How did Rutherford discover the atomic nucleus 100 years ago?

Summary

The video delves into the fascinating history of atomic theory, starting with J.J. Thomson’s 1897 discovery of the electron, leading to the development of the plum pudding model. Rutherford's groundbreaking gold foil experiment in 1911 disproved this model, unveiling the existence of the atomic nucleus and laying the foundation for the planetary model of the atom. The shocking realization is that atoms are 99.9999% empty space, yet we still experience solid matter. This video promises further exploration into quantum physics to answer why empty matter behaves solidly, sparking curiosity about the nature of reality.

Takeaways

• 😀 **Atoms were once thought to be indivisible.** Before 1897, it was believed that atoms were the most fundamental particles, incapable of being divided.
• 🔬 **The discovery of the electron changed atomic theory.** JJ Thomson discovered the electron, a negatively charged particle smaller than the atom, leading to a new understanding of atomic structure.
• 🧁 **Thomson's plum pudding model.** Thomson proposed that atoms consist of a positive charge spread throughout, with electrons (like 'plums') embedded inside to balance the charge.
• 🎯 **Rutherford tests the plum pudding model.** Rutherford set up an experiment using alpha particles to shoot at a thin gold foil to test the structure of the atom.
• ⚛️ **The gold foil experiment revealed surprising results.** Most alpha particles passed through, but some were deflected, suggesting the existence of a small, dense, positively charged center (nucleus).
• 💥 **The plum pudding model was discarded.** The unexpected deflection of alpha particles led to the rejection of Thomson’s model, as it couldn't explain the strong force needed to deflect them.
• 🌞 **The planetary model of the atom.** Rutherford proposed that atoms have a dense nucleus with electrons orbiting around it, similar to how planets orbit the Sun.
• ⚡ **The atom is mostly empty space.** The nucleus is incredibly small compared to the overall size of the atom, meaning most of the atom is empty, with 99.9999999% of it being space.
• 🤯 **Why don't we pass through walls?** Even though atoms are mostly empty space, electromagnetic forces between electrons prevent us from passing through solid objects.
• 🔮 **Further exploration needed.** The script teases that understanding why hands don't pass through each other involves more advanced quantum physics, hinting at future discussions.

Q & A

What did JJ Thomson discover in 1897, and why was it significant?

In 1897, JJ Thomson discovered the electron, a negatively charged particle much smaller than the atom. This was significant because it showed that atoms were not indivisible, as previously believed, and it opened up a new field of research into atomic structure.

What was Thomson's Plum Pudding Model of the atom?

Thomson's Plum Pudding Model proposed that the atom is made of a positively charged 'pudding' with negatively charged electrons embedded within it, like plums in a pudding. This model aimed to explain how atoms remain neutral and stable.

What experiment did Ernest Rutherford conduct to test the Plum Pudding Model?

Ernest Rutherford conducted the gold foil experiment. He shot positively charged alpha particles at a thin gold foil to see if they passed through as predicted by the Plum Pudding Model. This was meant to test whether the atom's positive and negative charges were distributed evenly.

What unexpected results did Rutherford observe in his experiment?

Rutherford observed that while most alpha particles passed straight through the foil, some were deflected at large angles, and a few even bounced back. This was shocking because it suggested that the positive charge in atoms was not spread out but concentrated in a small region.

What conclusion did Rutherford draw from the gold foil experiment?

Rutherford concluded that the positive charge in an atom is concentrated in a very small, dense region, which he called the nucleus. This led to the rejection of the Plum Pudding Model and the proposal of the nuclear model of the atom, where electrons orbit around the dense, positively charged nucleus.

How much smaller is the nucleus compared to the atom as a whole?

Rutherford's calculations showed that the nucleus is about 100,000 times smaller than the entire atom. If the nucleus were the size of a grain of sand, the atom would be the size of a cricket stadium, indicating that most of the atom is empty space.

If atoms are mostly empty space, why don't objects pass through each other?

Although atoms are mostly empty space, objects don't pass through each other because of the electromagnetic forces between the atoms. Electrons in atoms repel each other, preventing physical matter from collapsing or passing through.

What major flaw did Rutherford’s model of the atom have?

Rutherford’s planetary model, where electrons orbit the nucleus like planets around the sun, had a flaw. According to classical physics, orbiting electrons would lose energy over time and spiral into the nucleus, causing the atom to collapse. This inconsistency required further refinement of atomic theory.

How did the discovery of the electron change the understanding of atomic neutrality?

