Why Russia is Fighting Japan Over These Islands

RealLifeLore
8 Apr 202220:58

Summary

TLDRThis video delves into the complex territorial dispute between Russia and Japan over the Kuril Islands, which has persisted since World War II. It explores the historical context, including treaties and wars that have shaped the conflict, and discusses the strategic, legal, and resource-based reasons why both nations fiercely claim these islands. The video also touches on the international stance, the impact on Russia's naval capabilities, and the recent escalation due to Russia's invasion of Ukraine, concluding with the likelihood of this dispute continuing into the future.

Takeaways

  • 🌍 Russia is involved in numerous territorial disputes, most notably with Ukraine and Japan.
  • 🏔 Russia annexed Crimea from Ukraine in 2014 and continues to occupy parts of it, questioning Ukraine's independence.
  • 🗾 Japan claims the Northern Territories (Kuril Islands), which are currently under Russian control, and this dispute has historical roots dating back to the 19th century.
  • 📜 The Treaty of Shimoda in 1855 and the Treaty of Saint Petersburg in 1875 were significant in establishing the initial borders and control over the islands.
  • 💥 The Russo-Japanese War and World War II played crucial roles in the shifting control and claims over the disputed territories.
  • 🏳️‍🌈 Post-WWII, the Soviet Union occupied the Southern Kuril Islands, leading to an ongoing state of no formal peace treaty between Russia and Japan.
  • 🔄 Both Japan and Russia have legal and historical arguments to support their claims over the islands, complicating the resolution of the dispute.
  • ❄️ The strategic value of the Kuril Islands is high for Russia due to their impact on the Russian Pacific Fleet's movement and potential resource reserves.
  • 🏖️ The islands' potential oil and gas reserves, along with their strategic military importance, make them highly valuable to both countries.
  • 🚫 Russia's recent constitutional changes and the ongoing Ukraine conflict have led to a hardening of positions, making a peaceful resolution seem distant.

Q & A

  • What is the primary territorial dispute between Russia and Ukraine?

    -The primary territorial dispute between Russia and Ukraine is over the Crimean Peninsula, which Russia annexed from Ukraine in 2014.

  • What are the four islands that Russia and Japan are disputing?

    -The four disputed islands between Russia and Japan are Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan, and the Habomai Islands, which are currently ruled from Moscow but claimed by Tokyo as their 'Northern Territories'.

  • Why did Japan refuse to sign a formal peace treaty with Russia after World War II?

    -Japan refused to sign a formal peace treaty with Russia because they consider the disputed islands as their territory, and the treaty would have required them to recognize Russian sovereignty over these islands.

  • What was the outcome of the Treaty of Shimoda in 1855 between Russia and Japan?

    -The Treaty of Shimoda in 1855 divided the Kuril Islands, with Russia controlling the islands to the north and Japan controlling the four southern islands, which are currently under dispute.

  • How did the Treaty of Saint Petersburg in 1875 affect the control of the Kuril Islands?

    -The Treaty of Saint Petersburg in 1875 resulted in Russia gaining full control of Sakhalin, while Japan gained full control over all of the Kuril Islands, including the disputed islands.

  • What strategic importance do the disputed islands hold for Russia?

    -The disputed islands are strategically important for Russia as they provide a path for the Russian Pacific Fleet to move into the Pacific Ocean without passing through U.S. allied-controlled choke points.

  • Why did Japan launch a surprise attack against the Russian navy at Port Arthur?

    -Japan launched a surprise attack against the Russian navy at Port Arthur because Russia refused to compromise on their territorial ambitions in Manchuria and Korea, leading to the Russo-Japanese War.

  • What was the significance of the Soviet Union's declaration of war on Japan in 1945?

    -The Soviet Union's declaration of war on Japan in 1945 was significant because it led to a full-scale invasion into Japanese-occupied territories, including the southern half of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, which eventually came under Soviet occupation.

  • Why did Japan refuse the Soviet offer of returning two smaller islands in 1956?

    -Japan refused the Soviet offer of returning the two smaller islands of Habomai and Shikotan in 1956 because they insisted on having all four disputed islands returned and did not want to recognize Russian control over the two larger islands.

  • What is the current international stance on the disputed islands between Russia and Japan?

    -Internationally, the United States and European Union recognize all four islands as Japanese territory under Russian occupation, while China recognizes them as an integral territory of Russia.

