Introduction to Cytogenetics (Filipino) Genes Alleles Chromosomes
Summary
TLDRThe video transcript provides an introduction to key concepts in genetics, focusing on dominant and recessive genes, inheritance patterns, and cytogenetics. It explains how traits such as earlobes, dimples, and eye color are inherited from parents through dominant and recessive alleles. The transcript also delves into the structure of DNA and chromosomes, discussing how DNA is organized within cells and how genes are expressed. The explanation covers important terms like genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, and the process of protein synthesis.
Takeaways
- 𧬠50% of your genes come from your mom and 50% from your dad.
- π Dominant traits, like free earlobes, dimples, or tongue-rolling, are easily expressed and can pass through generations.
- π§ Recessive traits need two parents to carry the gene for it to appear in the offspring.
- π¬ Cytogenetics is the study of chromosomes and inheritance, with chromosomes containing DNA.
- π DNA contains around 3 billion bases and is condensed into chromosomes using proteins called histones.
- π§ͺ During mitosis, DNA replicates to pass identical genetic information to daughter cells.
- 𧬠Humans have 46 chromosomes, organized into 23 pairs, where one set comes from each parent.
- π‘ Genes carry hereditary information that codes for traits like hair and eye color, with variations called alleles.
- π Genotype refers to the gene makeup, while phenotype refers to the physical expression of these genes.
- 𧬠Dominant alleles are represented by capital letters, while recessive alleles are represented by lowercase letters.
Q & A
What percentage of your genes come from your parents?
-50% of your genes come from your mother, and 50% come from your father.
What is an example of an autosomal dominant trait mentioned in the transcript?
-An example of an autosomal dominant trait is having a dimple, which means one of your parents likely has a dimple, and this trait could be passed down to future generations.
What is the difference between a dominant gene and a recessive gene?
-A dominant gene will be expressed if one parent has it, while a recessive gene needs to be inherited from both parents to be expressed.
What is cytogenetics?
-Cytogenetics is the study of chromosomes, which are condensed DNA structures that carry all genetic information.
How is DNA organized in a chromosome?
-DNA is coiled around proteins called histones, forming structures called nucleosomes, which eventually condense to form chromosomes.
What are autosomal chromosomes and how many do humans have?
-Humans have 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes, which are non-sex chromosomes that carry genetic information, plus 1 pair of sex chromosomes (X and Y).
What is the role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein production?
-mRNA copies a portion of DNA in the nucleus and carries it to the ribosome, where it is translated into a protein.
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
-Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an individual, while phenotype is the physical expression or characteristics that result from the genotype and environmental factors.
What is the function of alleles in genetics?
-Alleles are the different varieties of a gene, and each individual inherits one allele from each parent, which together determine specific traits like eye or hair color.
What is a Punnett square and how is it used in genetics?
-A Punnett square is a tool used to predict the probability of offspring inheriting specific traits based on the alleles of the parents.
Outlines
π¬ Introduction to Genetics and Dominant/Recessive Genes
The professor introduces the key genetic concepts that will be covered during the semester. They discuss how genes are inherited from both parents, with 50% coming from the mother and 50% from the father. Dominant traits such as free earlobes, dimples, and tongue-rolling are explained, alongside recessive traits that require both parents to carry the gene. The focus is on understanding how these traits are passed through generations and the difference between dominant and recessive genes.
π Understanding Cytogenetics and DNA Structure
The discussion shifts to cytogenetics, which is the study of chromosomes. Chromosomes are explained as condensed DNA, which carries genetic information. DNA is composed of 3 billion bases and is organized around proteins called histones, forming a nucleosome, which eventually becomes a chromosome. The professor explains that cytogenetics focuses on how DNA is passed on through cell division, emphasizing the role of mitosis and DNA replication in inheritance.
𧬠Transcription, Translation, and Chromosome Structure
Here, the focus is on how DNA is transcribed and translated to produce proteins. Messenger RNA (mRNA) plays a vital role in copying portions of DNA and carrying them to ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized. Chromosomes, specifically chromosome 17, are used to illustrate the darker bands that represent genes, and the concept of genes working together to express traits like eye color, hair color, and skin tone is introduced.