The discovery of the electron, a negatively charged particle, led to the understanding that atoms must contain an equal amount of positive charge to balance the electrons and make the atom neutral. This realization prompted new models of atomic structure.

Why was the gold foil used in Rutherford's experiment, and what were the properties of gold that made it suitable?

Gold was used in the experiment because it is highly malleable, meaning it can be hammered into extremely thin sheets, which allowed Rutherford to create a target just a few hundred atoms thick. This thinness was crucial for testing how alpha particles interacted with individual atoms.

Outlines

00:00

🤔 The Question of Why We Can't Walk Through Walls

The narrator begins by posing a seemingly silly question: why can’t we walk through walls or pass one hand through the other? The video sets up the importance of understanding the 1911 discovery in physics, which is not covered in textbooks, to explain this. The video promises to take viewers back in time to uncover the true nature of matter and atomic structure.

05:01

🔍 The Discovery of the Electron and the First Atomic Model

The video takes us back to a typical physics class in 1897, where atoms were considered indivisible. However, J.J. Thomson’s discovery of the electron, a negatively charged particle smaller than the atom, radically changed this view. The atom was now understood to have both negative and positive charges, raising the question of how these forces were arranged within the atom. The video introduces the first atomic model: Thomson's Plum Pudding Model, where electrons are embedded within a positively charged 'pudding'.

10:02

🎯 Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment Setup

Ernest Rutherford, one of Thomson’s students, took on the challenge of testing the Plum Pudding Model. Rutherford's experiment involved shooting positively charged 'bullets' (alpha particles) at atoms, predicting that they would pass straight through based on Thomson's model. To test this, Rutherford used a thin sheet of gold foil as a target, which was only a few hundred atoms thick. A detector coated with zinc sulfide was built to observe whether the alpha particles would go through or be deflected.

15:02

🚨 A Surprising Result: Alpha Particles Deflected

Rutherford and his team expected all the alpha particles to pass straight through the gold foil, but they were shocked to observe some particles being deflected at large angles. This unexpected result led to the realization that something massive and highly charged existed within the atom. Rutherford concluded that the Plum Pudding Model was incorrect, and the atomic structure needed to be reimagined. The deflection suggested a powerful force that the distributed positive charge of Thomson's model couldn't explain.

20:04

💡 The Birth of the Nuclear Model

Rutherford concluded that all the positive charge and most of the mass of an atom were concentrated in a very small, dense nucleus at the center, with electrons orbiting around it. This was the birth of the planetary or nuclear model of the atom. The video explains how this model fit the experimental data, as most alpha particles passed through the atom undisturbed, while a few were deflected by the dense nucleus. This 1911 discovery marked the end of the Plum Pudding Model and opened up a new understanding of atomic structure.

😲 The Shocking Truth: Atoms Are Mostly Empty Space

Rutherford’s discovery revealed that the nucleus is incredibly small compared to the size of the atom, making the atom mostly empty space. To put it in perspective, if the nucleus were the size of a grain of sand, the atom would be the size of a cricket stadium. This means that atoms, and therefore everything around us—including our own bodies—are made up almost entirely of empty space. The narrator returns to the original question of why solid objects like hands or walls don’t pass through each other, hinting that this will be explored further in the next video.

📘 Conclusion and a Tease for Future Topics

The video concludes by emphasizing the importance of asking the right questions in science, even if the answers aren’t immediately clear. The narrator suggests that further developments in atomic theory, including quantum mechanics, are needed to fully answer why we can’t pass through solid objects. The narrator invites viewers to engage with the content and express interest in future videos covering topics like quantum physics and relativity.

Keywords

💡Atom

An atom is the basic unit of matter, composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. In the video, atoms are initially described as the smallest, indivisible particles in the universe. The script discusses the evolution of this concept, from being thought of as indivisible to discovering that atoms have internal structures, including electrons, which revolutionized our understanding of atomic physics.

💡Electron

Electrons are negatively charged particles discovered by JJ Thomson in 1897, which are much smaller than atoms. This discovery proved that atoms were not the smallest particles and had internal components, fundamentally changing the understanding of atomic structure. The video emphasizes the significance of the electron's discovery in challenging the existing model of atoms as indivisible units.

💡Plum Pudding Model

The Plum Pudding Model, proposed by JJ Thomson, suggested that atoms are made of a positively charged 'pudding' with negatively charged electrons scattered throughout, like plums in a pudding. This model was the first attempt to describe atomic structure after the discovery of the electron, but it was later disproven by Rutherford's experiments, as discussed in the video.

