SUMBER HUKUM ISLAM Oleh Ulul Huda, S.Pd.I., M.Si.

Summary

The speaker discusses the sources of Islamic law, focusing on the differences between Sharia and Fiqh. Sharia is described as fundamental and unchanging, derived directly from the Qur'an and Hadith, while Fiqh represents human interpretation, which leads to diverse understandings among scholars and communities. The speaker emphasizes the importance of respecting differing opinions, such as those between Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah, as they arise from human interpretation, not fundamental principles. The talk also touches on the goals of Islamic law (Maqasid al-Shariah) and the importance of ijtihad in addressing contemporary issues.

Takeaways

• 🕌 The discussion centers around the sources of Islamic law, emphasizing the importance of *syariah* as the fundamental and eternal law from Allah and the Prophet Muhammad.
• 📜 *Syariah* is singular and unchanging, but its interpretation by humans results in *fiqh*, which can vary depending on scholars' understanding.
• 📖 The Quran and Hadith are absolute and unquestionable in their truth, while *fiqh* is the human interpretation of these sources, and thus open to differences.
• 🧠 *Fiqh* is not absolute but speculative (*zhonni*), allowing for diverse interpretations, which explains differing views in Islamic practices, such as those of NU and Muhammadiyah.
• 🛐 Differences between major Islamic organizations like Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah are not rooted in the Quran or Hadith themselves but in their interpretations, making them non-fundamental.
• 🧑‍⚖️ The *fiqh* diversity is a result of varying scholarly backgrounds, social environments, and approaches, as seen in the different schools of thought (e.g., Hanafi, Shafi'i, Maliki).
• 📘 The methods of *Usul al-Fiqh* (principles of Islamic jurisprudence) also contribute to these differences, further showing that diversity in interpretation is natural and not problematic.
• ⚖️ Islamic law aims to serve five core purposes (*Maqasid al-Shariah*): preserving religion, life, intellect, lineage, and property.
• 🕋 The Quran and Hadith are the primary sources of Islamic law, followed by *ijtihad* (independent reasoning), which includes *ijma'* (scholarly consensus) and *qiyas* (analogical reasoning).
• 🔄 *Ijtihad* allows for the development of new rulings based on contemporary issues, such as zakat on modern professions, reflecting the adaptability of Islamic law to current times.

Q & A

What is meant by 'syariat' in the context of Islamic law?

'Syariat' refers to the fundamental and singular law from Allah, which is eternal and unchangeable. It encompasses the core teachings of Islam as derived from the Quran and Hadith.

How is 'fiqh' different from 'syariat'?

'Fiqh' is the human interpretation of 'syariat', specifically the Quran and Hadith. While 'syariat' is absolute, 'fiqh' is relative and may vary due to differences in interpretation among scholars.

What does 'koti' and 'zonni' mean in relation to Islamic teachings?

'Koti' refers to the absolute, unquestionable truths in Islamic teachings found directly in the Quran and Hadith. 'Zonni' refers to interpretations or opinions that are not absolute, resulting from human understanding of these texts.

Why do differences in fiqh arise among scholars?

Differences in fiqh arise due to varying interpretations of Islamic texts, influenced by the scholars’ social, cultural, and intellectual backgrounds, as well as the methods of reasoning they apply.

What is the nature of the differences between organizations like Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) and Muhammadiyah?

The differences between organizations like NU and Muhammadiyah are related to fiqh, not core principles of Islam. These differences are based on interpretations of Islamic teachings, but they share common beliefs in the Quran and Hadith.

How does Islamic law view the concept of interpretation within religious practices?

Islamic law recognizes that interpretations (fiqh) of religious practices can vary among scholars due to differing backgrounds, expertise, and contexts. Such variations are natural and accepted as part of the diversity in Islamic jurisprudence.

What are the five key objectives of 'Maqasid al-Shariah' mentioned in the transcript?

The five key objectives of 'Maqasid al-Shariah' are: (1) safeguarding religion, (2) protecting life, (3) preserving intellect, (4) safeguarding wealth, and (5) ensuring the preservation of lineage.

What role does 'ijtihad' play in Islamic law?

'Ijtihad' is the process of using reasoning and intellect to derive legal rulings for situations not explicitly addressed in the Quran or Hadith. It allows scholars to produce new legal opinions or rulings.

