American Pageant Chapter 9 APUSH Review (Period 3)

Summary

This educational video explores the early years of the United States, focusing on the Articles of Confederation and its shortcomings. It highlights the creation of state governments post-independence, each with their own constitution and varying powers. The video discusses the unicameral Congress, lack of executive and judicial branches, and the inability to tax, which led to financial crises. It also covers the Northwest Ordinances, foreign policy issues, and internal rebellions like Shay's Rebellion, which underscored the need for a stronger central government. The Constitutional Convention of 1787 and the resulting Constitution are examined, including compromises like the Great Compromise and the Three-Fifths Compromise, and the establishment of a federal system with checks and balances.

Takeaways

• 🏛️ The first national government under the Articles of Confederation was weak and had limited powers, intentionally designed to prevent centralized authority.
• 🌟 State governments were established with their own constitutions, often featuring a separation of powers, property requirements for voting, and Bills of Rights to protect individual liberties.
• 📜 The Articles of Confederation faced challenges such as the inability to tax, regulate trade, and enforce laws due to the lack of an executive branch and judiciary.
• 🛣️ The Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 were significant achievements of the Articles, establishing a system for territories to become states and prohibiting slavery north of the Ohio River.
• 🚦 The financial problems of the young nation, including a large debt and worthless paper money, highlighted the need for a stronger central government.
• 🏰 External threats like England's refusal to leave the Northwest territories and Spain's closure of the Mississippi River to American shipping added to the calls for a stronger federal government.
• 🏺 Shay's Rebellion exemplified internal strife and the inability of the Articles of Confederation to maintain order, leading to increased demands for a more effective government.
• 🤝 The Constitutional Convention in 1787 was initially intended to revise the Articles but resulted in the creation of an entirely new federal government under the U.S. Constitution.
• ⚖️ Key compromises at the Convention included the Great Compromise (bicameral legislature with equal and proportional representation) and the Three-Fifths Compromise regarding the counting of slaves for representation.
• 📜 The U.S. Constitution, once ratified, established a government based on popular sovereignty, separation of powers, federalism, and a system of checks and balances, with the Constitution as the supreme law of the land.

Q & A

What was the main concern of the states when creating their own governments after independence?

The main concern was safeguarding liberties and preventing centralized power, especially in the executive branch, which led to the establishment of a separation of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches.

Why were property qualifications maintained in many states for voter eligibility?

Property qualifications were maintained in many states to limit voting rights to those who owned property, reflecting the belief that those with a stake in society should have a say in its governance.

What was the significance of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom?

The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, authored by Thomas Jefferson, was significant because it disestablished the Church of England and provided religious freedom for all, including Jews and Catholics, which was a progressive step at the time.

Why was the Articles of Confederation considered weak as a national government?

The Articles of Confederation was considered weak because it had a unicameral Congress, no executive branch, no power to tax, and could not regulate trade between states, which severely limited its ability to effectively govern.

What were some of the key weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?

Key weaknesses included the requirement of nine out of thirteen states to pass laws, equal representation for all states regardless of size, and the need for unanimous consent to amend the Articles.

How did the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 contribute to the success of the Articles of Confederation?

The Land Ordinance of 1785 established a system for surveying and selling land in the Northwest Territory, with a section set aside for public education. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 set up a system for territories to become states and banned slavery north of the Ohio River, contributing to the growth and organization of the nation.

What foreign policy problems did the United States face under the Articles of Confederation?

Under the Articles of Confederation, the United States faced problems with England, who was building forts in the Northwest and disrupting trade, Spain, who banned American shipping along the Mississippi River, and pirates like the Barbary pirates who harassed American shipping.

What was Shay's Rebellion and why was it significant?

Shay's Rebellion was a protest led by Daniel Shays against economic hardships and tax collection in Massachusetts. It was significant because it highlighted the need for a stronger central government to address internal threats and maintain order.

What was the main purpose of the Constitutional Convention of 1787?

The main purpose of the Constitutional Convention was to revise the Articles of Confederation, but the delegates ultimately decided to create an entirely new federal government with a stronger central authority.

What were the key compromises made during the Constitutional Convention?