💡Rutherford's Experiment

Rutherford's experiment involved firing alpha particles at a thin gold foil to test the Plum Pudding Model. The experiment revealed that some particles were deflected at large angles, suggesting the presence of a dense, positively charged nucleus at the center of the atom, leading to the planetary model of the atom. This experiment was pivotal in demonstrating that atoms are mostly empty space with a tiny, dense nucleus.

💡Alpha Particles

Alpha particles are positively charged particles, specifically helium nuclei, used by Rutherford in his gold foil experiment. These particles were crucial for testing atomic models, as their unexpected deflections provided evidence against the Plum Pudding Model and led to the discovery of the atomic nucleus. The video highlights how the use of alpha particles was essential in uncovering the true structure of the atom.

💡Nucleus

The nucleus is the dense, positively charged center of the atom discovered by Rutherford. The discovery showed that nearly all the mass of the atom is concentrated in the nucleus, contradicting the idea of a uniformly distributed positive charge. This concept is key in the video, as it reshaped the understanding of atomic structure and explained why most of the atom is empty space.

💡Planetary Model

The Planetary Model, developed by Rutherford, describes the atom as having a central nucleus with electrons orbiting around it, similar to planets around the sun. This model replaced the Plum Pudding Model after Rutherford’s experiment showed that the positive charge and mass were concentrated in the nucleus. The video uses this model to explain the structure of atoms and why matter is mostly empty space.

💡Gold Foil Experiment

The Gold Foil Experiment was conducted by Rutherford to test the structure of atoms. By observing how alpha particles were scattered when passed through a thin gold foil, the experiment provided critical evidence against the Plum Pudding Model and led to the discovery of the atomic nucleus. This experiment is a focal point in the video, demonstrating a significant shift in atomic theory.

💡Empty Space in Atoms

Atoms are mostly empty space, with the nucleus occupying a minuscule volume compared to the entire atom. This concept, emphasized in the video, explains why solid matter is not as 'solid' as it appears, and is key to understanding why atoms don't easily pass through each other despite being mostly empty. This realization dramatically altered the perception of matter at the atomic level.

💡Coulomb's Law

Coulomb's Law describes the force between two charged particles, which is central to understanding the forces at play in Rutherford’s experiment. The video explains how the repulsion between the positive alpha particles and the concentrated positive charge in the nucleus led to unexpected deflections, providing crucial evidence for the nuclear model of the atom.

Highlights

Introduction to the mystery of why objects don't pass through each other, leading to the exploration of atomic structure and physics discoveries in 1911.

In 1897, JJ Thomson discovers the electron, a particle much smaller than the atom, changing the understanding of atomic structure.

Thomson's plum pudding model proposes that atoms are made of a gas of positive charge, with electrons embedded inside, like plums in a pudding.

Ernest Rutherford, one of Thomson’s students, conducts experiments to test the plum pudding model using alpha particles and gold foil.

The experiment shows that most alpha particles pass straight through the gold foil, but some are deflected, indicating a dense, positively charged nucleus in the center of the atom.

The deflection of alpha particles disproves the plum pudding model and leads to the development of Rutherford's planetary model of the atom, where electrons orbit a central nucleus.

Rutherford concludes that the nucleus is incredibly small compared to the overall size of the atom, about 100,000 times smaller, with the atom being mostly empty space.

The planetary model of the atom is born, with electrons orbiting around a dense, positively charged nucleus, much like planets around the sun.

Rutherford’s back-of-the-envelope calculation reveals that most of the atom is empty, with the nucleus being the only dense part.

Despite being mostly empty space, matter still feels solid, leading to the question of why we can't pass through walls.

The discovery of the atomic nucleus and its implications for the structure of matter opened up new avenues of research in atomic and quantum physics.

The video teases that Rutherford’s model has flaws and that future discoveries in quantum mechanics will further explain the behavior of matter.

The discussion ends with a reflection on the importance of asking the right questions in science, setting up future explorations of quantum physics.

The narrator invites viewers to continue exploring these concepts, hinting at future content on quantum mechanics and relativity.

Closing thoughts on how understanding the emptiness of atoms can provide a new perspective on the physical world.

The video emphasizes the value of high school-level physics to explain complex concepts, such as atomic structure and quantum mechanics.