ποΈ Dominant and Recessive Traits in Eye Color
This section explains the difference between homozygous and heterozygous gene pairs, using eye color as an example. A dominant allele is represented by a capital letter, while a recessive allele is shown by a lowercase letter. A homozygous pair has the same alleles (e.g., BB or bb), while a heterozygous pair has different ones (e.g., Bb). The professor illustrates this with a Punnett square, showing how dominant traits like brown eyes are more likely to be expressed, while recessive traits like blue eyes require both parents to contribute recessive alleles.
π§ͺ Blood Types and Inheritance Patterns
The final section covers blood type inheritance, emphasizing how dominant and recessive genes interact. Blood types A and B are dominant, while type O is recessive. The professor explains how a child can inherit different combinations of blood type alleles from their parents. The example of a parent with blood type A and another with blood type B producing a child with blood type AB is used to illustrate codominance, where both alleles are equally expressed.
Mindmap
Keywords
π‘Dominant Gene
π‘Recessive Gene
π‘Chromosome
π‘Autosomal Chromosomes
π‘Sex Chromosomes
π‘Genotype
π‘Phenotype
π‘Homozygous
π‘Heterozygous
π‘Allele
Highlights
50% of your genes come from your mother, and 50% come from your father.
Free earlobes, dimples, and the ability to roll your tongue are examples of dominant genes.
Autosomal dominant characteristics can be passed through every generation if present in one parent.
Recessive traits need both parents to pass the gene for the trait to appear in a child.
Cytogenetics is the study of chromosomes, which are condensed DNA containing genetic information.
DNA is coiled around proteins called histones and further organized into structures like nucleosomes.
Humans have 46 chromosomes, which include 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes (XX or XY).
The process of mitosis involves the replication of DNA, which is necessary for cell division and the creation of identical daughter cells.
Each chromosome consists of a pair of chromatids, one inherited from the mother and one from the father.
Genes code for protein production, which happens through the processes of transcription and translation.
Messenger RNA (mRNA) transcribes DNA information and carries it out of the nucleus to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
Genes are found on chromosomes, and alleles represent the different varieties of traits, such as eye color or hair color.
Dominant alleles are represented by capital letters and recessive alleles by lowercase letters in genetic notation.
Homozygous means having the same allele, while heterozygous refers to having different alleles for a gene.
The Punnett square is used to predict the likelihood of offspring inheriting particular traits based on parental alleles.
Transcripts
okay so let's have an introduction
on the terms that we are going to use
all throughout the semester inside the
genetics
[Music]
so first thing is observe your
ears and ears so on my hair's not
engaged
so 50
are coming from your mom 50 of your
genes are coming from your dad okay so
observe your earlobes so second your
earlobes
attach
so the photo i'm showing here is a free
earlobe yeah
so check more attach or free air logar
and
check
if you have a
dimple
do you have an ability to roll your
tongue
having a free earlobe
having a dimple
an ability to roll your tongue are
dominant jeans and dominant genes so
when we say someone has a dominant gene
again so meaning guys
is
one of your parents has this gene it
will show okay
it will show so ubiquitou guys this
could pass through from every generation
yeah so if you have a dimple
most probably one of your parent has a
dimple one of your grandparents as a
dimple most probably your grandchild
will have a dimple okay so this are
autosomal dominant characteristics if
you have the ability to roll your tongue
most probably your children's children
would have the ability to roll their
tongue away
so
just like
my ears and it's a recessive gene yeah
so when we say something is recessive
actually it needs two of your parents to
have that gene
okay
so
[Music]
most probably
most probably free in my friend
so guys when we say dominant jeans and
it is easily expressed
but guys if you have a recessive gene
yeah it needs two of your parents to
have it so that it will be seen in a
child okay so please take note of those
dominant characteristics and recessive
characteristics so it's a small dominant
characteristic characteristics
so most probably your parents
so cytogenetics is because
uh all about genetics and so study of
inheritance and cyto is the
study of a cell specifically in that in
