stable compounds with various elements.
- 🔄 Carbon's versatility is due to its ability to form long chains, rings, and multiple bonds with itself, known as catenation, making it capable of forming millions of compounds.
- 🛠 Carbon compounds with single bonds are saturated (like ethane), while those with double or triple bonds are unsaturated (like ethene and ethyne). Unsaturated compounds are more reactive.
- 🔬 Functional groups, such as alcohol, aldehyde, and carboxylic acid, define the chemical properties of carbon compounds by replacing hydrogen atoms in carbon chains.
- 🧼 Soaps are made from carbon compounds and function by using their hydrophobic carbon chains to bind with oily dirt, allowing water-soluble ends to wash it away.
Q & A
What are some everyday products that contain carbon compounds?
-Carbon compounds are found in everyday items such as toothpaste, soap, cosmetics, medicines, clothes, and paper. Even the food we eat, like bread, contains carbon compounds.
In what forms is carbon found in the Earth's crust?
-Carbon is found in the Earth's crust as carbonates, hydrogen carbonates, coal, and petroleum. These forms are important for energy production and industrial use.
How does carbon dioxide help regulate Earth's temperature?
-Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (about 0.03%) helps regulate Earth's temperature through the greenhouse effect, which traps heat and supports a stable climate.
Why don't carbon compounds conduct electricity well?
-Carbon compounds do not conduct electricity well because they form covalent bonds, where atoms share electrons rather than forming free ions. Without free ions to carry an electric charge, they cannot conduct electricity effectively.
How do the melting and boiling points of carbon compounds compare to ionic compounds?
-Carbon compounds generally have lower melting and boiling points due to weaker intermolecular forces. For example, acetic acid boils at 118°C, while ionic compounds like sodium chloride have much higher boiling points, such as 1,143°C, due to strong electrostatic forces.
What is catenation, and how does it contribute to carbon's versatility?
-Catenation is carbon's ability to form bonds with other carbon atoms, creating large molecules like chains and rings. This property allows carbon to form a vast number of compounds and is one reason for its versatility.
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated carbon compounds?
-Saturated carbon compounds have only single bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated carbon compounds contain one or more double or triple bonds. Unsaturated compounds are typically more reactive than saturated ones.
What are structural isomers, and how do they relate to carbon compounds?
-Structural isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures. In carbon compounds, this can result in different properties despite having the same formula, such as straight or branched chains.
What is the functional group in ethanol, and what kind of chemical reactions is it involved in?
-The functional group in ethanol is -OH (hydroxyl group), making it an alcohol. Ethanol is involved in oxidation reactions, where it can be converted into acetic acid, as well as esterification reactions to produce esters.
How do soaps and detergents clean oily dirt from clothes?
-Soap molecules have a hydrophilic (water-attracting) ionic end and a hydrophobic (oil-attracting) carbon chain. The hydrophobic end binds to the oily dirt, while the hydrophilic end dissolves in water, allowing the dirt to be rinsed away when washed.
Outlines
🌍 The Importance of Carbon in Everyday Life
Carbon and its compounds are essential in many common products like toothpaste, soap, cosmetics, and even food such as bread. Carbon exists in both living and non-living things, making up a small portion of the Earth's crust (0.02%) and atmosphere (0.03% as CO2). Despite its small presence, carbon plays a vital role in life processes, such as photosynthesis, and in industries, as carbonates and hydrocarbons serve as important energy sources.
⚡ Differences in Electrical Conductivity of Carbon and Ionic Compounds
Carbon compounds, such as methane and ethanol, are poor conductors of electricity due to the covalent bonds that involve electron sharing rather than ion formation. Ionic compounds, like sodium chloride, conduct electricity well in solution or molten form due to the free movement of ions. This difference highlights the contrasting electrical behaviors of covalent and ionic compounds.
🔥 Melting and Boiling Points: Carbon vs. Ionic Compounds
Carbon compounds generally have lower melting and boiling points due to weak intermolecular forces, like in acetic acid (boiling point 118°C). In contrast, ionic compounds, like sodium chloride, have much higher melting and boiling points (boiling point 1,143°C) due to strong electrostatic forces between oppositely charged ions. This is why carbon compounds are often gases or liquids at room temperature, whereas ionic compounds are solid.