What is the difference between 'ijma'' and 'qiyas' in Islamic law?

'Ijma'' is the consensus of scholars on a particular legal issue, while 'qiyas' is analogical reasoning used to apply principles from known cases in the Quran or Hadith to new situations.

How does the concept of 'qiyas' apply to contemporary issues?

'Qiyas' applies to contemporary issues by drawing analogies from past rulings. For example, substances like alcohol were prohibited in the time of the Prophet Muhammad, and 'qiyas' extends this prohibition to modern intoxicants like certain drugs.

Outlines

00:00

📜 Introduction to Islamic Law Sources

This paragraph opens with a traditional Islamic greeting and leads into a discussion on the sources of Islamic law (sharia). It emphasizes that sharia is the unchanging law of Allah, eternal and fundamental. The concept of fiqh, which is human interpretation of sharia, is introduced as being variable and open to different interpretations. The paragraph also distinguishes between the fixed truths of the Quran and Hadith, and the subjective interpretations that result in diverse opinions, such as those seen between Islamic organizations like Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah. The focus is on how these interpretations, rather than the sacred texts themselves, lead to differences in practices like prayer.

05:02

📚 Differences in Fiqh and the Diversity of Interpretations

This section explores the diversity within Islamic jurisprudence, particularly how different scholars like Imam Hanafi, Imam Malik, and Imam Shafi'i developed varying interpretations based on their social, cultural, and educational backgrounds. It discusses how fiqh interpretations are shaped by individual scholars' methods of reasoning and usul fiqh (legal methodology). The paragraph stresses that differing opinions in fiqh are a natural and acceptable part of Islamic discourse, and should not be a source of division within the community, as they stem from interpretive efforts rather than fundamental doctrinal differences.

10:03

⚖️ The Purpose and Objectives of Islamic Law (Maqasid al-Shariah)

This paragraph delves into the objectives of Islamic law, known as Maqasid al-Shariah. It outlines five key goals: protecting religion, life, intellect, wealth, and lineage. The text explains how these objectives are reflected in various Islamic practices such as zakat (charitable giving) and inheritance laws, designed to preserve individual and societal well-being. It also touches on the importance of maintaining religious integrity and safeguarding personal wealth and intellect as critical components of the Islamic legal framework.

📖 The Sources of Islamic Law: Quran, Hadith, and Ijtihad

The final paragraph discusses the main sources of Islamic law: the Quran, Hadith, and ijtihad (independent reasoning). The Quran and Hadith are described as absolute, infallible truths safeguarded by Allah, while ijtihad represents the scholars' use of reason to interpret and expand upon these sources. It explains the concepts of ijma' (consensus) and qiyas (analogical reasoning), providing examples such as the application of zakat on modern professions and the prohibition of intoxicants. This section concludes with the assertion that these methods of interpretation remain relevant and applicable to contemporary issues.

Keywords

💡Syariat

Syariat refers to Islamic law that is based on the Quran and Hadith, regarded as divine and eternal. It is fundamental and singular, as mentioned in the script, and forms the core of Islamic teachings. The video emphasizes that while syariat is divine and immutable, its interpretation by humans can vary, giving rise to fiqih.

💡Fiqih

Fiqih is the human interpretation of the Quran and Hadith, creating a body of Islamic jurisprudence. The script explains that fiqih is derived from syariat but allows for multiple interpretations, leading to various schools of thought. Differences in fiqih are not about the principles of Islam but about the application of its teachings in various contexts.

💡Koti

Koti refers to absolute and clear rulings in Islamic law, particularly in the Quran and Hadith. The script highlights that these are indisputable truths, unlike fiqih, which is open to interpretation. Koti represents the foundational aspects of Islamic law that are universally accepted.

💡Zon

Zon refers to interpretations or rulings in fiqih that are based on human judgment and are not absolute. The script contrasts zon with koti, noting that zon can vary because it is derived from human interpretation, and therefore, is subject to debate and different understandings.

💡Ijtihad

Ijtihad is the process of making a legal decision by independent interpretation of the sources of Islamic law. The script explains that ijtihad is a key method through which new rulings are derived when situations arise that were not directly addressed by the Quran or Hadith. It plays a role in allowing Islamic law to adapt to modern issues, such as zakat on professions.