that cell meron chromosomes okay so
cytogenetics is the study of chromosomes
mom
i know on chromosomes okay so basically
we have a dna and
so dna is so long mahabang dna
it it has three thousand three billion
bases
dna guys
it has about three meters of dna per
cell way
so
so
so it needs to be organized okay and be
condensed
so how how did the body organize the dna
so parama
so it coiled it in a protein called
histones yeah and so inikot it's a
protein called histones and eventually
yeah you might belong
it it was called a
nucleosome
so no we need banana we need
oil it made a chromatin up to becoming a
chromosome okay so
so it's a chromosome and chromosome is
just a condensed dna so your chromosome
carries all your dna information okay
all your genetic
information okay so your genes guys this
one just like what i told you a while
ago 50 of it
came from your mother and 50 came 50
came from your father okay so
to make the proteins in the body
proteins
that is found in the nucleus which is
dna okay
and dna are organized as chromosomes so
cytogenetics is the study of chromosomes
right so that
in the creation of multiple cells class
you know the creation of multiple cells
so
so dna is just copying itself so that it
could pass it to its daughter cell so we
have a parent cell yeah or an older cell
divas in the process of mitosis it will
divide yeah so parallel daughters
the same dna there must be dna
replication so
added in okay
so
one chromosome so indian gummy worm so
it contains so it contains your dna
so it has an arms on my arms so
the arm are the small shorter arms and
the longer arm are your q arms yeah
so the point
where there is constriction
is the centromere in sagittana
and these are two identical chromatids
okay so
centromere but in chromatids guys one of
your chromatids came from your mom one
of your chromatids came from your dad
so here
so one of the chromatids are coming from
your dad
so in all in all we have 46 and 46
billion you'll have 46 chrome so or 23
pairs okay this is one pair this is two
pairs this is three pair rocket now four
pairs
up to the 22nd pair okay so latto 1 to
22 guys these are your autosomal
chromosomes okay
and one sex chromosome okay
so x xy
bye bye
so we have 46 chromosomes
and asa
so autosomes and chromosomes yeah
so inside it is your dna
and
so cytology the study of cells yeah and
so much focus are chromosomes so they
are the hereditary units yeah so it all
is something that is inherited
so it passed through every generation
and
genetics is basically the study of
heredity yeah
so the
and similarities that runs within family
lines yeah
so guys and we could not ignore that
some of our
of our
genes are coming from our family
so
because i'm her daughter
so your chromosome so the dna is wound
up
yeah
into a chromosome
so chromosome consists of a dna molecule
and a histone so that's the protein
so the genes
and are distinct regions so are portions
of the chromosomes
okay
genes could code for a protein product
yeah so your dna
uh in the process of
hyaluronic
transcription
it could produce an mrna and so the mrna
guys will travel to the ribosome
and will
go to the
and will
will translate the mrna
and will produce the
indicated protein and so
dna
nucleus nothing guys it's gold and is to
produce proteins in the ribosome okay
however guys your dna is concentrated on
the nucleus okay your dna indicating
luma pass okay
so we need
we need a messenger and which is your
messenger rna
so your messenger rna copied a portion
of the dna
that wants to be
used and
so you literally nucleus
so your
you're
there's a portion of dna
going protein so your rna
will transcribe it will copy it and and
that's the one that will come out of the
nucleus and your mrna guys will travel
to your ribosome yeah
and your mrna will be translated to
become a protein okay so
basically you know how many
so these are your chromosomes i'm going
to notice neutral my darker bands yeah
this is a
chromosome 17 yeah
and the darker buns represent your jeans
yeah in every genes there are 3 000
bases ions a human genome project
and this jeans class some of these genes
work together para examples
brown eyes these jeans and they they
work together they combine together
black hair and or dark skin yeah
so sometimes to have your physical trait
yeah
there is a gene involved example
actually there is a breast cancer
gene and so having a breast cancer gene
does not necessitate having a breast
cancer
you will have a breast cancer so there
are many factors that will
increase the risk of having breast
cancer pero in rain having a gene will
will increase the risk of breast cancer
but not necessarily okay
so there's a person on a gene
person on your
chromatin and
which will