🔗 Bonding in Carbon: Why Covalent Bonds Are Formed
Carbon cannot easily gain or lose electrons due to its atomic structure (6 protons and 4 valence electrons). Instead, it forms covalent bonds by sharing electrons. This bonding allows carbon to create stable molecules. Examples include hydrogen forming a single covalent bond, oxygen forming a double bond, and nitrogen forming a triple bond. The covalent bonding versatility of carbon makes it capable of forming a wide range of compounds.
🔄 Catenation and the Versatile Nature of Carbon
Carbon's ability to form stable bonds with other carbon atoms (catenation) results in the formation of large molecules like chains and rings. Carbon can form single, double, or triple bonds, allowing for saturated and unsaturated compounds. Carbon's small atomic size and strong bonds with other elements like oxygen and hydrogen also contribute to its versatility, enabling it to create a vast array of compounds.
🔬 Saturated vs. Unsaturated Carbon Compounds
Saturated compounds like ethane (C2H6) have single bonds between carbon atoms, whereas unsaturated compounds like ethene (C2H4) and ethyne (C2H2) have double or triple bonds. Unsaturated compounds are generally more reactive than their saturated counterparts. Carbon compounds can also form various structural arrangements, including straight chains, branched chains, and rings, leading to structural isomers.
🔄 Functional Groups and Homologous Series
Carbon compounds can form functional groups when a hydrogen atom is replaced by another atom or group, such as chlorine or oxygen. These functional groups determine the properties of the compounds, such as alcohols (with OH groups) or aldehydes. Homologous series, like the series of alkanes or alcohols, consist of compounds with similar chemical properties and a gradual change in physical properties based on molecular mass.
🧪 Nomenclature of Carbon Compounds
Carbon compounds are named based on the number of carbon atoms in the chain, the types of bonds (single, double, triple), and the functional group present. For example, methane has one carbon and only single bonds, while ethyne has two carbons and a triple bond. Functional groups such as alcohols (-OH), ketones, aldehydes, and acids change the suffix and influence the properties of the compound.
🔥 Chemical Reactions of Carbon Compounds
Carbon compounds undergo various chemical reactions, including combustion, where hydrocarbons burn in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, heat, and light. Unsaturated hydrocarbons burn with a yellow flame, producing soot, indicating incomplete combustion. Carbon compounds also undergo oxidation, addition reactions, and substitution reactions, such as hydrogenation of unsaturated fats or chlorine replacing hydrogen in hydrocarbons.
💡 Important Carbon Compounds: Ethanol and Ethanoic Acid
Ethanol, a key ingredient in alcoholic beverages, is also used as a solvent and fuel additive. Ethanoic acid (acetic acid) is a weak acid used in vinegar and other applications. It can undergo reactions such as esterification, forming esters in the presence of alcohol and acid. These reactions also play a role in the production of perfumes, flavoring agents, and soaps (saponification).
🧼 Soaps, Detergents, and Cleaning
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids. Their molecules have a hydrophilic (water-attracting) and a hydrophobic (oil-attracting) end. This structure allows soaps to clean oily dirt by forming micelles. Detergents work similarly, helping to lift and remove dirt during washing. The proper use of soaps and detergents leads to cleaner clothes and surfaces.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Carbon Compounds
💡Covalent Bonds
💡Ionic Compounds
💡Catenation
💡Saturated and Unsaturated Compounds
💡Functional Groups
💡Homologous Series
💡Combustion
💡Oxidation
💡Soap and Detergents
Highlights
Carbon compounds are essential in everyday life, found in common items like toothpaste, soap, cosmetics, medicines, and food.
Carbon is found in both living and non-living things, including the Earth's crust (0.02%) and the atmosphere (0.03% as carbon dioxide).
Carbon compounds do not conduct electricity well because they form covalent bonds and do not produce free ions.
Carbon compounds have lower melting and boiling points due to weak intermolecular forces like Van der Waals interactions.
Ionic compounds, like sodium chloride, have high melting and boiling points due to strong electrostatic forces between charged ions.
Carbon forms covalent bonds by sharing electrons, and can form single, double, or triple bonds with other atoms.
Carbon exhibits catenation, meaning it can bond with other carbon atoms to form long chains, rings, and complex structures.