💡Ijma'

Ijma' refers to the consensus of scholars on a particular issue in Islamic law. The script points out that this consensus is a product of ijtihad when scholars come together to form a unified stance on an issue that was not explicitly addressed during the time of the Prophet Muhammad.

💡Qiyas

Qiyas is analogical reasoning in Islamic jurisprudence, used to apply principles from known issues to new cases that share similar characteristics. The video mentions that qiyas is used to extend rulings from the Prophet’s time, such as prohibiting substances that cause intoxication based on the ruling against alcohol.

💡Maqasid al-Shariah

Maqasid al-Shariah refers to the objectives of Islamic law, which include preserving religion, life, intellect, wealth, and progeny. The script outlines these objectives as the reasons behind the implementation of syariat, ensuring the protection of both individual and societal welfare.

💡Tafsir

Tafsir is the interpretation or commentary on the Quran. The video discusses how tafsir involves understanding the meaning of Quranic verses, which, like fiqih, can vary depending on the interpreter’s context, knowledge, and background.

💡Sunatullah

Sunatullah refers to the divine laws of nature or the predetermined order of things by God. The script explains that differences in interpretation and understanding within fiqih are a part of sunatullah, meaning that variations among scholars and communities are natural and should be accepted as part of human diversity.

Highlights

Introduction to the topic of Islamic legal sources and the concept of sharia as a fundamental, singular law.

Sharia is eternal and represents the law of Allah, which cannot change, whereas fiqh is a human interpretation of sharia.

Fiqh is not absolute (qati'), but rather speculative (zanni) and subject to different interpretations by scholars.

Differences between NU (Nahdlatul Ulama) and Muhammadiyah are based on fiqh interpretations, not on the Quran or Hadith themselves.

Islamic jurisprudence can vary, as seen in differences between major Islamic scholars like Imam Hanafi, Imam Malik, and Imam Shafi'i.

Interpretations of the Quran and Hadith are relative, influenced by scholars’ environments, social contexts, and expertise.

Disagreements in fiqh are natural and should not lead to division, as they are part of Allah’s will (sunatullah).

Key principles of Islamic law (maqasid al-sharia) include the protection of religion, life, intellect, property, and lineage.

Sharia aims to safeguard human dignity by emphasizing zakat (charity) and the proper distribution of wealth.

Ijtihad, or scholarly reasoning, plays a key role in developing new fiqh rulings in response to contemporary issues.

The introduction of zakat on professional income (zakat al-mal) is an example of contemporary ijtihad addressing modern professions.

Fiqh rulings, such as the prohibition of intoxicants like alcohol, are extended through qiyas (analogical reasoning) to include modern substances.

Consensus among scholars (ijma') and analogical reasoning (qiyas) are key methods in deriving Islamic legal rulings.

The Quran and Hadith remain the absolute (qati’) sources of Islamic law, while human interpretations are fallible.

Closing remarks emphasizing the importance of tolerance and mutual respect in dealing with fiqh differences.