The key compromises included the Great Compromise (bicameral legislature with equal representation in the Senate and proportional representation in the House), the Three-Fifths Compromise (counting slaves as three-fifths of a person for representation and taxation purposes), and the agreement to allow the slave trade to continue until 1808.

How did the Federalist Papers contribute to the ratification of the Constitution?

The Federalist Papers, written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, were a series of essays that aimed to persuade the public to support the ratification of the Constitution by outlining its benefits and addressing concerns about a strong central government.

Outlines

00:00

🏛️ Formation of State Governments and the Articles of Confederation

This paragraph discusses the establishment of state governments by the 13 colonies post-independence, each creating its own constitution with a separation of powers. It highlights the fear of centralized power, leading to a strong legislative branch and property qualifications for voting. The paragraph also touches on the creation of the first national government under the Articles of Confederation, drafted by John Dickinson in 1777 and ratified in 1781. It points out the weaknesses of this government, including its unicameral Congress, lack of an executive branch, and no power to tax, which led to financial problems and its eventual replacement by the Constitution.

05:00

🌱 The Northwest Ordinances and Early Foreign Policy Challenges

The second paragraph focuses on the Articles of Confederation's achievements, particularly the Northwest Ordinances. It details the Land Ordinance of 1785, which set up a system for surveying and selling land, with a section set aside for public education. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 established a process for territories to become states and banned slavery north of the Ohio River. The paragraph also discusses foreign policy issues faced by the young United States, including disputes with England, Spain, and France, as well as internal threats like Shay's Rebellion, which highlighted the need for a stronger central government.

10:02

🏰 Shay's Rebellion and the Call for a Stronger Central Government

This paragraph delves into Shay's Rebellion, an uprising led by Daniel Shays in Massachusetts, sparked by economic hardships and debt. The rebellion, which the government under the Articles of Confederation was too weak to quell, underscored the need for a stronger federal government. It also revealed tensions between the frontier and the East Coast, leading to calls for a new government. The paragraph concludes with the Annapolis Convention of 1786 and the subsequent Constitutional Convention of 1787, where delegates aimed to create a new, stronger central government, leading to compromises like the Great Compromise and the Three-Fifths Compromise.

15:04

📜 The Constitutional Convention and the Creation of the U.S. Constitution

The final paragraph covers the debates and compromises at the Constitutional Convention, including the contentious issue of slavery and its impact on representation and the slave trade. It discusses the three-fifths compromise and the eventual agreement to allow the slave trade until 1808. The paragraph also outlines the ratification process, the Federalist and Anti-Federalist debates, and the eventual adoption of the Constitution with the promise of a Bill of Rights. It concludes by summarizing key features of the Constitution, such as popular sovereignty, separation of powers, federalism, and the Electoral College system for presidential elections.

Keywords

💡Articles of Confederation

The Articles of Confederation was the first written constitution of the United States, adopted in 1777 and ratified in 1781. It established a weak central government with a unicameral Congress and no executive or judicial branches. The video script discusses how this government structure led to inefficiencies and prompted the need for a stronger federal government, which eventually replaced it with the U.S. Constitution.

💡Separation of Powers

Separation of Powers is a political doctrine that divides state authority into different branches, typically legislative, executive, and judicial, to prevent any one branch from gaining too much power. The script mentions that many state governments had a separation of powers, with most power residing in the legislative branch, to safeguard liberties and prevent tyranny.

💡Republicanism

Republicanism is a political ideology that emphasizes civic virtue and opposes concentrated power, advocating for a government that derives its power from the people. The video script highlights that the state governments were set up based on the idea of republicanism, which meant power was vested in the people and based on their consent.

💡Northwest Ordinance

The Northwest Ordinance refers to a set of laws passed in 1785 and 1787 that established how territories west of the Appalachian Mountains could become states. The video script discusses the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, which included provisions for surveying and selling land, setting aside land for public education, and banning slavery north of the Ohio River.

💡Shay's Rebellion

Shay's Rebellion was an armed uprising in Massachusetts in 1786-1787, led by Daniel Shays, in response to economic hardships after the American Revolution. The video script explains how this rebellion highlighted the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and increased calls for a stronger central government to address internal threats and economic issues.

