AS & A Level Computer Science (9618) - Chapter 8: System Software
Summary
TLDRIn this educational video, James, a computer science graduate turned teacher, delves into the world of system software, essential for a computer's operation. He explains that system software acts as a platform for application software and manages hardware resources. James covers the evolution of operating systems, their role as a middleman between hardware and software, and their tasks like user interface provision, resource management, and security. He also explores utility software, program libraries, language translators, and integrated development environments, highlighting their significance in maintaining system functionality and aiding programmers.
Takeaways
- π» System software is essential for a computer to function, providing a platform for application software and managing hardware resources.
- π₯οΈ The operating system (OS) acts as a middleman between hardware and application software, controlling hardware and facilitating interaction with applications.
- π§ Utility software, such as antivirus and disk cleanup tools, performs specific tasks to maintain and enhance the functionality of a computer system.
- ποΈ Program libraries or subroutines are pre-written code snippets that can be reused by programmers to save time and effort, improving efficiency in software development.
- π Dynamic link libraries (DLLs) allow programs to access subroutines at runtime without the need to copy them, reducing storage space and memory usage.
- π§ Translators, including interpreters and compilers, convert high-level programming language code into machine-readable code, with interpreters executing line by line and compilers translating the entire code at once.
- π οΈ Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) offer a comprehensive suite of tools for programmers, including code editing, debugging, and building capabilities, all within a single interface.
- π‘ IDE features like pretty printing, context-sensitive prompts, dynamic syntax checking, and code block expansion/collapsing enhance the coding experience and productivity.
- π Java introduces a unique approach by using both compilation and interpretation, with Java bytecode being interpreted by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) for platform-independent execution.
Q & A
What is system software?
-System software is the type of computer program that provides a platform for running application software and manages computer hardware resources.
What are the main tasks carried out by an operating system?
-Operating systems control hardware, interact with application software, provide a user system interface, manage resources, handle memory management, manage device drivers, and manage files.
What is the difference between a graphical user interface and a command line interface?
-A graphical user interface allows users to interact with the computer using graphics, such as icons on a desktop, while a command line interface is text-based and often used by programmers to communicate with the system.
How does an operating system manage resources?
-The OS manages resources by allocating RAM and processing power to various processes, scheduling tasks to ensure each process gets sufficient time and resources, and resolving conflicts when multiple processes require resources simultaneously.
What is the purpose of utility software?
-Utility software is designed to perform specific tasks to maintain the overall functionality and maintenance of a computer system, such as cleanup, antivirus scanning, and file compression.
What is a program library and how does it help programmers?
-A program library, also known as a subroutine, is a collection of pre-written code snippets that can be reused by programmers to perform specific operations, reducing the time and effort needed to write code from scratch.
What is the role of a translator in system software?
-Translators in system software convert human-readable code into machine-readable code. They can be either interpreters, which execute code line by line, or compilers, which translate the entire code into machine code at once.
What is the difference between an interpreter and a compiler?
-An interpreter translates and executes high-level code line by line during execution, while a compiler translates the entire high-level code into machine code all at once before execution.
What is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) and what features does it provide?
-An Integrated Development Environment is a software that provides programmers with a single interface for code editing, debugging, and building capabilities. Features include pretty printing, context-sensitive prompts, dynamic syntax checking, and debugging tools.
How does Java's approach to program execution differ from traditional methods?
-Java uses a distinct approach by compiling code into bytecode, which is then interpreted by the Java Virtual Machine during runtime, allowing for portability across different computers equipped with a Java Virtual Machine.
Outlines
π» Introduction to System Software
James, a computer science graduate turned teacher, introduces the concept of system software in this video. He explains that system software is essential for a computer to function as it provides the platform for running application software and manages computer hardware resources. James discusses the evolution of system software, highlighting the transition from using punch cards and tapes to the modern operating systems (OS) that act as intermediaries between hardware and application software. He outlines the primary tasks of an OS, including providing a user interface, managing resources, and handling processes.
π οΈ Operating System Functions
This section delves deeper into the functionalities of an operating system. James explains that the OS is responsible for memory management, ensuring no two processes use the same memory location and optimizing memory usage. It also handles device management by installing device drivers, allowing hardware to communicate with the computer. File management is another key function, where the OS controls file naming conventions, directory structures, and access control mechanisms. Security management is also discussed, including data recovery, intrusion prevention, and data privacy. Lastly, the OS is tasked with error detection and recovery, ensuring system stability and data integrity.
π§ Utility Software and Its Role
James moves on to discuss utility software, which is designed to perform specific tasks to maintain and enhance the functionality of a computer system. Examples include hard disk formatters, defragmenters, backup software, file compression tools, and virus trackers. Each utility software has a unique role, such as erasing data, optimizing hard disk performance, creating backup copies, compressing files, and ensuring system security. These tools are not run continuously but are initiated by the user or the OS when necessary, providing additional support to the overall system.