Transcripts

oh hey I'm trying to understand why this

hand does not go through this hand or

why can't you walk through walls sounds

like a silly question right but once you

understand the shocking consequences of

the 1911 physics discovery which are not

discussed in textbook by the way

you will gain a much better perspective

of the matter around you and this

question will not sound silly at all

now to do this right we need to start a

little bit from the beginning we need to

go back in time in 1897. so this is what

a random physics class would look like

in 1897.

so as I was saying students atoms are

the most fundamental particles in this

universe there's nothing smaller than

the atoms you cannot divide the atoms

atoms means in divisible so write that

down atoms cannot be further divided

JJ Thompson has discovered brand new

negatively charged particles at least a

thousand times smaller than the atom we

are calling it the electron we believe

all atoms have electrons in them

exciting times ahead

so as I was saying atoms are not the

most fundamental particles in this

universe

that's right the discovery of electron

by JJ Thomson changed everything it

opened up a completely new branch of

research that is figuring out what's

inside the atom you see we already knew

that atoms are neutral right but now we

discovered that it has electrons which

are negatively charged particles inside

of it this also means there must be some

kind of a positively charged

thing inside it as well and there must

be arranged in such a way that all their

forces must cancel out because they all

attract and repel and they must be

arranged in such a way that it should

remain stable and so the big question

was what does that Arrangement look like

what is the atomic structure look like

after the discovery of electrons a lot

of people were taking a crack at it and

after a few years thousand came up with

an idea and gave us the very first

atomic model how let's go back in time

oh my God what a boring Christmas party

why did I say yes to this should I just

stayed home and worked on my atomic

model oh my God enjoying the party Mr

Thompson oh yes yes yes I'm a very nice

wonderful party that's exactly exactly

what I was thinking about yeah and how

do you like the pudding

oh the pudding oh that's incredible yes

and even the plums inside that pudding

oh that is

now I'm not sure if that story is true

it would be so cool if it was but what

did Thomson find out what was the idea

that he got well he looked at the

pudding and just like the pudding he

said that maybe the atom is made of a

some kind of a gas of positive charge

that completely fills the atom up just

like this this like the pudding part of

that cake

and if we just had this gas of positive

charge because positive and positive

would repel then that gas would tend to

expand because positive positive repels

from each other

but what keeps it from expanding the

electrons

just like the plums in the pudding the

electrons are placed inside the pudding

of the positive charge and the forces

bit of the electrons and the pository

charge all balance in such a way the

atom stays stable

this was the plum pudding model given by

JJ Thompson Thompson was killing it

first the discovery of the electron now

the very first atomic model The Plum

Pudding model but like with any model it

needs experimental evidence which means

we had to test the plum pudding model

who is going to test the plum pudding

model this brings us to the star of this

video any guesses it's one of Thompson's

students himself

that's right

Ernst Rutherford

Rutherford took up the task of testing

the plum pudding model but how do you do

that how do you test what's inside an

atom like how does Humanity come up with

these things

Thomson's idea was quite straightforward

actually

Thompson said well if the entire atom is

made of positive charge and there are

electrons inside of it then he started

wondering what would happen if you were

to sort of like throw a positive charge

at it another positive charge added

imagine a positive charge atomic size

bullet added Thompson argued that since

there is equal amount of positive and

negative charge this particular thing

would not experience any Force

it wouldn't experience any Force when

it's outside and as a result it'll go

straight in and inside as well it won't

experience any Force because there's

positive and negative charges everywhere

and so that means if I threw a

positively charged bullet straight at an

atom it should go straight through

this was the model this was the idea

that Rutherford had and so therefore the

idea was if I can somehow shoot

positively charged bullets at atoms and

if they go through if I can see that

they're going straight through

then I'm done that is a good test for

the plum pudding model

was how do you do that this is great in

theory but how exactly do you do this

few challenges the first challenge is

how do you set your target atom like how

do you make sure that you shoot you have

one atom Target because most of the

stuff that we have is made of billions

of atoms

well Rutherford's answer was very simple

let's take a metal

Medical's metals are very malleable you

can make very very thin sheets out of it

let's just hammer it and make things as

thin as possible and therefore he

actually asked one of his friends to

make him a super thin gold foil for him

gold is one of the most malleable

materials on the planet and so his

friend made a gold foil which apparently

was few hundred atoms thick a few

hundred atoms that's super super thin

for that time at least

and so yes we don't have one atom we'll

have hundreds of atom but that's still

fine the idea is that if they don't

accept any Force the positive charge

bullet should just go through maybe

because there are hundreds of atoms it

might have some small deviations but

that's still okay but most of it mostly

it should go just straight through

that's the whole idea behind the plum

pudding model okay we have one challenge

done we have the gold foil the next

challenge was

how do we detect that the particles have

gone straight through or not how do we

detect the path well for that

Rutherford's idea was to construct an

apparatus like this

where you have a thin this is a thin

gold foil you're looking at it from the

top now and the whole thing was like a

stadium you have like a stadium boundary

over there and it was coated with some

kind of a chemical I forget what that

chemical is I think it's zinc sulfide or

something but the property of that

chemical is when a positive charge or

you know positive charge goes and hits

it at that particular spot you would get

a glow so for example if you see a glow

somewhere over here that means that that

particular bullet if it's shot from here

it must have gone through like this and

landed over there on the other hand if

you see a glow somewhere over here then

we can see that if it was shot from here

it must have hit over here it must have

gone like this so you can sort of think

about the path over there so that was

done that was that

but the last question we might have or

other food is

where do we get positively charged

Atomic bullets

where does Rutherford find that from

well

let's go back in time

all set for the experiment rather

forward yeah I have everything ready

except for where am I supposed to find a

positively charged atomic size bullet

it's 1909 there's no technology over

here I don't know why I even signed up

for this oh my God

[Music]