Transcripts

di tengah-tengah

Assalamualaikum

warahmatullahi wabarakatuh

Alhamdulillahirobbil alamin

washolatu wassalamu ala asrofil Ambiya

Iwal mursalin

Sayyidina wa Maulana Muhammadin wa ala

alihi wa ashabihi ajma'in

teman-teman saudara-saudara yang saya

banggakan

Pada kesempatan kali ini

kita akan membahas terkait dengan sumber

hukum Islam

bicara terkait dengan sumber hukum Islam

maka kita mengingat yang disebut dengan

syariat

apa itu syariat

syariat itu bersifat tunggal dan

fundamental

Hai karena

syariat ini terkait dengan hukumnya

Allah yang sifatnya kekal karena

merupakan ketentuan Allah dan Rasulullah

Shallallahu Alaihi Wasallam

Oleh karena itu

syariat adalah

Hai dasar ajaran agama Islam yang satu

tetapi

Hai di dalam syariat itu

dapat menghasilkan berbagai ragam

pemahaman

Hai karena syariat yang terdapat di

dalam Alquran dan hadis

kemudian

diinterpretasi manusia yang kemudian

disebut dengan fiqih

jadi fiqih itu adalah interpretasi

manusia

terhadap al-qur'an dan

Hai maka didalam syariat ajaran agama

Islam

ada yang bersifat koti ada yang bersifat

Hai ajaran agama Islam

yang tertulis di dalam al-quran dan

hadits itu bersifat koti mutlak

kebenarannya

Tetapi kalau sudah interpretasi manusia

terhadap Alquran dan hadis yang kemudian

kalau al-qur'an disebut dengan tafsir

kalau di dalam

fiqih

maka

itu tidak bersifat koti tetapi bersifat

zone maka interpretasi itu terkadang

terjadi perbedaan pendapat dikalangan

masyarakat

bukan Alquran maupun hadist nya tetapi

atas interpretasi al-qur'an dan hadis

maka karakteristik yang dimiliki fiqih

ini

kebalikan dari karr stick Sari AD

Hai karena syariat itu

dapat menghasilkan keragaman pemahaman

Oleh karena itu fiqih itu bersifat

beragam banyak dan merupakan pemahaman

manusia yang tercantum dalam kitab-kitab

fiqih

maka

tidak heran di dalam melaksanakan

ibadah salat saya ambil contoh

takbirnya sama gerakan yang sama

Hai Bisa jadi

hal yang membatalkan salat berbeda

karena itu sudah interpretasi daripada

al-qur'an dan Hadist

Hai tidak heran di kalangan masyarakat

kita terjadi perbedaan pendapat

antara Ormas besar Nahdlatul Ulama dan

Muhammadiyah bukan dalam rangka

al-qurannya tetapi pemahaman atas

ayat-ayat suci Alquran atas hadis-hadis

Rasulullah Shallallahu Alaihi Wasallam

Hai jadi perbedaan yang terjadi di

kalangan NU dan Muhammadiyah hakekatnya

adalah perbedaan yang bersifat furu'iyah

bercabang tidak sesuatu yang bersifat

prinsip pokok yaitu al-qur'an dan Hadist

dalam pengertian luas fiqih ini memiliki

makna yang sama dengan tafsir

interpretasi tersebut sifatnya relatif

karena perbedaan kapasitas keilmuan

spesialisasi lingkungan sosial dan

budaya serta

permasalahan pada zat suatu zaman maka

hasil pemahaman satu orang dengan lain

akan berbeda saya ambil contoh pendapat

Imam Hanafi beberapa berbeda dengan

Hai pendapat Imam Malik Imam Syafi'i dan

lain sebagainya Kenapa terjadi perbedaan

karena beliau beliau yang menjadi

madzahibul arba'ah

empat orang yang menjadi referensi hukum

fikih di kalangan ahlussunnah Waljamaah

mempunyai latar belakang sosial-budaya

karakter yang berbeda sehingga

menghasilkan produk fiqih yang berbeda

juga

selain itu juga ada namanya metode Ushul

Fiqh yang digunakan yang akan

menghasilkan pemahaman yang berbeda pula

Oleh karena itu keragaman tidak dapat

dielakkan

dan tidak boleh ada klaim merasa

pemahaman sendiri yang paling benar

karena ini adalah interpretasi

syariat yang dihasilkan

bahkah perbedaan di dalam fiqih itu yang

biasa hal yang lumrah karena ini adalah

pemahaman atas teks al-quran maupun

hadits maka tidak usah kita

membesar-besarkan perbedaan ini karena

hakekatnya perbedaan itu adalah

sunatullah karena orang mempunyai

pemahaman atas keilmuan lingkungan

spesialisasi yang dimiliki satu dengan

yang lain maka mempunyai pemahaman yang

berbeda satu dengan yang lain hal yang

biasa bila terjadi perbedaan antara NU

Muhammadiyah Al Irsyad dan Ormas yang

lain karena memang pemahaman yang

diberikan oleh Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala

