Why Russia is Fighting Japan Over These Islands
Summary
TLDRThis video delves into the complex territorial dispute between Russia and Japan over the Kuril Islands, which has persisted since World War II. It explores the historical context, including treaties and wars that have shaped the conflict, and discusses the strategic, legal, and resource-based reasons why both nations fiercely claim these islands. The video also touches on the international stance, the impact on Russia's naval capabilities, and the recent escalation due to Russia's invasion of Ukraine, concluding with the likelihood of this dispute continuing into the future.
Takeaways
- 🌍 Russia is involved in numerous territorial disputes, most notably with Ukraine and Japan.
- 🏔 Russia annexed Crimea from Ukraine in 2014 and continues to occupy parts of it, questioning Ukraine's independence.
- 🗾 Japan claims the Northern Territories (Kuril Islands), which are currently under Russian control, and this dispute has historical roots dating back to the 19th century.
- 📜 The Treaty of Shimoda in 1855 and the Treaty of Saint Petersburg in 1875 were significant in establishing the initial borders and control over the islands.
- 💥 The Russo-Japanese War and World War II played crucial roles in the shifting control and claims over the disputed territories.
- 🏳️🌈 Post-WWII, the Soviet Union occupied the Southern Kuril Islands, leading to an ongoing state of no formal peace treaty between Russia and Japan.
- 🔄 Both Japan and Russia have legal and historical arguments to support their claims over the islands, complicating the resolution of the dispute.
- ❄️ The strategic value of the Kuril Islands is high for Russia due to their impact on the Russian Pacific Fleet's movement and potential resource reserves.
- 🏖️ The islands' potential oil and gas reserves, along with their strategic military importance, make them highly valuable to both countries.
- 🚫 Russia's recent constitutional changes and the ongoing Ukraine conflict have led to a hardening of positions, making a peaceful resolution seem distant.
Q & A
What is the primary territorial dispute between Russia and Ukraine?
-The primary territorial dispute between Russia and Ukraine is over the Crimean Peninsula, which Russia annexed from Ukraine in 2014.
What are the four islands that Russia and Japan are disputing?
-The four disputed islands between Russia and Japan are Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan, and the Habomai Islands, which are currently ruled from Moscow but claimed by Tokyo as their 'Northern Territories'.
Why did Japan refuse to sign a formal peace treaty with Russia after World War II?
-Japan refused to sign a formal peace treaty with Russia because they consider the disputed islands as their territory, and the treaty would have required them to recognize Russian sovereignty over these islands.
What was the outcome of the Treaty of Shimoda in 1855 between Russia and Japan?
-The Treaty of Shimoda in 1855 divided the Kuril Islands, with Russia controlling the islands to the north and Japan controlling the four southern islands, which are currently under dispute.
How did the Treaty of Saint Petersburg in 1875 affect the control of the Kuril Islands?
-The Treaty of Saint Petersburg in 1875 resulted in Russia gaining full control of Sakhalin, while Japan gained full control over all of the Kuril Islands, including the disputed islands.
What strategic importance do the disputed islands hold for Russia?
-The disputed islands are strategically important for Russia as they provide a path for the Russian Pacific Fleet to move into the Pacific Ocean without passing through U.S. allied-controlled choke points.
Why did Japan launch a surprise attack against the Russian navy at Port Arthur?
-Japan launched a surprise attack against the Russian navy at Port Arthur because Russia refused to compromise on their territorial ambitions in Manchuria and Korea, leading to the Russo-Japanese War.
What was the significance of the Soviet Union's declaration of war on Japan in 1945?
-The Soviet Union's declaration of war on Japan in 1945 was significant because it led to a full-scale invasion into Japanese-occupied territories, including the southern half of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, which eventually came under Soviet occupation.
Why did Japan refuse the Soviet offer of returning two smaller islands in 1956?
-Japan refused the Soviet offer of returning the two smaller islands of Habomai and Shikotan in 1956 because they insisted on having all four disputed islands returned and did not want to recognize Russian control over the two larger islands.
What is the current international stance on the disputed islands between Russia and Japan?
-Internationally, the United States and European Union recognize all four islands as Japanese territory under Russian occupation, while China recognizes them as an integral territory of Russia.
Outlines
🌏 Territorial Disputes: Russia and Its Neighbors
The paragraph discusses Russia's numerous territorial disputes, most notably with Ukraine over Crimea, which was annexed in 2014. It also highlights a lesser-known dispute with Japan over four islands known as the Northern Territories by Japan and currently controlled by Russia. The paragraph sets the stage for exploring the historical context and complexities behind these territorial claims.