wait

why is Curie calling me

hey Kiri what's up brother four just

wanted to call you to congratulate you

again for your Nobel Prize thank you

chemistry last year you know the one

where you worked on the alpha particles

which are like positively charged

bullets coming out of radioactive

substances okay I gotta call you back

that's right Rutherford had already

gotten a Nobel Prize the previous year

in chemistry for his groundbreaking work

on radioactivity in fact he did a lot of

research in figuring out what the alpha

particles were and he had figured out

that the alpha particles are positively

charged bullets today we know that alpha

particles are basically helium nuclei

and beta particles are actually

electrons and Gamma is basically photons

but back then what was important is that

they knew that alpha particle was

positively charged and so what what

would Rutherford do now all Rutherford

had to do was use his some kind of a

radium isotope

um which is uh which is a source of an

alpha particle and of course enclose

that so that you have more control over

the direction you only want the alpha

particles that are coming towards the

gold foil and that's the last piece of

the puzzle so we now have everything we

have the gold foil we have the alpha

Source we have the alpha particle Source

we have zinc sulfide all around so we

know where these alphabeticals land

all we have to do is do that experiment

now and once again let's go back in time

one last time and look at this

experiment done live

all right folks are we all ready we have

everything set up we also have our

predictions everything is supposed to go

straight through

and that's obviously what's going to

happen because you know some footing

model is awesome JJ Thomson is awesome

it's obviously right everything is just

right I have Thompson on the speed dial

as well because we know we're going to

confirm it okay ready let us start poop

there we go there we go all the alpha

particles are going straight through

awesome high fives high fives should I

call Thompson now I think we should

right like I mean it's happening it's

happening all right let me call him

wait did you see that

I'm gonna call you back yeah it's just a

glitch it's just a glitch it's fine it's

it's fine I think it's it's not not a

big deal wait there's another one

what's happening

wait there's another one

and there's one more this this can't be

no

no

this can't be no

no

what just happened why was Rutherford's

so shocked

well

if you go back to the experiment

we saw that most of the glow was right

behind the gold foil and this was the

one that we predicted this basically

meant all the alpha particles over there

went straight through

but if you watched that that part that

clip carefully we also found some glow

which was behind

this was the one that shocked Rutherford

and his friends

because that meant that alpha particles

are bouncing off

of gold atoms

why is that such a huge deal because as

a scientist you probably know that

experiments don't always give you the

exact same observations right that's

that's part and parcel of Science and so

maybe something like that has happened

over here we just need to tweak our

model a little bit right

no

what this meant which we'll understand

now

something dramatic this meant that the

plum pudding model had to be completely

discarded

not tweaked not changed a little bit

completely

discarded

why well let's look at it if the alpha

particles are bouncing off like this

there must be a significant force acting

on them

and since alpha particles were known to

be pretty energetic this Force needs to

be pretty high the big question was

where is this Force coming from we

already saw that because the according

to the plum pudding model because

everything is pretty neutral there's no

way the plum putting model can generate

that much force and Rutherford did some

back of the envelope calculation even if

you have hundreds of atoms anyone if

it's not perfectly distributed

he saw that the force needed to create

that kind of a bouncing off effect

is billions of times stronger than what

the plum pudding model can ever give you

billions of times stronger that's not

just a small error that's a huge error

and that's why Rutherford was shocked

and he was trying to figure this out for

another couple of years

by doing multiple experiments and trying

to figure out what does it all mean

and eventually he did figure it out

he realized that he had to throw the

plump putting model out of the window

and just start from scratch

and so what he realized was that if I

need to generate that much force there

is no way that the positive charge can

be distributed uniformly throughout the

atom that's just not possible

so he just he realized the only way that

the alpha particles can get that much

force if was if the positive charge is

not distributed throughout the atom but

if it was concentrated in a very tiny

space