Carbon's versatility comes from its ability to form strong bonds with multiple elements, such as oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
Saturated carbon compounds contain single bonds, while unsaturated compounds contain double or triple bonds.
Carbon compounds exhibit structural isomerism, where molecules have the same formula but different structures, such as straight chains and branched chains.
Functional groups, like alcohols, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids, define the properties of carbon compounds and lead to the formation of new compounds.
Homologous series of carbon compounds show a gradual increase in molecular mass, affecting physical properties like melting and boiling points.
Combustion reactions of carbon compounds produce carbon dioxide, heat, and light, with saturated hydrocarbons burning cleanly in sufficient oxygen.
Oxidizing agents like potassium permanganate convert alcohols into carboxylic acids, a process important in organic chemistry.
Soaps and detergents work by forming micelles, where the hydrophobic end binds with oily dirt and the hydrophilic end interacts with water to clean clothes.
Transcripts
[Music]
carbon and its compounds carbon
compounds are important in our everyday
lives and are found in many common
items products like toothpaste soap
Cosmetics medicines clothes and paper
all contain carbon compounds even the
food we eat like Bread is made of carbon
compounds when red is burnt the black
residue left is mainly carbon carbon is
found in both living things and
non-living things around us the Earth's
crust has a small amount of carbon about
0.02% it exists as carbonates hydrogen
carbonates coal and petroleum which are
important for energy and industries the
atmosphere has
0.03% of carbon dioxide which helps to
regulate the earth's temperature through
the greenhouse effect carbon dioxide is
also necessary for
photosynthesis we know that it is a
process where plants make their own food
supporting life on the earth even though
carbon is present in small amounts it
has a huge impact on life the
environment and various
Industries differences between carbon
compounds and ionic
compounds electrical
conductivity carbon compounds like
methane or ethanol are poor conductors
of electricity this is because carbon
compounds do not form ions means charged
particles instead the atoms and carbon
compounds share electrons and form
calent bonds since there are no free
ions to carry an electric current these
compounds do not conduct electricity
well either in solid form or in
solution whereas ionic compounds such as
sodium chloride that is nothing but
table salt are good conductors of
electricity when dissolved in water or
melted this is because ionic bonds
involve the transfer of electrons
between atoms it results in positively
charged and negatively charged
ions in solution form these ions are
free to move and carry electric charges
allowing the compound to conduct
electricity
next melting and boiling points carbon
compounds typically have lower melting
points and boiling points for example
acetic acid a carbon compound it has a
boiling point of 118° C the weak
intermolecular forces between the
molecules in calent compounds make it
easier to break them apart so less
energy or heat is required to melt or
boil the carbon compound
in contrast ionic compounds have very
high melting and boiling points sodium
chloride for instance has got boiling
point of 1, 143°
C the strong electrostatic forces
between the oppositely charged ions hold
the ions in a tightly bound
structure this means it takes a lot more
energy to overcome these strong
attractions and change the state of the
compound next forces of attraction the
attraction between the molecules of
carbon compounds is not very strong
because they are held together by calent
bonds which involve the sharing of
electrons the molecules interact through
weak forces like Vandal forces or dipole
dipole
interactions this is why carbon
compounds are often liquids or gases at
room temperature
the forces of attraction in ionic
compounds are much stronger these
compounds are formed through ionic bonds
where one atom donates electrons to
another creating positive and negative
ions the strong electrostatic attraction
between these oppositely charged ions
results in a very stable rigid lce
structure making ionic compounds hard
solids with high melting points
bonding in carbon compounds the atomic
number of carbon is six the outermost
shell has four electrons so its valency
is four generally ionic compounds attain
the noble gas configuration by losing or
gaining electrons but carbon cannot do
that let us see
why if carbon gains four electrons it
would be difficult for the nucleus with
six protons to hold on to 10
electrons if corbon has to lose four
electrons it would require a large
amount of energy to remove four
electrons it turns into a carbon cation
with six protons in its nucleus holding