🏳️🌈 Historical Context of the Russia-Japan Dispute
This paragraph delves into the historical background of the Russia-Japan territorial dispute, starting from the mid-19th century. It outlines the Treaty of Shimoda in 1855 and the Treaty of Saint Petersburg in 1875, which established the initial agreements over the islands. It also discusses the Russo-Japanese War and the subsequent treaties that have shaped the current claims, including the impact of World War II and the unresolved peace treaty between the two nations.
📜 Legal and Historical Claims of Japan and Russia
The paragraph contrasts the legal and historical claims made by both Japan and Russia regarding the disputed islands. Japan argues that the islands were peacefully negotiated and not taken by force, citing various declarations and treaties. Russia, on the other hand, asserts that the islands are part of the Kuril chain and justifies their control based on the Yalta Agreement and the outcome of World War II. The paragraph also touches on the demographic changes and the current political stance of the inhabitants of the islands.
🛡️ Strategic and Political Implications of the Dispute
This paragraph examines the strategic importance of the disputed islands, particularly for Russia's Pacific Fleet and the potential impact on its naval capabilities. It also discusses the international stance, with the United States and the European Union recognizing the islands as Japanese territory and China supporting Russia's claim. The paragraph further explores the potential for resource-rich waters around the islands and the legal complications that arise from Russia's recent constitutional changes prohibiting the surrender of territory.
🍽️ HelloFresh Advertisement
The paragraph is an advertisement for HelloFresh, a meal kit delivery service. It promotes the convenience, healthiness, and sustainability of the service, offering a discount code for new customers. The advertisement is presented as a solution to the dilemma of deciding what to eat and preparing meals at home, emphasizing time-saving and reducing food waste.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Territorial Disputes
💡Annexation
💡Sovereignty
💡Economic Sanctions
💡World War II
💡Treaty of Shimoda
💡Russo-Japanese War
💡Non-Aggression Pact
💡San Francisco Treaty
💡Yalta Agreement
💡Strategic Value
Highlights
Russia has numerous territorial disputes with its neighbors, including a significant one with Ukraine over Crimea.
Japan claims sovereignty over four islands currently controlled by Russia, known as the Northern Territories.
The Japanese Prime Minister and Foreign Minister have recently reaffirmed Japan's claims to these islands.
The dispute over these islands has prevented a formal peace treaty between Russia and Japan since World War II.
The Treaty of Shimoda in 1855 initially divided the islands between Russia and Japan.
The Treaty of Saint Petersburg in 1875 saw Japan gain full control over the Kuril Islands.
The Russo-Japanese War in the early 20th century was a result of overlapping territorial ambitions.
The Treaty of Portsmouth ended the war, with Japan gaining control over parts of Sakhalin.
Japan's expansionist policies before World War II led to tensions with the Soviet Union.
The Soviet Union declared war on Japan in 1945, leading to the occupation of the disputed islands.
Japan argues that the islands were never taken by violence and should not have been stripped from them.
Russia claims the islands are geographically part of the Kuril chain and were legally acquired.
The Yalta Agreement is cited by Russia as justification for their control over the islands.
The islands hold strategic value for Russia's Pacific Fleet and potential resource reserves.
The international community is divided on the issue, with the US and EU supporting Japan's claims, while China supports Russia.
Recent changes to the Russian constitution make it illegal for Russia to cede any territory.
The dispute remains unresolved, with both sides maintaining their claims and no peace treaty in sight.