π Program Libraries and Their Utility
Program libraries, also known as subroutines, are collections of pre-tested code snippets that programmers can use to avoid rewriting common functions. These libraries save time and effort by allowing developers to integrate existing, functional code into their projects. The video explains the difference between static libraries, where the subroutine code is copied into the program, and dynamic link libraries (DLLs), which are loaded at runtime and shared among multiple programs. The advantages and disadvantages of both approaches are discussed, focusing on storage space, memory usage, and the potential for runtime linking delays.
π Translators: Compilers and Interpreters
Translators are system software that converts human-readable code into machine-readable code. The video distinguishes between compilers and interpreters. Compilers translate the entire high-level code into machine code at once, while interpreters execute the code line by line during runtime. The discussion covers the advantages and disadvantages of each method for both programmers and users. Compilers are beneficial for creating executable files that can be distributed and run faster, but they require more development time. Interpreters allow for real-time error detection and are useful for debugging, but they may be less secure and slower due to the need to access the source code and interpreter each time the program runs.
π οΈ Integrated Development Environments (IDEs)
The final section of the video focuses on integrated development environments (IDEs), which are essential tools for programmers. IDEs provide a single interface for code editing, debugging, and building. James highlights features such as pretty printing for better code readability, context-sensitive prompts to save time, dynamic syntax checking, and code block expansion and collapsing for easier navigation. Debugging is also covered, explaining how IDEs include debuggers that allow developers to step through code and inspect variables, making it easier to identify and rectify errors. The video concludes with an invitation for viewers to ask questions and a teaser for the next video.
Mindmap
Keywords
π‘System Software
π‘Operating System (OS)
π‘User Interface
π‘Resource Management
π‘Memory Management
π‘Device Management
π‘File Management
π‘Security Management
π‘Error Detection and Recovery
π‘Utility Software
π‘Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
Highlights
System software is the type of computer program that provides a platform for running application software and manages computer hardware resources.
Operating System (OS) is the core system software that controls the hardware and interacts with application software.
Before the OS, punch cards and punch tapes were used to start programs and data.
The OS acts as a middleman between hardware and application software.
The OS provides a user system interface, which can be graphical or command line.
The OS also provides a program-hardware interface, managing hardware for software use.
Resource management by the OS includes scheduling processes and allocating RAM and processing power.
Memory management by the OS ensures no two processes use the same memory location and optimizes memory usage.
Device management involves the OS handling the installation of device drivers.
File management features include file naming conventions, directory structures, and access control mechanisms.
Security management by the OS includes data recovery, preventing intrusion, and ensuring data privacy.
Error detection and recovery by the OS involve pausing processes and offering diagnostics in critical situations.
Utility software is designed to perform specific tasks for maintaining and enhancing computer system functionality.
Program libraries, also known as subroutines, are pre-written code snippets that can be integrated into other programs to reduce development time.
Translators convert human-readable code into machine-readable code, with interpreters executing line by line and compilers translating the entire code at once.
Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) provide features like code editing, debugging, and building capabilities within a single interface.
Pretty printing in IDEs uses color coding to represent different elements of code for better readability.
Context-sensitive prompts in IDEs save time by suggesting possible values as the code is typed.
Dynamic syntax checking in IDEs automatically corrects and notifies developers of errors in real-time.
Expanding and collapsing code blocks in IDEs help manage clutter and focus on specific parts of the code.
Debuggers in IDEs allow developers to track program execution step by step and inspect variables and expressions.