💡Constitutional Convention

The Constitutional Convention was a meeting of delegates from 12 of the 13 original states in 1787 to revise the Articles of Confederation. The video script describes how the convention ultimately led to the creation of an entirely new government under the U.S. Constitution, with stronger central authority.

💡Federalism

Federalism is a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and constituent political units, such as states or provinces. The video script explains that the new Constitution established a federal system where both the national government and state governments have powers, with the federal government having supremacy.

💡Bill of Rights

The Bill of Rights refers to the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, which were added to protect individual liberties and to restrict the powers of the federal government. The video script mentions that the promise of a Bill of Rights helped to secure ratification of the Constitution by those who were concerned about the potential for government overreach.

💡Electoral College

The Electoral College is the process by which the President of the United States is elected, where electors chosen by each state cast votes on behalf of their state. The video script explains that the framers of the Constitution created the Electoral College to limit direct popular influence in presidential elections, fearing that too much democracy could lead to mob rule.

💡Three-Fifths Compromise

The Three-Fifths Compromise was an agreement reached during the Constitutional Convention where enslaved individuals would be counted as three-fifths of a person for purposes of taxation and representation. The video script discusses this compromise as a controversial aspect of the Constitution that addressed the issue of how enslaved individuals would be counted for purposes of representation in the House of Representatives.

Highlights

The 13 colonies had to create their own state governments after independence, each with its own written plan under a state constitution.

Most state governments had a separation of powers with the legislative branch holding most of the power to prevent centralized authority.

Property qualifications were common for voter eligibility in many states, limiting voting rights to white males with property.

Virginia created a statue for religious freedom by Thomas Jefferson, a precursor to the First Amendment.

The Articles of Confederation was the first national government of the United States, drafted by John Dickinson in 1777.

Under the Articles, the government had limited power, including no power to tax or regulate trade between states.

The government under the Articles faced financial problems due to a large debt and worthless paper money.

The Northwest Ordinance of 1785 and 1787 were significant accomplishments of the Articles, establishing principles for new states and banning slavery north of the Ohio River.

Foreign policy problems included issues with England, Spain, France, and piracy, highlighting the need for a stronger central government.

Shay's Rebellion in 1786 showed the weakness of the government under the Articles and increased calls for a stronger central government.

The Constitutional Convention in 1787 aimed to revise the Articles but resulted in the creation of an entirely new federal government.

The Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan were debated for representation in Congress, leading to the Great Compromise.

The Three-Fifths Compromise allowed slaves to be counted as three-fifths of a person for representation and taxation purposes.

The slave trade was allowed to continue until 1808, as decided during the Constitutional Convention.

The Federalist Papers were written to persuade people to support the ratification of the Constitution.

The promise of a Bill of Rights helped secure ratification of the Constitution, which would become the supreme law of the land.

The Constitution established a government based on popular sovereignty, separation of powers, and federalism, with checks and balances.

Presidents under the Constitution would be elected by the Electoral College, not directly by the voters.