Outlines

00:00

🌏 Territorial Disputes: Russia and Its Neighbors

The paragraph discusses Russia's numerous territorial disputes, most notably with Ukraine over Crimea, which was annexed in 2014. It also highlights a lesser-known dispute with Japan over four islands known as the Northern Territories by Japan and currently controlled by Russia. The paragraph sets the stage for exploring the historical context and complexities behind these territorial claims.

05:02

🏳️‍🌈 Historical Context of the Russia-Japan Dispute

This paragraph delves into the historical background of the Russia-Japan territorial dispute, starting from the mid-19th century. It outlines the Treaty of Shimoda in 1855 and the Treaty of Saint Petersburg in 1875, which established the initial agreements over the islands. It also discusses the Russo-Japanese War and the subsequent treaties that have shaped the current claims, including the impact of World War II and the unresolved peace treaty between the two nations.

10:02

📜 Legal and Historical Claims of Japan and Russia

The paragraph contrasts the legal and historical claims made by both Japan and Russia regarding the disputed islands. Japan argues that the islands were peacefully negotiated and not taken by force, citing various declarations and treaties. Russia, on the other hand, asserts that the islands are part of the Kuril chain and justifies their control based on the Yalta Agreement and the outcome of World War II. The paragraph also touches on the demographic changes and the current political stance of the inhabitants of the islands.

15:02

🛡️ Strategic and Political Implications of the Dispute

This paragraph examines the strategic importance of the disputed islands, particularly for Russia's Pacific Fleet and the potential impact on its naval capabilities. It also discusses the international stance, with the United States and the European Union recognizing the islands as Japanese territory and China supporting Russia's claim. The paragraph further explores the potential for resource-rich waters around the islands and the legal complications that arise from Russia's recent constitutional changes prohibiting the surrender of territory.

20:03

🍽️ HelloFresh Advertisement

The paragraph is an advertisement for HelloFresh, a meal kit delivery service. It promotes the convenience, healthiness, and sustainability of the service, offering a discount code for new customers. The advertisement is presented as a solution to the dilemma of deciding what to eat and preparing meals at home, emphasizing time-saving and reducing food waste.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Territorial Disputes

Territorial disputes refer to disagreements between nations over the possession of specific territories. In the context of the video, Russia's territorial disputes with its neighbors, particularly Ukraine and Japan, are highlighted. The annexation of Crimea by Russia from Ukraine and the dispute over the Northern Territories between Russia and Japan exemplify how these disputes can escalate into significant international concerns.

💡Annexation

Annexation is the act of a country taking over a territory to incorporate it into its own sovereign territory. The video discusses Russia's annexation of Crimea from Ukraine in 2014, which is a central point of conflict and a clear example of annexation in modern geopolitics.

💡Sovereignty

Sovereignty is the full right and power of a governing body to govern itself without any interference from outside sources. The video script mentions Japan's claim of sovereignty over the four disputed islands, which are currently under Russian control, illustrating a key aspect of the territorial dispute between the two countries.

💡Economic Sanctions

Economic sanctions are measures imposed on a country to coerce it to comply with certain policies or actions. The video refers to Russia's response to Japan's economic sanctions following the invasion of Ukraine, which led to Russia withdrawing from peace treaty talks with Japan, underscoring the impact of economic measures on international relations.

💡World War II

World War II was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. The video discusses the ongoing legal status of World War II between Russia and Japan due to the unresolved territorial dispute over the Northern Territories, indicating that the aftermath of the war continues to influence current international tensions.

💡Treaty of Shimoda

The Treaty of Shimoda was an agreement between Japan and Russia in 1855 that divided the Kuril Islands. The video uses this treaty to illustrate the historical context of the current territorial dispute, showing how past agreements can shape present conflicts.

💡Russo-Japanese War

The Russo-Japanese War was a conflict fought in 1904-1905 between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan. The video mentions this war as a historical point of contention between the two nations, which has contributed to the ongoing territorial disputes.

💡Non-Aggression Pact

A non-aggression pact is a treaty between two or more states in which they agree not to use military force against each other. The video discusses the non-aggression pact between Japan and the Soviet Union in 1941, which was later broken by the Soviet Union, leading to war and influencing the current territorial issues.

💡San Francisco Treaty

The San Francisco Treaty, formally known as the Treaty of Peace with Japan, was signed in 1951 to officially end the state of war between Japan and the Allies after World War II. The video explains how this treaty did not resolve the issue of the disputed islands, as Japan did not recognize Soviet sovereignty over them, contributing to the ongoing dispute.