Transcripts
have you ever wondered what type of
software a computer must have to
function so this is the topic for our
video today which is called system
software my name is James I'm a computer
science graduate turn teacher and in
this video series I want to give you a
full a-level Computer Science Education
so let's look into what is system
software to Define it it is the type of
computer program that provides a
platform for running application
software which is all the other software
besides system software and manages
computer hardware resources so all this
different softwares here fall under the
umbrella of what we call system software
the OS utility software program Library
language translator and eventually the
IDE so let's look at what an operating
system is so before the operating system
was invented punch cut and punch tapes
are the tools that are used to Start
program and
data this is what will happen when you
want to use a computer with before the
operating system error you have to put
your program on a punch cut and data on
a punch tape as the programmer or the
user you have to insert these cards into
what we call the card reader and tape
reader respectively and you press a
physical run button and once the program
is run you'll get the output printed on
the line printer as you can see this
method is not really efficient because
what you have multiple programs to run
then you might have to do this all day
long and this is exactly what happened
in the era before operating
system what the operating system do is
that it controls the hardware and
interact with the application software
think of it like the middleman between
the hardware and application software
what the example that we discussed just
now the human was the metan
and now we are delegating the role to
the operating system so let's look into
some of the tasks carried out by the OS
the first one is it provides a user
system interface which is a interface
that enables user to make the software
and Hardware perform meaningful task
think of it like a interface for us to
communicate with our device and there
are two types of user interface in your
syllabus the first one is graphical user
interface in which you interact with the
computer using Graphics by pressing
icons on your desktop for example the
other way is called command line
interface not a lot of people have used
this but programmers will use this very
often to communicate with the
device the second task that operating
system do is that it also provide a
program Hardware interface think about
it all the software that you use for
example I use final card Pro to to
record my video this software requires
the usage of certain Hardware like
computing power and RAM to
run and what the OS does is that it
manages Hardware it allocate hardware
for software to be used so it ensures
that software can effectively utilize
Hardware capabilities to perform
specific task and function so as a
programmer if you are the creator of
final cart Pro you do not need to know
how Hardware functions you just need to
follow certain procedure because
operating system will allocate all the
things for
you the third thing that the OS do is
that it manage resources so resources in
this way refers to the computing power
and also the memory there are many
processes that can be running at the
same time so process is a program that
has begun
execution process one could be your
Google Chrome processor 2 could be your
Spotify app Etc and these processors
require RAM and processing power so the
OS will be the one that allocate RAM and
processing power to each process because
it will know how much RAM it needs how
much computing power it
needs this is one of thing that the OS
do so look at this diagram here the
there are many process running but let's
say the computer can only handle one
process at a time this is when the OS
coming into play
they
allocate time slot for each process to
run which means that each process will
get sufficient time sufficient resources
to run it and it will also resolve
conflict if two processes need to be
running at the same time and for example
here if process one and process two need
to be running at the same time the OS
will arrange it in a way that all right
process one and run first followed by
process two
so this is a major Topic in operating
system study but today we're not going
very deep into it this thing is called
scheduling the fourth thing that the
memory do is called memory management so
there are few aspect of memory
management first of all the OS ensures
that no two processors can attempt to
use the same memory location so in this
case if I have three processors all
these three processors will be in a
different location in the ram so that's
the first one and the second one is the
selection of the memory organization
scheme it is also done by the operating
system it aims to utilize optimize the
utilization of restricted memory
capacity such as employing virtual
memory through paging or segmentation
basically virtual memory is let's say
you are running many programs and you
don't have enough RAM so a virtual
memory is part of the hard disk
that is used to as a temporary RAM and
the OS will be responsible for
allocating all right this process you
will use virtual memory for now and then
the other second it will be used by
another processes so this is what the OS
does it do this automatically for us
because so that the user doesn't have to
worry about it the third one is
optimizing memory usage ands making
Choice regarding which processor should
res in the me primary memory at a given
moment which is something that I
mentioned the OS will know whether
process one and or process two needs the
physical memory now if process one is
more urgent they will allocate process
one to have that instead of process two
this is what the OS does in terms of
memory
management device management the
operating system handles the
installation of the appropriate device
driver so device driver is a software
that allows a certain hardware for
example keyboard to communicate with the
computer so the OS will help us to
install all this device driver so that
as a user you don't have to go and find
the device driver for webcam for printer
for keyboard these are all carried out
by the operating
system file management three main
features here the file naming con
convention so this is some of the
experiment I did on my MacBook so if you
will try to create two folders with the
same name you will receive this warning
again this action here is detected by
the operating system it also control the
OS also control the directory structure
which is how you organize your files by
creating folders so these are also
features enabled by the operating system
lastly is the access control mechanism
it's a process of regulating and
restricting access to data or resource
ensuring that only authorized entities
can access specific information or
perform certain action so user control
user management let's say three person
is using this computer here and the OS
will help you
to set exact control for different
people okay the last two Tas is the
Security
Management OS handle data recovery in
cases of data losses usually via backup
program and it prevent intrusion by
installing antivirus anti-hacking
software and it also ensures data
privacy possibly by encrypting your data
so that no one can read what is on your
computer last but not least every
detection and Recovery the operating