Transcripts
today russia is a country which has many
many territorial disputes with many of
their neighbors the most infamous of
these disputes that we've all been
paying attention to recently are the
ones with ukraine russia claims the
crimean peninsula which they annexed
from ukraine in 2014 the russian
president has questioned ukraine's
entire right to independence and the
russian armed forces are currently
invading and occupying large amounts of
the country's territory and while this
dispute is certainly the largest and the
most hostile of the russian government
it is far from the only one for
thousands of miles away across to the
other side of eurasia there is another
brewing just beneath the surface and the
headlines between russia and japan over
the status of these four islands all
four of which are currently ruled from
moscow but claimed intensely by tokyo as
their so-called northern territories two
weeks following the russian invasion of
ukraine the japanese prime minister
fumio sashida declared that these four
islands are a territory peculiar to
japan and a territory in which japan has
sovereignty and then the following day
the japanese foreign minister yoshimasa
hayashi declared the islands as an
integral part of japan and it's not like
they just came out of the blue and
claimed these islands for themselves
after russia suddenly became distracted
with a war over in europe the japanese
government has been claiming these
islands for decades and for nearly 80
years now both them and the united
states government have considered these
islands as russian occupied territory of
japan and even more insane is that
because they consider these islands
occupied the japanese and russians have
never in nearly 80 years actually got
around to signing a formal peace treaty
ending world war ii between them which
means that legally speaking the second
world war is still ongoing between
russia and japan over the status of
these tiny islands and in response to
japan's economic sanctions following the
invasion of ukraine russia has announced
that they're now fully withdrawing from
all of the peace treaty talks with japan
that have been going on for nearly 80
years now so what is it about these tiny
little islands between them that they
each consider so valuable why have they
prevented peace between them for this
long and who between them is actually
the rightful controller in order to
answer those questions we have to rewind
the clock back a bit to the mid 19th
century back at that time japan was just
coming out from a period of more than
two and a half centuries a mere complete
isolation from the outside world and was
just moving settlers and soldiers into
the northern territories of hokkaido and
the curl island chain while
simultaneously the russian empire's own
settlers and soldiers were encroaching
onto the shores of the northern pacific
sakhalin island and the coral islands as
well formal diplomatic relations between
the russian empire and the tokugawa
shogunate of japan were first made back
in 1855
largely as a way to resolve their
conflicting colonial interests in the
curls as a result they signed the treaty
of shimoda which divided the coral
islands across this line with the
russians controlling all of the islands
to the north and the japanese
controlling the four islands to the
south which they called eterophu
kunishiri shikotan and the habamai
islands the four that are currently
under dispute today at the same time the
treaty stated that the nearby sakhalin
or karafuto island would not be
partitioned between them and would be
jointly ruled as a russian japanese
condominium then 20 years later after
that treaty in 1875 russia and japan
came to a new agreement in the treaty of
saint petersburg they basically agreed
that russia would gain full control of
sakhalin in exchange for japan gaining
full control over all of the curl
islands stretching to right off of the
kamchatka peninsula in the russian
mainland which for reasons i'll get into
later was an absolutely terrible trade
for japan so far though all of these
territories have been agreed to through
means of peace and diplomacy but that
would all change at the beginning of the
20th century russia and japan's
territorial ambitions and goals were
beginning to cross over each other at
just too many places the russians didn't
have any ports of their own on the
pacific that remained ice free during
the winter locking down their navel in
trade capabilities across the entire
coastline for the whole season thus the
russians were attempting to expand
towards warmer waters into manchuria and
korea and managed to acquire a lease
from the qing dynasty on port arthur in
china's liaodong peninsula which
crucially did remain ice-free even
during the winter unfortunately for them
the japanese at the time were also
seeking to expand their own empire into
this exact direction as well japan
initially offered a compromise similar
to the one that they had made with
russia earlier over sakhalin and the
curls russian control over manchuria in
exchange for japanese control over korea
but this time russia refused and offered
only a division of korea with japan
across the 39th parallel just one degree
north of what would ultimately become
the dividing line between north and
south korea today japan refused and
decided to launch a surprise attack
against the russian navy anchored in
port arthur which began the 18-month
long russo-japanese war despite all hope
of victory over japan dissolving within
months the tsar continued on the war
anyway in order to avoid suffering what
he called a humiliating peace in 1905
the war was finally concluded with a
decisive japanese victory by the treaty
of portsmouth which seeded the southern
half of sakhalin over to japan among
other things over the next four decades
hundreds of thousands of japanese
colonists migrated into the southern
half of sakhalin from the japanese main
islands and the japanese empire
initiated a rapid series of military
conquests across the rest of asia and
the pacific but peace with russia for
the most part was well maintained this
was however controversial within japan
itself at the time pre-world war ii the
fascist japanese government largely
debated between two different aggressive
foreign policy choices a northern
expansion doctrine advocating for an
invasion and conquest of the soviet