💡Yalta Agreement

The Yalta Agreement was a series of understandings made during the February 1945 Yalta Conference. The video mentions this agreement as part of Russia's argument for control over the disputed islands, as it promised the Soviet Union control over the Kuril Islands in exchange for entering the war against Japan.

💡Strategic Value

Strategic value refers to the importance of a location or resource in terms of military or geopolitical advantage. The video discusses the strategic value of the disputed islands for Russia, particularly in relation to the Russian Pacific Fleet's movement and the potential for resource reserves, emphasizing the complexity of the territorial dispute beyond legal and historical claims.

Highlights

Russia has numerous territorial disputes with its neighbors, including a significant one with Ukraine over Crimea.

Japan claims sovereignty over four islands currently controlled by Russia, known as the Northern Territories.

The Japanese Prime Minister and Foreign Minister have recently reaffirmed Japan's claims to these islands.

The dispute over these islands has prevented a formal peace treaty between Russia and Japan since World War II.

The Treaty of Shimoda in 1855 initially divided the islands between Russia and Japan.

The Treaty of Saint Petersburg in 1875 saw Japan gain full control over the Kuril Islands.

The Russo-Japanese War in the early 20th century was a result of overlapping territorial ambitions.

The Treaty of Portsmouth ended the war, with Japan gaining control over parts of Sakhalin.

Japan's expansionist policies before World War II led to tensions with the Soviet Union.

The Soviet Union declared war on Japan in 1945, leading to the occupation of the disputed islands.

Japan argues that the islands were never taken by violence and should not have been stripped from them.

Russia claims the islands are geographically part of the Kuril chain and were legally acquired.

The Yalta Agreement is cited by Russia as justification for their control over the islands.

The islands hold strategic value for Russia's Pacific Fleet and potential resource reserves.

The international community is divided on the issue, with the US and EU supporting Japan's claims, while China supports Russia.

Recent changes to the Russian constitution make it illegal for Russia to cede any territory.

The dispute remains unresolved, with both sides maintaining their claims and no peace treaty in sight.

Transcripts

play00:00

today russia is a country which has many

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many territorial disputes with many of

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their neighbors the most infamous of

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these disputes that we've all been

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paying attention to recently are the

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ones with ukraine russia claims the

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crimean peninsula which they annexed

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from ukraine in 2014 the russian

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president has questioned ukraine's

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entire right to independence and the

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russian armed forces are currently

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invading and occupying large amounts of

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the country's territory and while this

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dispute is certainly the largest and the

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most hostile of the russian government

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it is far from the only one for

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thousands of miles away across to the

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other side of eurasia there is another

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brewing just beneath the surface and the

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headlines between russia and japan over

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the status of these four islands all

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four of which are currently ruled from

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moscow but claimed intensely by tokyo as

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their so-called northern territories two

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weeks following the russian invasion of

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ukraine the japanese prime minister

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fumio sashida declared that these four

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islands are a territory peculiar to

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japan and a territory in which japan has

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sovereignty and then the following day

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the japanese foreign minister yoshimasa

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hayashi declared the islands as an

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integral part of japan and it's not like

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they just came out of the blue and

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claimed these islands for themselves

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after russia suddenly became distracted

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with a war over in europe the japanese

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government has been claiming these

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islands for decades and for nearly 80

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years now both them and the united

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states government have considered these

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islands as russian occupied territory of

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japan and even more insane is that

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because they consider these islands

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occupied the japanese and russians have

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never in nearly 80 years actually got

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around to signing a formal peace treaty

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ending world war ii between them which

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means that legally speaking the second

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world war is still ongoing between

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russia and japan over the status of

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these tiny islands and in response to

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japan's economic sanctions following the

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invasion of ukraine russia has announced

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that they're now fully withdrawing from

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all of the peace treaty talks with japan

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that have been going on for nearly 80

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years now so what is it about these tiny

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little islands between them that they

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each consider so valuable why have they

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prevented peace between them for this

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long and who between them is actually

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the rightful controller in order to

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answer those questions we have to rewind

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the clock back a bit to the mid 19th

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century back at that time japan was just

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coming out from a period of more than

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two and a half centuries a mere complete

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isolation from the outside world and was

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just moving settlers and soldiers into

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the northern territories of hokkaido and

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the curl island chain while

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simultaneously the russian empire's own

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settlers and soldiers were encroaching

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onto the shores of the northern pacific

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sakhalin island and the coral islands as

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well formal diplomatic relations between

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the russian empire and the tokugawa

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shogunate of japan were first made back

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in 1855

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largely as a way to resolve their

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conflicting colonial interests in the