on to just two electrons so losing and
gaining does not work with carbon to
make
bonds calent Bond carbon make calent
bonds with other carbon atoms or with
atoms of other elements
before we see the calent bond in carbon
compounds first study the calent bond
formation in hydrogen oxygen and in
nitrogen
molecules a calent bond is a chemical
bond formed by the sharing of electrons
between two non-metal atoms let us see
calent Bonds in hydrogen oxygen and in
nitrogen
molecules hydrogen atom has a single
electron in its K shell it attains the
nearest noble gas helium's configuration
by sharing its single electron with
another hydrogen atom two hydrogen atoms
share their single electrons to form a
molecule of
hydrogen since only one electron is
shared by each atom single covalent bond
is
formed oxygen has six electrons in its L
shell it need two more electrons to
complete its octet
so each atom of oxygen contributes two
electrons that means total four
electrons are commonly shared by the two
oxygen atoms it forms a double bond
nitrogen in the formation of nitrogen
molecule each nitrogen atom contributes
three electrons means total six
electrons are shared by two nitrogen
atoms here a triple bond is formed
this is ammonium molecule one nitrogen
atom forms calent bonds with three
hydrogen atoms to form this molecule
here all the three bonds are single
bonds this is a methane molecule CH4 one
carbon atom forms calent bonds with four
hydrogen atoms here also all the four
bonds are single
bonds versatile nature of carbon carbon
is a versatile element element due to
the nature of the covalent bond carbon
is able to form millions of
compounds let us see the two main
factors which make the carbon a
versatile
element
catenation carbon has the unique ability
to form bonds with other atoms of carbon
this gives rise to the formation of
large molecules this property is called
cenation cenation is the self-linking of
at atoms of an element to create chains
and
Rings due to this property carbon forms
large molecules in the form of long
linear chains or branched chains and
ringed chains in addition carbon atoms
may be linked by single double and
triple bonds carbon compounds with
single bonds are saturated carbon
compounds carbon compounds with double
and triple bonds are called unsaturated
carbon compounds does only carbon
exhibit catenation no many other
elements show catenation for example
silicon silicon form chain compounds up
to a length of seven or eight atoms
these compounds are very reactive and
unstable whereas carbon can form
compounds with very large number of
carbon atoms linked to each other these
compounds are stable because the carbon
carbon bond is very strong the second
factor for the versatility of carbon is
its
valency a carbon atom can form bonds
with four other carbon atoms or with
other elements whose valency is one
carbon can bond with oxygen hydrogen
nitrogen sulfur chlorine Etc these
compounds will have specific
properties the bond that carbon makes
with the other elements is very strong
which makes these compounds
exceptionally strong the reason for this
strength of the bonds of carbon is due
to its smaller atomic size due to the
small size of the carbon atoms the
nucleus is close to the shared pair of
electrons and it holds these electrons
strongly the bonds formed by elements
having bigger atomic size have weak
bonds saturated and unsaturated ated
carbon
compounds we already learned that
compounds with single Bonds in their
structure are saturated compounds and
compounds with double or triple bonds
are unsaturated
compounds C2 H6 ethane is it saturated
or
unsaturated let us draw its structure to
know whether it is saturated or
unsaturated first link carbon with
carbon using a single Bond then link
link three hydrogens with one carbon and
three with other the valency of carbon
and hydrogen are satisfied and no double
bonds are formed so this is a saturated
compound now let us write the structure
of C2 H4
Ethan the first link carbon with carbon
using a single Bond then link two
hydrogens with one carbon and two with
the
other the valencies of hydrogen are
satisfied but the valences of carbon
atoms are not satisfied now draw another
line between the two carbons now the
carbon valency is satisfied now this
compound has got a double bond so it is
an unsaturated
compound in the same way let us draw for
C2 H2 ethine here we need to draw three
bonds between carbon and carbon so this
is also an unsaturated compound
unsaturated compounds are more reactive
than the saturated
compounds chains branches and
Rings butane C4 h10 we can write its
structure in two ways like this and also
like this this is a straight chain
structure and this is a branched chain
structure but the structure satisfies
the valencies of carbon and hydrogen
both of them have the same formula we
can call these two compounds as
structural isomers the compounds with
identical molecular formula but
different structures are called