which will dictate which which would be
your eye color yeah so brown
so a person on your chromatid or your
chromosome chromatid is
one parallel
a part of your chromosome which will
dictate your hair color and you will
have a example blend
yeah
so
boxing have nothing gene so we have an
eye color gene
okay the alleles
is your the variety so eye color and
color my eyes my brown blue emerald my
gray so i leaves are the different types
of traits that could happen in that gene
so hair color some people are blind so
in the umbilical
red brown and black okay so that gene
is the one that codes the
straight okay and the alleles are the
different varieties of
rape so example um your ears
so you a little ear it is free or
attached yeah if you have a dimple jean
yeah
so padding with dimples without dimples
yeah so
those are all variety of three
so genome is the entire set of genes in
an organism ali is the variety of gene
so one allele is coming from your father
and one allele is coming
from your mother so guys human next
naman
topic now words
is the word genotype yeah
so genotype is the gene that is
available
and the phenotype is the physical
evidence guanine express okay
so example
for me
and i have right now i have you can see
i have a dark hair because i have a dark
hair
uh
jean okay
so um
so plant is my
is
the effect of my environment okay
environment lion perigenotype plus
environment so since my gene is a black
hair gene what is expressed is black
hair
so since my gene is a brown eye gene so
what is expressed my phenotype
is a brown eye brown eyed woman okay
and another one beginner then so my gene
is a blood blood type
having a blood type b gene okay so what
is expressed my phenotype is having a
blood type b
gene wait what is expressed
so
finally i'm loving it will help
so
in genetics we will represent a dominant
allele will all with a capital letter
and recessive allele with a small letter
so i told you dominant alleles
may sound dominant
from your parent it will easily be seen
okay
guys
you need two of your parents to have
both that recessive
right
so
okay let's move on
next we have this term homozygous so
when we say homozygous that person has
has the same allele and heterozygous
we will represent letter b big b capital
letter b
with brown eyes and small letter b with
blue eyes
so
now capital letter
therefore
dominant or recessive and it's a
dominant
[Music]
just looking at this
dominant gene and brown eyes
dominant allele
and since
a small letter young blue eyes therefore
it's a small letter b okay
so
because it's a small letter e okay
so here
this woman has brown eyes yeah i
assigned her
the
pero inner story i assigned her with two
letter b
and so brown eyes so brown
so small b
represents the blue eyes which is a
recessive allele okay and it's the same
so this guy has a homozygous recessive
okay or gene
homozygous recessive correct
so you could
uh
replay this if you don't understand so
eventually
guys
square
so pilot square is the next time
so 100 percent
heterozygous
[Music]
however what is seen
what the scene is the brown eye still
class
the
dominant allele he has a heterozygous
gene makaiba
so
this guy will show brown eyes and
because he caught
dominant gene of brown eyes
papa
kita
so the only time that their child
will have blue eyes if this guy
marries another blue-eyed woman okay or
the woman will be a heterozygous
woman
big b
small b yeah so my chance 25 25 chance
pacquiao
my
because you have that
and heterozygous having two different
genes dominant
an allele of gene that mass or
suppresses the expression of an
alternate alternate alkyl the trait
appears in the hetero if that
so you know
dominate a little so it is expressed and
so
fight is alan it could mask
it could mass it could suppress
the recessive
an allele that is mass or recessive is
an allele that is massed by a dominant
allele
does not appear in heterozygous
condition yeah and only in homozygous
so
right
so italian so we have a green p
and a yellow p okay
so green p is
recessive that's a small letter
the loopy
hello
[Music]
dimples having a brown hair
freckles brown eyes and free earlobe
yeah
so kite is
so gray eyes or blue eyes
so example in bhagavatam tapas guys
inheritance of an blood type so here
my papa
see may dominant ginger oh a a okay
dominant gene are homozygous aging and
so i'm
[Music]
because it's a dominant gene
here you have homozygous b
gene
so the only time that blood type o will
be expressed as a phenotype when both of
the parents have
o gene okay it's a recessive gene
here
one parent has a blood type a one parent
has a blood type b so what is expressed
is both a and b and blood type ap
and so the parents
and so
in parents
neglect
bye
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