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curls as a result they signed the treaty

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of shimoda which divided the coral

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islands across this line with the

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russians controlling all of the islands

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to the north and the japanese

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controlling the four islands to the

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south which they called eterophu

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kunishiri shikotan and the habamai

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islands the four that are currently

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under dispute today at the same time the

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treaty stated that the nearby sakhalin

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or karafuto island would not be

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partitioned between them and would be

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jointly ruled as a russian japanese

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condominium then 20 years later after

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that treaty in 1875 russia and japan

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came to a new agreement in the treaty of

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saint petersburg they basically agreed

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that russia would gain full control of

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sakhalin in exchange for japan gaining

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full control over all of the curl

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islands stretching to right off of the

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kamchatka peninsula in the russian

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mainland which for reasons i'll get into

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later was an absolutely terrible trade

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for japan so far though all of these

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territories have been agreed to through

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means of peace and diplomacy but that

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would all change at the beginning of the

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20th century russia and japan's

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territorial ambitions and goals were

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beginning to cross over each other at

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just too many places the russians didn't

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have any ports of their own on the

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pacific that remained ice free during

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the winter locking down their navel in

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trade capabilities across the entire

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coastline for the whole season thus the

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russians were attempting to expand

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towards warmer waters into manchuria and

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korea and managed to acquire a lease

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from the qing dynasty on port arthur in

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china's liaodong peninsula which

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crucially did remain ice-free even

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during the winter unfortunately for them

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the japanese at the time were also

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seeking to expand their own empire into

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this exact direction as well japan

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initially offered a compromise similar

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to the one that they had made with

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russia earlier over sakhalin and the

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curls russian control over manchuria in

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exchange for japanese control over korea

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but this time russia refused and offered

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only a division of korea with japan

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across the 39th parallel just one degree

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north of what would ultimately become

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the dividing line between north and

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south korea today japan refused and

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decided to launch a surprise attack

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against the russian navy anchored in

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port arthur which began the 18-month

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long russo-japanese war despite all hope

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of victory over japan dissolving within

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months the tsar continued on the war

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anyway in order to avoid suffering what

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he called a humiliating peace in 1905

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the war was finally concluded with a

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decisive japanese victory by the treaty

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of portsmouth which seeded the southern

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half of sakhalin over to japan among

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other things over the next four decades

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hundreds of thousands of japanese

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colonists migrated into the southern

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half of sakhalin from the japanese main

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islands and the japanese empire

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initiated a rapid series of military

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conquests across the rest of asia and

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the pacific but peace with russia for

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the most part was well maintained this

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was however controversial within japan

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itself at the time pre-world war ii the

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fascist japanese government largely

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debated between two different aggressive

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foreign policy choices a northern

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expansion doctrine advocating for an

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invasion and conquest of the soviet

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union's far eastern lands largely

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promoted by the japanese army or a

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southern expansion doctrine advocating

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for an invasion and conquest of the

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western colonial possessions across the

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pacific and southeast asia largely

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promoted by the japanese navy before a

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decision either way had been reached

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millions of japanese and soviet soldiers

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faced each other across the frontier of

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japanese occupied manchuria and the

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russian far east anticipating each

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other's moves and occasionally coming to

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blows but in april of 1941 the japanese

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and the soviets signed a five-year long

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non-aggression pact and then just three

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months later after that the western

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allies in the united states imposed a

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total oil embargo on japan this action

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was critical for influencing the course

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of world events because the japanese

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home islands are incredibly barren of

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fossil fuel energy resources like oil or

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gas and at the time of the war more than

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80 percent of japan's oil consumption

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was being imported without the oil

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japan's war machine running in china

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would have quickly run out of fuel and

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so they ultimately decided to attack

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using the southern expansion doctrine

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towards the islands of the dutch east

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indies modern-day indonesia which at the

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time were known to have large numbers of

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oil reserves little did they know at the

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time that some of the largest oil

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reserves in the entire world were

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actually in fact located just to the

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north on the island of sakhalin an

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island that they already controlled the

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entire southern half of there is more

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than five times as much oil in these

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reserves than in the entirety of

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indonesia combined but of course the

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soviets weren't aware of any of that at

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the time either as it wouldn't really be

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discovered and developed until much

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later on in the 1990s had japan or the

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soviets known about these reserves back

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at the time it could have heavily

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influenced their military's

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decision-making into pursuing the

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northern expansion strategy into the

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soviet union instead with unpredictable

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alternate history but that's not how

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things went instead japan attacked pearl

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harbor and went to war against america