Transcripts

what's going down history people today

we're going to take a look at our first

national government the Articles of

Confederation we're going to see how it

failed where it did have some success

and ultimately why was it replaced by

the new federal government under the

Constitution now before we get into any

national governments one thing you need

to keep in mind is all of the 13

colonies upon independence had to create

their own state governments so each

state is going to set up its own written

plan of government under state

constitution and they're gonna look very

different depending upon which state you

focus on now they do share some

characteristics and one of those things

is a separation of powers power was

typically split between three branches

of government the legislative branch

executive branch and the judicial branch

and most of the power in many of the

states was in the legislative branch

they were worried about centralized

power especially in the executive branch

so no two powerful governors in these

states the whole idea of separation of

powers was to safeguard the liberties

that they are fighting for and

eventually will win with the American

Revolution some states had different

property requirements these were typical

for voter eligibility in fact many

states maintain property qualifications

in order to vote in other words if you

were a white male sorry

only white males are able to vote in the

new nation if you were a white male you

had to have property in order to be able

to vote so the American Revolution

didn't change that reality in many

states some states it did many states

included Bill of Rights that outline

basic freedoms in the state constitution

so freedom of religion trial by jury and

other rights that they were worried

might be taken away by too powerful of a

government in fact one state in

particular Virginia created the statue

for religious freedom by Thomas

Jefferson this was passed by the

Virginian assembly and it D established

the Church of England

provided religious freedom for all

including Jews and Catholics who

typically were ignored when we talked

about religious freedom and Jefferson

was very proud of this accomplishment

way before the Bill of Rights or the

First Amendment establishing religious

freedom now important to keep in mind is

all these different state governments no

matter what their different rules were

they were set up based upon the idea of

republicanism and this meant power comes

from the people and it's based upon

consent however there would be debates

over what republicanism would look like

in the new nation and as I said some

states maintain property qualifications

for voting while others abolish them

during the American Revolution our first

national government is set up under the

Articles of Confederation this is the

first national government of the United

States it's drafted by John Dickinson

during the American Revolution he

actually submits it in 1777 during the

fighting but it took some time to ratify

because the different states were

disputing who controlled land out in the

West there was all sorts of arguments

and it's not formally ratified until

1781 now this government it could

conduct foreign policy it could borrow

money it could make treaties sounds like

a lot of power right there however it's

extremely important to keep in mind

under the Articles of Confederation the

government was weak it had limited power

and they did that intentionally because

of their experiences with King George

and Parliament and their experiences

with England in general so some examples

of the weaknesses it had a unicameral

Congress unicameral meaning one house

only one house there's no executive

branch no president no prime minister in

fact there's no court system so no

executive branch to enforce the laws it

has no power to tax the Articles of

Confederation gave the government no

power to tax and that's going to be a

big problem and it could not regulate

trade between different states some

other problems under the Articles of

Confederation include it took nine votes

out of 13 to pass laws that mean nine

states out of thirteen way

more than a majority needed to agree to

pass any laws all states regardless of

size had one vote so the most populated

state Virginia had the same amount of

representation as a smaller state such

as Rhode Island and if you want it to

change the Articles of Confederation to

amend it all thirteen states must agree

in order to make any changes and that's

nearly impossible big thing that happens

is under the Articles of Confederation

financial problems plagued the young

nation there was a large debt as a

result of the American Revolution paper

money was being printed and it was

worthless there's no ability to tax and

you had to rely on the states to just

send money to the government and it's

not going to work out very well in spite

of these challenges there is some things

the Articles do well and that's really

seen in the northwest ordinances one of

the biggest accomplishments of the

Articles of Confederation the first one

is the land ordinance of 1785 and it

established the principle that

territories could become States as their

populations grew and we're really

talking about this territory right in

here the old northwest and the US

government under the Articles would sell

the land in order to raise money and pay

off the debt under the land ordinance of

1785 it sets up a system for surveying

the land and selling that land in the

northwest so they would survey the land

as you can see right here they would

divide it up into townships and an

important part of the ordinance of 1785

was that one section of the land would

be set aside for public education and

this was a pretty progressive idea at

the time for the government to be

setting aside land for public edie

and then finally the third law under the

Northwest ordinances is the Northwest

Ordinance of 1787 this set up the system

for territories to enter the union as

new States and you could see the five

states that will eventually be created

out of this chunk of territory it said

once a territory reached 60,000

residents they could petition to become

a state and they could become a state

and they would be

equal to the existing states but under

the ordinance of 1787 they did something