union's far eastern lands largely
promoted by the japanese army or a
southern expansion doctrine advocating
for an invasion and conquest of the
western colonial possessions across the
pacific and southeast asia largely
promoted by the japanese navy before a
decision either way had been reached
millions of japanese and soviet soldiers
faced each other across the frontier of
japanese occupied manchuria and the
russian far east anticipating each
other's moves and occasionally coming to
blows but in april of 1941 the japanese
and the soviets signed a five-year long
non-aggression pact and then just three
months later after that the western
allies in the united states imposed a
total oil embargo on japan this action
was critical for influencing the course
of world events because the japanese
home islands are incredibly barren of
fossil fuel energy resources like oil or
gas and at the time of the war more than
80 percent of japan's oil consumption
was being imported without the oil
japan's war machine running in china
would have quickly run out of fuel and
so they ultimately decided to attack
using the southern expansion doctrine
towards the islands of the dutch east
indies modern-day indonesia which at the
time were known to have large numbers of
oil reserves little did they know at the
time that some of the largest oil
reserves in the entire world were
actually in fact located just to the
north on the island of sakhalin an
island that they already controlled the
entire southern half of there is more
than five times as much oil in these
reserves than in the entirety of
indonesia combined but of course the
soviets weren't aware of any of that at
the time either as it wouldn't really be
discovered and developed until much
later on in the 1990s had japan or the
soviets known about these reserves back
at the time it could have heavily
influenced their military's
decision-making into pursuing the
northern expansion strategy into the
soviet union instead with unpredictable
alternate history but that's not how
things went instead japan attacked pearl
harbor and went to war against america
britain and the other western allies
while the soviet union fought on against
nazi germany and europe but they never
directly engaged each other until the
very final moments of the war the
non-aggression pact that they had signed
was supposed to last until the 6th of
april
1946 but in april of 1945 as the red
army was closing in on berlin and europe
the soviets suddenly renounced the pact
and then just two days after the united
states dropped the first atomic bomb on
hiroshima in august the soviet union
formally declared war on japan and
launched a full-scale invasion into
japanese occupied manchuria korea the
southern half of sakhalin and the coral
islands japan announced their surrender
just one week after the soviet
declaration of war but then three days
after that the soviets began their
amphibious invasion of the curl islands
japan formally signed peace on the 2nd
of september but by that point the
entirety of sakhalin and the curl
islands had come under soviet occupation
all of the hundreds of thousands of
japanese settlers in these territories
were subsequently forcefully deported by
the soviets back to the japanese
mainland and hundreds of thousands of
mostly russian and ukrainian settlers
have since moved in to replace them in
the decades that have followed now this
is all where the source of the modern
conflict over the four islands claimed
by both sides begins let's start off
with japan's perspective japan cites the
ambiguity of the language used in
various world war ii era documents and
statements as backing up their rightful
claims to the islands specifically the
cairo declaration of 1943 made by the
allies which reads verbatim japan shall
be stripped of all the islands in the
pacific which she has seized or occupied
since the beginning of the first world
war in 1914 as well as this quote japan
will also be expelled from all other
territories which he has taken by
violence and greed japan's legal team
would like to point out that the curl
islands specifically are not covered by
the demands of this declaration seeing
as how japan peacefully negotiated their
control from russia in 1875 before the
first world war and even further back
settled the four islands under dispute
back in the 1855 shimoda treaty with
russia these four islands were never
taken by violence and greed and should
therefore have never been taken from
japan further the potsdam declaration
made by the allies later on in 1945 as
the war was concluding reads under
section 8 that japanese sovereignty
shall be limited to the islands of
honshu hokkaido kyushu shikoku and such
minor islands as we determine which the
japanese government is keen to point out
does not address the issue of the four
disputed minor islands directly japan
further points out that the disputed
islands had been a part of tokugawa era
japan since 1855 before the era of the
empire and had never been claimed by or
belonged to russia until they conquered
them by force in the closing days of the
second world war and on that point the
japanese further point out that the
soviet union's declaration of war in
1945 was in violation of the previously
signed defense pact between both nations
that was legally supposed to be in force
until
1946 and as such the soviet invasion and
occupation was illegal finally japan
signed the san francisco treaty in 1951
which ended the legal state of war
between themselves and the western
allies article 2 c of this treaty made
japan renounce all rights to the curl
islands but the treaty also never
recognized soviet sovereignty over them
and the japanese insists that the
islands of eterophu kunishiri shigatan
and habamai are not geographically a
part of the curl islands and thus are
not a part of this agreement and further
neither the soviet union nor russia have
ever signed the san francisco treaty
anyway alright now let's move on to
russia's viewpoint russia argues that
first of all the disputed islands are in
fact geographically a part of the curl
island chain and that the japanese
government's assertion that they are not
is simply a tactic used to enhance their
own claim and this assertion is not
supported by any basic geography or
history second of all russia cites the
yalta agreement of 1945 in which the