atas akal yang diberikan kepada manusia

dan manusia-manusia pilihan itu menjadi

referensi ormas-ormas besar maka

mempunyai pemahaman keagamaan yang

berbeda tetapi perbedaan itu Oke chatnya

tidak sesuatu yang bersifat prinsip yang

prinsip adalah ukurannya sama kiblatnya

sama sholatnya sama puasanya sama

Sehatnya sama itu adalah hal yang

prinsip bahwa kemudian di dalam hal-hal

lain terkait dengan yang membatalkan

puasa yang membatalkan salat yang

membatalkan wudhu dan lain sebagainya

Itu hakekatnya adalah produk daripada

fiqih dan itu adalah hasil pemahaman

seseorang Oleh karena itu kita tidak

usah memperbesar perbedaan-perbedaan

yang terjadi di kalangan ulama yang itu

adalah hasil ijtihadnya para ulama

Kemudian

dilihat dari sisi tujuan hukum Islam

atau Marcos itu Syariah Kenapa syariat

itu diturunkan yang pertama adalah gif

Titin menjaga agama kita agama yang kita

cintai agama yang kita anggap sebagai

agama yang paling benar yang nomor dua

tujuan daripada Mako situs shariah

syariat itu diturunkan adalah Hits Band

nafas menjaga diri kita sebagai orang

Islam maka kita harus menjaga diri kita

dari berbagai macam cobaan rintangan dan

lain sebagainya yang nomor 3 adalah

Hizbul apel menjaga akal maka di dalam

ayat suci Alquran banyak yang

menyebutkan Afala ta'qilun Afala

tatafakkaruun dan lain sebagainya

artinya porsi atau juga diperhitungkan

di dalam ajaran agama Islam

yang selanjutnya adalah hifdhul Mal

menjaga harta

Hai maka didalam subdermal menjaga harta

kita diharuskan untuk melaksanakan

namanya zakat mal di sana juga ada

sunnah itu melaksanakan shodaqoh dan

lain sebagainya Bagaimana harta waris

dan lain sebagainya itu dalam rangka

menjaga betul mal yang terakhir adalah

Abdul nasher menjaga keturunan ketika

orang tua meninggal maka siapa yang

punya hak untuk mendapatkan Waris dan

lain sebagainya maka ada namanya Marcos

itu Syariah Kenapa syariat itu

diturunkan paling tidak ada beberapa hal

yang menjadi tujuan syariat ajaran agama

Islam

yang selanjutnya kita juga harus

memahami

Bagaimana terkait dengan sumber hukum

Islam yang pertama adalah Alquran yang

kedua adalah Hadits dua hal ini adalah

sesuatu yang bersifat koti jelas

kebenarannya tidak mungkin terjadi

kesalahan Alquran dan Hadis Alquran yang

menjaga langsung adalah Allah

subhanahuwata'ala

Inna nahnu nazzalna dzikro wa inna lahu

lahafizhun Allah yang menurunkan Al

Quran dan Allah juga yang akan menjaga

Alquran yang nomor 3 itu adalah hasil

ijtihad

bisa berbentuk ijma' bisa berbentuk kias

ijtihad ini merupakan usaha memproduksi

sebuah hukum dengan menggunakan akal

sehat untuk mengeluarkan hukum-hukum

yang tersirat di dalam Alquran dan hadis

maka dari ijtihad itu kemudian muncul

namanya ijma' dan qiyas yg cuma itu

adalah kesepakatan para ulama Paul

dimana pada waktu itu

rasulullah shallallahu alaihi wasallam

pada era Rasulullah Shallallahu Alaihi

Wasallam belum pernah terjadi maka para

ulama melakukan proses ijtihad

musyawarah yang kemudian menghasilkan

produk-produk fiqih yang baru yang pada

waktu itu belum pernah terjadi pada

zaman Rasulullah Shallallahu Alaihi

Wasallam saya ambil contoh

kewajiban zakat profesi pada zaman

Rasulullah belum ada profesi sekarang

bagaimana profesi menjadi dosen menjadi

guru menjadi polisi menjadi aparatur

sipil negara mempunyai penghasilan maka

para ulamak berijtihad melalui ijma'

bahwa ada namanya zakat profesi ada juga

di sini terkait dengan qiyas menyamakan

sesuatu yang pernah terjadi pada

Rasulullah SAW Hai makan dengan hal yang

terjadi pada saat sekarang ini dulu pada

zaman Rasulullah mengharamkan namanya

Homer sesuatu yang memabukkan kalau

dikiaskan sekarang Maka orang dilarang

minum cm Topi Miring

bir dan lain sebagainya Itu mengkiaskan

bahwa pada zaman Rasulullah tidak boleh

orang itu mabuk ketika melaksanakan

salat dan lain sebagainya Itu akyas itu

masih sangat relevan dengan kondisi saat

sekarang ini Terima kasih kurang

lebihnya mohon maaf Semoga ada

manfaatnya Wow muafiq Ila aqwamith

Thariq Wassalamualaikum

warohmatullohi wabarokatuh