they banned slavery north of the Ohio

River in this territory and this is

obviously going to lead to further

divisions between the north and the

south as time goes on in this early

period the United States is going to

face many threats many foreign policy

problems from a variety of sources and

one is our old mama England in fact

England was building forts in this

territory remember they still occupied

Canada they're building forts in the old

Northwest they're supposed to remove

those forts they don't there is

disruptions in trade between the United

States and England and they're giving

weapons to the Native Americans in this

region which is very often then being

used on Americans in the frontier so

there's a lot of problems in tensions

continuing between the US and England

another problem came from Spain when in

1784 they banned American shipping along

the Mississippi River they basically

shut off the Port of New Orleans right

over here and this is a huge problem

because this is basically the highway

that trade traveled on and really if you

look at this map roughly half of the

territory of the United States was

really not firmly in their control we're

also going to have some problems with

our former allies France they start

demanding repayment of loans that they

had given us during the American

Revolution and eventually they're going

to have their own revolution the French

Revolution which is going to cause a lot

of problems later on then lastly you'll

never believe it

but pirates also were causing problems

for the United States in this early

period the Barbary pirates were over

here in North Africa and the

Mediterranean Sea and in this area and

they start harassing American shipping

previous to this period we had the

protection of the powerful British Navy

since there are mama and now that we're

free we have to do our fighting on our

own and we're not equipped to deal with

these multiple threats so you have all

these foreign policy problems for the

young nation then you have threats from

within and that really could be seen

with Shaye's

rebellion recall following the American

Revolution the economy suffered a

post-war depression the economy is doing

really poorly the money's worth nothing

and particularly hard-hit were farmers

since the Articles of Confederation

can't tax the debt is growing and many

states are printing paper money that is

basically worthless as a result of these

problems you have something called

Shay's rebellion sparking in 1786 and

Daniel shade the guy who the rebellion

is named after is a veteran of the

American Revolution and he's a farmer in

Massachusetts and he leads a rebellion

of poor farmers in the state of

Massachusetts many of these farmers were

seeing their farms foreclosed they were

taken over by the bank and in order to

deal with this they start organizing

they have some demands they want lower

taxes they want the end of foreclosures

they don't want their farms taking over

they want the printing of paper money so

that they can help pay their debts off

easier and they also want the end of

imprisonment for debt you could actually

go to jail if you didn't pay your bills

back then these farmers don't get their

demands met and they begin to organize

into mobs that stop the collection of

taxes they start closing down the courts

where the debtors were being put on

trial and there's even a mob of farmers

that try to seize the weapons from the

armory where all the guns are kept now

here's the thing about Shay's rebellion

the government under the Articles of

Confederation was too weak to put the

rebellion down so these farmers are not

paying their taxes they're shutting down

the court systems and the government

really can't put this rebellion down and

you can see it's happening throughout

the state of Massachusetts eventually a

militia breaks up the rebellion and

Shay's rebellion kind of fades away but

what's important about this and make

sure you know it it increased calls for

a stronger central government there's a

real fear amongst the propertied classes

the moneyed that this rebellion is a

sign of things to come and we need a

strong government to deal with these

potential rebellions another important

thing about Shay's rebellion is it

reveals tensions between those people in

the back

country those people out in the frontier

and the people that are on the East

Coast the more wealthy the more property

the more money following chase

rebellions some people wanted a new

government to be formed and there was a

growing demand that something be done to

address the problems facing the nation

under the Articles of Confederation you

can see in the blue some of the things

we've already mentioned there is a

meeting in 1786 at Annapolis it's called

the Annapolis convention only five

states attend to discuss trade and

commerce it's not a really successful

meeting in terms of accomplishing

anything but two people at the meeting

Alexander Hamilton and James Madison

agree we're going to meet up again in

Philadelphia in one year and that's

exactly what they do and this event

becomes the Constitutional Convention in

1787 the purpose of the meeting was for

revising the articles in fact the 55

delegates who go there sent for the sole

and express purpose of revising the

Articles of Confederation they're going

there with the plan that we're going to

fix this thing and make it a little bit

better 12 States show up at the

Constitutional Convention no Rhode

Island you got some all-stars you can

see him in that painting you got George

Washington he's the president of the

convention Ben Franklin's in the house

at 81 years old and you got a whole

bunch of other people and what they

decide these 55 delegates they very

quickly decided to create an entirely

new stronger central government they're

going to get rid of the Articles of

Confederation and replace it with a new

federal government interesting to note

who's not there Thomas Jefferson is over

in Europe so is John Adams and some of

the more radical members of the American

Revolution Patrick Henry Sam Adams they

are suspicious of this group and they're

really worried about the formation of a

more powerful government but they're

doing it anyhow and so here's what

happens they do need to make a lot of

compromises at the Constitutional

Convention there's a lot of