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britain and the other western allies

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while the soviet union fought on against

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nazi germany and europe but they never

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directly engaged each other until the

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very final moments of the war the

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non-aggression pact that they had signed

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was supposed to last until the 6th of

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april

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1946 but in april of 1945 as the red

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army was closing in on berlin and europe

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the soviets suddenly renounced the pact

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and then just two days after the united

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states dropped the first atomic bomb on

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hiroshima in august the soviet union

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formally declared war on japan and

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launched a full-scale invasion into

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japanese occupied manchuria korea the

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southern half of sakhalin and the coral

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islands japan announced their surrender

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just one week after the soviet

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declaration of war but then three days

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after that the soviets began their

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amphibious invasion of the curl islands

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japan formally signed peace on the 2nd

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of september but by that point the

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entirety of sakhalin and the curl

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islands had come under soviet occupation

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all of the hundreds of thousands of

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japanese settlers in these territories

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were subsequently forcefully deported by

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the soviets back to the japanese

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mainland and hundreds of thousands of

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mostly russian and ukrainian settlers

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have since moved in to replace them in

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the decades that have followed now this

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is all where the source of the modern

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conflict over the four islands claimed

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by both sides begins let's start off

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with japan's perspective japan cites the

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ambiguity of the language used in

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various world war ii era documents and

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statements as backing up their rightful

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claims to the islands specifically the

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cairo declaration of 1943 made by the

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allies which reads verbatim japan shall

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be stripped of all the islands in the

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pacific which she has seized or occupied

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since the beginning of the first world

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war in 1914 as well as this quote japan

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will also be expelled from all other

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territories which he has taken by

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violence and greed japan's legal team

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would like to point out that the curl

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islands specifically are not covered by

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the demands of this declaration seeing

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as how japan peacefully negotiated their

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control from russia in 1875 before the

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first world war and even further back

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settled the four islands under dispute

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back in the 1855 shimoda treaty with

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russia these four islands were never

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taken by violence and greed and should

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therefore have never been taken from

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japan further the potsdam declaration

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made by the allies later on in 1945 as

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the war was concluding reads under

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section 8 that japanese sovereignty

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shall be limited to the islands of

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honshu hokkaido kyushu shikoku and such

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minor islands as we determine which the

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japanese government is keen to point out

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does not address the issue of the four

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disputed minor islands directly japan

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further points out that the disputed

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islands had been a part of tokugawa era

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japan since 1855 before the era of the

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empire and had never been claimed by or

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belonged to russia until they conquered

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them by force in the closing days of the

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second world war and on that point the

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japanese further point out that the

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soviet union's declaration of war in

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1945 was in violation of the previously

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signed defense pact between both nations

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that was legally supposed to be in force

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until

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1946 and as such the soviet invasion and

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occupation was illegal finally japan

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signed the san francisco treaty in 1951

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which ended the legal state of war

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between themselves and the western

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allies article 2 c of this treaty made

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japan renounce all rights to the curl

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islands but the treaty also never

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recognized soviet sovereignty over them

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and the japanese insists that the

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islands of eterophu kunishiri shigatan

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and habamai are not geographically a

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part of the curl islands and thus are

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not a part of this agreement and further

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neither the soviet union nor russia have

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ever signed the san francisco treaty

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anyway alright now let's move on to

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russia's viewpoint russia argues that

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first of all the disputed islands are in

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fact geographically a part of the curl

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island chain and that the japanese

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government's assertion that they are not

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is simply a tactic used to enhance their

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own claim and this assertion is not

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supported by any basic geography or

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history second of all russia cites the

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yalta agreement of 1945 in which the

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western allies explicitly promised the

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soviet union control of the curl islands

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in exchange for the soviets declaring

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war on japan which the russians argue

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geographically includes the four

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disputed islands however japan's legal

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team is quick to point out that they

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were never a party to the yalta

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agreement and never agreed to or signed

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any of its terms further from russia's

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perspective there are the people who

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actually live within the disputed

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islands today the four islands are now

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home to roughly 19 000 people the

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overwhelming majority of whom are ethnic

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russians and ukrainians who

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overwhelmingly support remaining a part

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of russia shown in pole after pole this

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is of course however after the soviets

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forcefully deported the entirety of the

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ethnic japanese population from the

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islands following the end of the second

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world war and replaced them with ethnic

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slavs and of course russia controls the

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islands today and has controlled them

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for nearly 80 years now since their

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invasion in 1945. so obviously the

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question over who should rightfully

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control them is pretty legally