at the center of the atom because then

look the alpha particles can come very

close to that positive charge and from

Coulomb's law you probably know the

closer something can come the closer

charges are the bigger the coulomb

repulsion

and so you can have a very strong

coulomb repulsion if and only if that

all the positive charge is concentrated

at the center no electrons over there so

you feel the full brunt the full grunt

full brunt full grunt of the positive

charge

and there therefore

he said that all the positive charge

must be concentrated at the center and

he called it the atomic nucleus which

you're probably familiar with

and what about the electrons well you

probably know how the story goes now he

compared with our planetary model he

realized that just like how the Sun

pulls all the uh

what samples all the what do you call

that planet

Sun pulls all the planets and makes it

go around it similarly this positive

charge will pull all the electrons and

make them go around it and the planetary

model was born

and this perfectly fit the data because

look because the thing is in the center

most of the times the alpha particles

will not even come close to it and

therefore they will go through and that

explained why most of the times we did

see alpha particles going straight

through

and then sometimes about one in 20 000

we found that the other particles were

scattered by a very large angle

and so this Alpha scattering experiment

as we call it today is the one that led

to the 1911 discovery of the planetary

model and the atomic nucleus

so the plum pudding model was discarded

poor Thompson

and the planetary model was born

the student

had become the master

but now comes the shocking consequence

part it was not a clickbait

what is the shocking consequence of this

that is not discussed in our textbooks

and how is it related to what I

initially talked about at the beginning

of the video

well Rutherford was able to do a back of

the envelope calculation based on just

Coulomb's law how small this nucleus

needs to be and you can you can see that

right if the nucleus is too big it'll

not be able to come very close and

you'll not be able to generate the force

so just by looking at how much force he

got he was able to figure this out and

his back of the envelope calculation

showed that the nucleus needs to be at

least a hundred thousand times smaller

than the atom and why was this so

shocking you ask well first of all my

brain cannot understand these large

numbers hundred thousand is too big for

me so what I should what we'll do is

we'll scale it up imagine the atomic

nucleus is the size of a grain of sand

by that scale

what would the atom look like what would

the atom be just pause and think about

would it be a lemon

would it be a basketball

it would be a freaking cricket stadium

that's how small the atomic nucleus is

the entire Cricket Stadium if you

consider it to be the atom the nucleus

is a grain of sand

and

we already saw that electrons are

incredibly tiny incredibly massless part

they have mass but their Mass they're

very light particles this means all the

mass of the atom is mostly in the

positive charge and now all the mass of

the atom is concentrated in that tiny

space

making the rest of the atom empty

think about how empty that atom is if

you actually put the two numbers you

will find our atom is

99.9999999999999999 empty

all atoms are this much empty

and we are made of atoms

which means I am this much empty you are

that much empty everything that you look

around you is just empty space

this also means our brains are empty

and now that makes me wonder why doesn't

this empty hand

go through this empty hand

isn't that a valid question now why

can't we walk through walls

what gives solid matter its structure

so what's the answer to this well

patience I promised you by the end of

the video I'll give you a brand new

perspective and I have done that

hopefully

and the hopefully the question that I've

asked also makes sense

sometimes in science actually most of

the times in science we spend a lot of

time trying to figure out the right

answer but I think we get a lot of

insights sometimes by trying to figure

out what the right question is and that

was the hope of this particular video

because to answer this question we need

to come continue this story turns out

Rutherford's model has some pretty

significant flaws we need to do some

more role play with a few more folks

before we can answer the question

exactly why this empty hand does not go

through this empty hand

so that's it for this video I hope I was

able to give you a brand new perspective

I tried to do something creative and

yeah I just want to know

how did you feel about this should I be

making more stuff on Quantum and

relativity and all of it I love using

High School physics to explain all of

this so if you really enjoy all of this

stuff please let me know in the comment

section I will see you soon

bye