structural isomers in addition to stride
chain and branched chain structures some
carbon compounds form ring structure
also such compounds are called cyclic
carbon compounds cyclohexane C6 h12 this
is a saturated cyclic compound Benzene
C6 H6 this is an unsaturated cyclic
carbon compound so the compound
compounds that contain only carbon and
hydrogen in them are called
hydrocarbons the saturated hydrocarbons
are called
alkanes the unsaturated hydrocarbons
with one or more double bonds are called
alkenes the unsaturated hydrocarbons
with one or multiple triple bonds are
called
alkin carbon compounds and their
functional groups carbon can form bond
with other elements like chlorine
bromine oxygen nitrogen and sulfur and
forms new
compounds new carbon compounds are
formed when a hydrogen atom of the
hydrogen carbon chain is replaced by an
element the element that replaces the
hydrogen atom is called as a het atom
for example here a hydrogen atom of this
compound is replaced by chlorine atom so
here chlorine is the hyro atom these
hetro atoms forms the functional groups
of the compounds sometimes hetro atoms
pair up with some other atoms and forms
groups for example here oxygen is the
hro atom it forms various functional
groups like alcohol aldhy Ketone
carboxilic acid this is chlorine here
chlorine is the functional group this is
ethanol since o is the functional group
group it is an
alcohol this is acet alide CH is the
functional group so it is an alide this
is acetone C is the functional group and
it is a ketone the properties of the
newly formed compound will be totally
dependent on the functional group of the
compound when writing the structure of
the functional group alone the free
valencies of the whole group is shown by
a single line homologous series ch3 o
this is methanol it has one carbon in it
C2 H5 oh this is ethanol it has two
carbons C3 H7 o and this is propanol it
has three carbons C4 H9 o this is
butanol and it has four
carbons these four carbon compounds have
o as the functional group and are called
alcohols even though the number of
carbon atoms in each of these compounds
is different they have very similar
chemical properties such series of
compounds are called homologous series
the series of compounds in which the
same functional group substitutes for
hydrogen in a carbon chain is called a
homologous
series let us see the homologous series
of alkanes methane
ethane propane butane the difference
between the each of these compounds is
the difference in the number of units of
ch2 this is the homologous series of
alkenes ethine propan buttine pentin in
alkanes alkenes and alkin we can observe
that there is a specific ratio of carbon
and hydrogen is maintained for example
in alkenes CN h2n pattern is observed if
n equal to 2 then the compound will be
C2 H2 into 2 that is C2 H4 in any
homologous series we will observe the
gradual increase in the molecular mass
if the molecular mass increases the
melting and boiling points also
increases in the same way the solubility
of the compounds decreases with the
increase in the molecular mass that
means the the physical properties of a
homologous series depends upon their
molecular mass whereas the chemical
properties of a homologous series solely
determined by the functional group
nomenclature of carbon
compounds the carbon compounds are named
on the basis of three things one the
number of carbon atoms in the main
carbon chain two the type of bonds
present in the compound that means
single double or triple bonds three the
functional group present in that
compound the name of a carbon compound
is made up of two parts a prefix and a
suffix prefix is the first part of the
name it is dependent on the number of
carbon atoms present in the carbon chain
if the compound has one carbon the name
begins with meth if two carbons it
begins with e three carbons prop four
carbons bu if the hydrocarbon chain
contains all single bonds then the
suffix becomes a this is ethane methane
propane butane Etc if the hydrocarbon
chains contains double bonds then the
suffix becomes in that is ethine propene
buttine ETC if the hydrocarbon chain
contains triple bonds then the suffix
becomes ion that is ethine propine
butine
ETC if the hydrocarbon chain has a
functional group the suffix changes
according to the functional group if the
functional group of a three carbon
compound is alcohol then the suffix
becomes all
propenol if the functional group is
Ketone it becomes propenol if the
functional group is alihi it becomes
propanel if the functional group is
carboxilic acid it becomes propenoic
acid if the functional group is chlorine
then it becomes
chloropropane if the functional group is
bromine it becomes
bromopropane chemical properties of
carbon compounds combustion reactions
most of the carbon compounds burn in
presence of oxyen and produces carbon
dioxide large amounts of heat and light
are released in this combustion reaction
carbon plus oxygen gives rise to carbon