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complicated and the decades of

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negotiations over this very question

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have been pretty understandably stalled

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as neither side has ever been willing to

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give much ground in 1956 the soviets did

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offer the japanese the two smaller

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islands of habamai and shigatan in

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exchange for their recognition of

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russian control over the two larger

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islands and a formal peace treaty ending

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world war ii between them but japan

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refused and insisted on having the two

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larger islands returned as well and

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they've been refusing for decades ever

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since because the soviets and later the

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russians have just kept making the same

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offer over and over again as late as

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2006 vladimir putin was still offering

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japan the return of habamai and shikatan

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and a formal peace treaty if only japan

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would renounce their claims over the two

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larger islands but japan still refused

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and has kept insisting that all of the

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islands are theirs and of course today

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following the russian invasion of

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ukraine the japanese government has

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upped their rhetoric of claims while

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russia has deployed more military and

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anti-air assets to them in response

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internationally the united states and

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european union each recognize all four

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of the islands as rightful japanese

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territory that is currently under

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russian occupation while china

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recognizes them as a core integral

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territory of russia and the reasons why

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extend far beyond the legal and

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historical claims because of course the

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islands hold immense strategic value to

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whoever ends up actually controlling

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them the curl islands themselves are a

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vital territory to control from the

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perspective of moscow because of the

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russian pacific fleet based near

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vladivostok which includes nuclear

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missile armed submarines that are a core

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component of russia's nuclear deterrent

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the only possible path that the fleet

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can take out into the greater pacific

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ocean are through either the narrow

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korea tsushima kanmon and tsugaru

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straits all of which lead directly

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through us allied controlled choke

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points on either side or alternatively

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through the curl islands which they

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actually have control over and can

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therefore move across freely and

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relatively undetected but there's a huge

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problem with these islands during the

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winter when the straits between them

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largely freeze over with sea ice and

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hamper the ability for ships to travel

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through the northern islands in the

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chain remain frozen for an average of 60

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days longer than those in the south do

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so if the four southern disputed islands

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were ever returned back to japan it

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would not only extend japanese and

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therefore american influence deeper into

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the curls but it would only leave russia

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with the northern islands to pass their

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pacific fleet through which has frozen

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for a significantly longer amount of the

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year and would further restrict russia's

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naval capabilities in the area further

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since the united states already has tens

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of thousands of troops deployed to japan

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across nearly two dozen bases it

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wouldn't be inconceivable that were the

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disputed islands ever returned to japan

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the united states would then construct

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their own air bases there that could

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threaten russia's ability to freely move

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naval assets through the remaining coral

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islands even during the summer and thus

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the united states would have effectively

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secured the encirclement and containment

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of the russian pacific fleet within the

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sea of akhotsk and sea of japan and then

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to make matters even worse from moscow's

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perspective any surrendering of

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supposedly occupied territory in the

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east to japan would set a dangerous

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legal precedent for themselves over on

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the other side of eurasia in ukraine

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where the crimean peninsula is claimed

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by ukraine and nearly the rest of the

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world as being rightful ukrainian

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territory currently under russian

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occupation very similarly to how japan

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and the united states view the disputed

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islands in the pacific and there's also

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the potential resources while it's

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unclear at the moment there is

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significant speculation that the area

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around them could be rich in oil and gas

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reserves especially when considering

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that some of the largest reserves ever

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discovered in the world are very nearby

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offshore of northeastern sakhalin were

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similar reserves to ever be discovered

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within the waters around the curls and

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the disputed islands it would

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dramatically change the calculus on both

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sides especially considering the huge

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changes in exclusive economic zone

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borders that would happen were the

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islands to be given back to japan

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so for all of these reasons moscow is

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highly unlikely to ever consider giving

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the islands back to japan and in fact

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it's now illegal to do so following

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recent changes made to the russian

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constitution that have made it illegal

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for the state to ever give up any of its

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territory to another power which was

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specifically written in with the

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disputed islands and crimea both in mind

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and now following the sanctions and the

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heightened rhetoric coming from tokyo

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moscow has fully withdrawn from all

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peace agreement talks and has once again

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begun to militarize the islands as a

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show of force to the world final peace

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between japan and russia has ultimately

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proven to be elusive and the question of

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who should rightfully control the four

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islands seems like it will remain open

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for the foreseeable future

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Related Tags
Territorial DisputesRussia-JapanCrimea CrisisHistorical AnalysisPacific PoliticsGeopolitical StrategyWorld War IIEurasian ConflictNaval PowerResource Conflict