western allies explicitly promised the
soviet union control of the curl islands
in exchange for the soviets declaring
war on japan which the russians argue
geographically includes the four
disputed islands however japan's legal
team is quick to point out that they
were never a party to the yalta
agreement and never agreed to or signed
any of its terms further from russia's
perspective there are the people who
actually live within the disputed
islands today the four islands are now
home to roughly 19 000 people the
overwhelming majority of whom are ethnic
russians and ukrainians who
overwhelmingly support remaining a part
of russia shown in pole after pole this
is of course however after the soviets
forcefully deported the entirety of the
ethnic japanese population from the
islands following the end of the second
world war and replaced them with ethnic
slavs and of course russia controls the
islands today and has controlled them
for nearly 80 years now since their
invasion in 1945. so obviously the
question over who should rightfully
control them is pretty legally
complicated and the decades of
negotiations over this very question
have been pretty understandably stalled
as neither side has ever been willing to
give much ground in 1956 the soviets did
offer the japanese the two smaller
islands of habamai and shigatan in
exchange for their recognition of
russian control over the two larger
islands and a formal peace treaty ending
world war ii between them but japan
refused and insisted on having the two
larger islands returned as well and
they've been refusing for decades ever
since because the soviets and later the
russians have just kept making the same
offer over and over again as late as
2006 vladimir putin was still offering
japan the return of habamai and shikatan
and a formal peace treaty if only japan
would renounce their claims over the two
larger islands but japan still refused
and has kept insisting that all of the
islands are theirs and of course today
following the russian invasion of
ukraine the japanese government has
upped their rhetoric of claims while
russia has deployed more military and
anti-air assets to them in response
internationally the united states and
european union each recognize all four
of the islands as rightful japanese
territory that is currently under
russian occupation while china
recognizes them as a core integral
territory of russia and the reasons why
extend far beyond the legal and
historical claims because of course the
islands hold immense strategic value to
whoever ends up actually controlling
them the curl islands themselves are a
vital territory to control from the
perspective of moscow because of the
russian pacific fleet based near
vladivostok which includes nuclear
missile armed submarines that are a core
component of russia's nuclear deterrent
the only possible path that the fleet
can take out into the greater pacific
ocean are through either the narrow
korea tsushima kanmon and tsugaru
straits all of which lead directly
through us allied controlled choke
points on either side or alternatively
through the curl islands which they
actually have control over and can
therefore move across freely and
relatively undetected but there's a huge
problem with these islands during the
winter when the straits between them
largely freeze over with sea ice and
hamper the ability for ships to travel
through the northern islands in the
chain remain frozen for an average of 60
days longer than those in the south do
so if the four southern disputed islands
were ever returned back to japan it
would not only extend japanese and
therefore american influence deeper into
the curls but it would only leave russia
with the northern islands to pass their
pacific fleet through which has frozen
for a significantly longer amount of the
year and would further restrict russia's
naval capabilities in the area further
since the united states already has tens
of thousands of troops deployed to japan
across nearly two dozen bases it
wouldn't be inconceivable that were the
disputed islands ever returned to japan
the united states would then construct
their own air bases there that could
threaten russia's ability to freely move
naval assets through the remaining coral
islands even during the summer and thus
the united states would have effectively
secured the encirclement and containment
of the russian pacific fleet within the
sea of akhotsk and sea of japan and then
to make matters even worse from moscow's
perspective any surrendering of
supposedly occupied territory in the
east to japan would set a dangerous
legal precedent for themselves over on
the other side of eurasia in ukraine
where the crimean peninsula is claimed
by ukraine and nearly the rest of the
world as being rightful ukrainian
territory currently under russian
occupation very similarly to how japan
and the united states view the disputed
islands in the pacific and there's also
the potential resources while it's
unclear at the moment there is
significant speculation that the area
around them could be rich in oil and gas
reserves especially when considering
that some of the largest reserves ever
discovered in the world are very nearby
offshore of northeastern sakhalin were
similar reserves to ever be discovered
within the waters around the curls and
the disputed islands it would
dramatically change the calculus on both
sides especially considering the huge
changes in exclusive economic zone
borders that would happen were the
islands to be given back to japan
so for all of these reasons moscow is
highly unlikely to ever consider giving
the islands back to japan and in fact
it's now illegal to do so following
recent changes made to the russian
constitution that have made it illegal
for the state to ever give up any of its
territory to another power which was
specifically written in with the
disputed islands and crimea both in mind
and now following the sanctions and the
heightened rhetoric coming from tokyo
moscow has fully withdrawn from all
peace agreement talks and has once again
begun to militarize the islands as a
show of force to the world final peace
between japan and russia has ultimately
proven to be elusive and the question of
who should rightfully control the four
islands seems like it will remain open
for the foreseeable future
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