disagreements make sure you know about

them and the biggie is about

representation

Congress how were they going to

determine the number of people who are

elected into Congress per state and

there's a lot riding on this decision

because the more votes the more power

remember under the Articles every state

had one vote regardless of size and you

can see on the map you got 13 states and

they have wildly different levels of

population James Madison introduced his

plan called the Virginia Plan oftentimes

kind of referred to as the large state

plan and this said we should set up a

bicameral to house legislature and

representation would be based on

population meaning the more people you

have living in the state the more people

you would get that would be able to

serve in Congress clearly if you're a

small state you don't like this plan and

they had their own plan sometimes

referred to as the New Jersey Plan and

this was favored by small states they

say let's have a unicameral legislature

one house and each state would have

equal representation there's a lot of

tension over this issue but luckily

there's a compromise it's called great

compromise introduced by Roger Sherman

sometimes referred to as the Connecticut

plan and here's what they do they're

going to take elements of both plans

you're going to have a bicameral

legislature so you're going to have a

two house the upper house the Senate two

representatives per state so it didn't

matter how big or small your state was

you're going to get two senators and in

the lower house the House of

Representatives the representation would

be based upon population so the more

people living in the state the more

people you get to elect while they solve

the population issue another issue kind

of hovered over the Constitutional

Convention and that has to do with

slavery there was a debate over whether

slaves should be counted in the state

population and southerners said yes you

should count our slaves so we can get

more representatives northerners say no

you don't give them any political or

social or economic rights so the answer

is no they come up with a very

controversial compromise called the

three-fifths compromise and basically

what it said slaves would be counted as

three-fifths

of a person when deciding representation

in the House of Reps so each slave would

count as three-fifths and by doing so

this adds more representatives in the

House of Reps for southern states

which tended to have large slave

populations another agreement

surrounding the issue of slavery has to

do with the slave trade how much longer

should we allow people to be forcibly

brought to this new nation founded upon

liberty and freedom and all that good

stuff and at the convention they decide

they're going to allow the slave trade

to continue until 1808 and for another

20 years slaves are allowed to be

brought into the United States and then

finally although the word slave or

slavery was not used in the Constitution

it's important to note the institution

of slavery was very much protected by

the original document they even have a

Fugitive Slave Clause which is added

which says if your slave runs away you

are able to reacquire your property and

bring them back to your plantation or

farm there's other debates and conflicts

at the Constitutional Convention but

eventually they create a document and

they have to figure out whether or not

we're going to ratify or approve it the

Constitution would only take effect if 9

out of 13 states ratified it and there

are going to be supporters and haters on

both sides the Federalists were those

individuals who were the supporters of

the Constitution and they really favored

a strong central government on the other

end were the anti-federalists people

like Thomas Jefferson even though he was

over in Europe these were the critics of

the Constitution and they favored a weak

central government yes there were flaws

with the Articles of Confederation but

this new government in their mind was

giving too much power to the central

government and anti-federalists were

very much opposed to ratification they

tended to favor state rights you do have

people trying to convince those who did

not want ratification and you could see

this in the Federalist Papers these are

85 essays largely written by James

Madison and Hamilton but you also got

some by John Jay and they were designed

to persuade people to support

ratification of the Constitution

eventually the thing that helps get

enough anti federalists to support

ratification is the guarantee of a Bill

of Rights that would be added to the

Constitution the first ten amendments

would be added later on and the idea

behind the Bill of Rights is it

enumerated it's spelled out specifically

individual rights and explicitly

restricted powers of the federal

government and the new government will

take effect in 1789 when George

Washington takes office as the nation's

first president finally some stuff you

should know about the Constitution the

Constitution set up a government based

upon popular sovereignty and this means

power is in the hands of the people they

are the source of a government's power

separation of powers between the three

branches of government is very much a

part of this constitutional system and

it's important to note that the power of

government is limited and there are

checks and balances and a separation of

powers embedded in this document another

concept you should know about is the

fact that the Constitution set up a

division of power between the national

and state governments both the national

and state governments have power and

this is the system known as federalism

but it's also important to note that the

federal government the national

government ultimately has supremacy over

the states ratification meant the

Constitution would be the supreme law of

the land and lastly under the

Constitution presidents would not be

elected directly by the voters in fact

the framers of the Constitution wanted

to limit excessive popular influence

they feared too much democracy would

lead to mob rule number these were men

of property and money so they created

the Electoral College as the means of

electing the President of the United

States that's going to do it thank you

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