dioxide plus heat plus light
if saturated hydrocarbons like butane
that is cooking gas is burnt in presence
of sufficient amount of oxygen it gives
a clean blue flame with no
suit if the saturated hydrocarbons are
giving a lellow flame it indicates that
there is a limited supply of oxygen to
that combustion reaction it leads to
incomplete burning of fuel and leads to
low
flame if un such ated hydrocarbons like
vegetable oils are burnt yellow color
flame is produced with black color suit
in oil lamps kerosene stows firewood
stows black suit is formed indicating
the incomplete combustion of
fuels fuels like coal and petroleum
contain some amount of nitrogen and
sulfur in them combustion of these
substances releases oxide of sulfur and
nitrogen into air which leads to air
pollution
oxidation the alcohols when heated with
some oxidizing agents they get oxidized
and converted to carboxilic acids for
example when eile alcohol is heated with
alkaline km4 or acidified K2
cr207 it produces acidic acid here
alkaline potassium permanganate or
acidified potassium dichromate adds
oxygen to the alcohol HS and make them
into acids hence these substances are
called oxidizing
agents the substances that are capable
of adding oxygen to other substances are
known as oxidizing
agents addition reaction vegetable oils
have long unsaturated carbon chains
animal fats have chains of saturated
fatty
acids unsaturated fats can be converted
into to saturated fats with the help of
addition
reaction when hydrogen is added to the
unsaturated fats in presence of a
catalyst like nickel the unsaturated
fats turns into saturated fats this
process is called hydrogenation of
vegetable oils catalysts are substances
that cause a reaction to occur at a
different rate without the reaction
itself being affected
substitution
reaction substitution reactions in
carbon compounds are single displacement
reactions they occur when saturated
hydrocarbons react with chlorine in the
presence of sunlight chlorine is more
reactive than hydrogen atoms so it can
displace them from saturated
hydrocarbons CH4 plus cl2 gives rise to
ch3 CL plus HCL in presence of sun
light some important carbon compounds
ethanol and ethanolic acid properties of
ethanol ethanol is a liquid at room
temperature it is an active ingredient
in alcoholic drinks consumption of these
alcoholic drinks is harmful to one's
Health it is a good solvent and is used
in the manufacturer of tincture iodin
cough syrups and many
tonics nowadays ethanol is added to fuel
like petrol as an eco-friendly
measure properties of ethanolic acid
ethanoic acid belongs to the group of
carboxilic acids it is also called as
acetic acid carboxilic acids are weaker
acids when compared to Mineral acids
like
HCL 5 to 8% of atic acid in water is
called vinegar it is used as
preservative in pickles
the ethanoic acid freezes at room
temperature during winter in cold
climate so it is called as glacial
acetic
acid reactions of ethanoic acid
esterification
reaction Esters are usually formed by
the reaction between an alcohol and an
acid ethanoic acid reacts with absolute
ethanol in the presence of an acid
Catalyst to give an ester
ethanolic acid plus ethanol gives rise
to Esther in presence of an acid esters
are sweet smelling substances they are
used in the manufacture of perfumes and
flavoring agents the Esters can be
converted back to alcohol and sodium
salt of carboxilic acid by treating with
an alkaly like sodium
hydroxide this reaction is used in the
manufacture of soaps and is called as
saponification
reaction soaps are sodium or potassium
salts of longchain carboxilic
acids reaction with a base ethanoic acid
reacts with sodium hydroxide to give a
salt called sodium ethano sodium
hydroxide reacts with ethanoic acid
gives rise to sodium ethano plus
water reaction with carbonates and
hydrogen
carbonates ethanoic acid reacts with
carbonates and hydrogen carbonates to
give rise to a salt called sodium
acetate carbon dioxide and
water now soaps and
detergents if a shirt with dirt is
simply rinsed in plain water some dirt
may go away but it will not be
completely clean because most of the
dirt is oily nature and it cannot be
simply washed away by plain water
soaps and detergents are used to clean
the oily dirt the molecules of soap are
sodium or pottassium salts with
longchain carboxilic acids so one end of
the soap molecule is ionic in nature it
is hydrophilic in nature that means it
attracts water molecules while the
carbon chain of the soap molecule is
hydrophobic in nature means it reacts
with the oil so carbon chains hold the
oily dirt whereas the ionic and gets
dissolved in water thus the soap
molecules are arranged in specific
structures called my cells when the
clothes are rinsed by applying
mechanical force these soap mles help in
putting out the dirt and keeps the
cloths
clean this is all about carbon and its
compounds thanks for watching
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