system should be capable of pausing an
ongoing process and offering error
diagnostic when necessary in critical
situation it must be able to
systematically shut down the system
without any data loss so this is the
kind of protection that we do not see
very often and yet they are done by the
operating system so these are the seven
feature user system interface program
Hardware interface resource management
and memory management device management
file management Security Management
error detection and recovery so these
are all the things that the OS does so
let's look into the second type of
system software called the utility
software like operating system utility
software is a software designed to
perform specific task so each utility
software has a specific role so their
purpose is to maintain the overall
functionality and maintenance of a
computer system something that they do
include this cleanup antivirus scanning
or file compression so it it's not
executed during regular operation of the
operating system but then it is a
program that is initiated by us the user
or the operating system when necessary
so I want to show you a few examples of
utility software the first one is the
hard disk formatter and Checker so the
formatter will erase all the data let's
say you are buying a secondhand laptop
this is what the hard disk formatter
will do just erase everything formatt it
second feature it establishes the file
system on that this using a directory
that link file recognized by the op OS
to specific physical location so let's
say you have two very important folders
folder a and folder B what this software
will do is that it will allocate
physical memory let's say here and here
on the disc for folder A and B
respectively lastly is to divide the
disc into logical drive if necessary so
the first type of utility software is
the hard dis formatter and Checker the
second software is also related to all
right before that hard this format and
cheacker will also help to repair your
disc so usually a disc is considered a
flaw when a particular sector cannot be
used to store data anymore and what this
software does is that it will
prevent this
sector it it will either repair it or it
will prevent this sector from being used
to store data otherwise your data could
get corrupted if it's stored in a wrong
sector the second type of utility
software related to hard dis is the
defragment Tator def fragmentor which is
something I believe I've mentioned in
the previous video so what it does is
that it organize the hard dis into
proper form so that your hard disk can
process data quicker so defragmentation
happen when you are continuously
creating modifying and removing files
which leads to different files the data
of it is separated is segregated into
different location
in this case here if you remember a hard
disk drive they have something called a
moving heads so when you want to move
read data it'll just read from let's say
I want to read the purple highlighted
data the head will move from here to
here to here in order to read all the
data related to the purple highlighted
file and by moving in this particular
fashion it slows down the computer and
it affects performance so a defragmenter
will organize it so that the hard disk
head doesn't have to move that much so
it reorganized the fragmented data on
the dis to improve its performance and
speed the third type of utility software
backup
software it creates duplicate copies of
files and data from a computer or
network which can be used to restore the
original data in case of data loss
corruption or accidental deletion so how
they achieve backup is that they set up
a timetable for conducting backup
creating exact copy of what you have and
they'll generate a fresh backup file
only when there's modification which
means they will likely do it every once
in a while because you're constantly
changing data right so the third four
type of utility software file
compression I believe y'all have tried
to diip file before for your information
once you diip your file the file size of
it will be reduced because this is what
file compression software do they
compress
in a way that doesn't affect data
performance so in this screenshot that I
have taken when you compress this file
what happened behind the hood is that
the file compression software compress
these three individual file into one
archive file so you can try it on your
computer if you want to fifth type of
utility software the virus tracker it
scans and detect malicious software and
potentially harmful code within the
files and programs to ensure security
which is it is a program that runs
continuously to check whether there is
any malicious software that is on your
computer running if if that's the case
they will stop the process and even warn
you if necessary so these are all
utility software you can see that this
software they enhances the functionality
of a computer to make sure that you have
a good experience using them so there
two type of system software go back the
first one is operating system syst
followed by utility software now we're
looking at program Library so program
library is also called sub routine it
can be a bit hard to grab if you haven't
started coding yet but let me explain so
think of some codes here let's say a
programmer has written some codes that
will be frequently used by other
programmers as well so this is when the
programmers will make this code a sub
routine so that if other programmers
want to write the exact same code they
they don't have to write it from scratch
they can you just write a line on their
code Editor to use this chunk of
software so this is exactly what subin
are they're designed for specific
operations written by some good
programmer and then if the other
programmers want to use it they can
integrate into their own code reducing
the time and effort needed by using
pre-tested code snippits from a sub
routine Library meaning this code has
have been tested to be functional so
they don't have to invent it from
scratch
again
so as you know source code will
eventually be converted into machine
code because this is the only language
that a computer
can understand and the executable code
cannot run independently must be linked
with any utilized sub routin code which
means that if the programmer uses some
sub routine before you run before they
run the code it has to be linked to
where the sub routine was written and as
a result the sub routine has to be
copied over before it run it means that
it will take up a lot more space it also
increases memory usage when more than
one process using the
routine therefore to solve this problem
a Dynamic link library is introduced so
there a bunch of words here but let me
explain it in a clear way so it is a
collection of executable function and
procedure that can be dynamically loaded
and accessed by a program at runtime
meaning you don't have to copy it over
the advantage of this library is that
the executable code only require a small
code inclusion so instead of copying the
entire source code into the program they
only need to write a small code
inclusion to indicate that hey I'm using
this sub routine and this leads to
reduce storage space and also reduce
memory usage so when a new version of
the routine is available it can be
loaded into memory automatically
upgrading any program using it one
disadvantage of dynamic link library is
that sometimes recir library is not
available or it's incompatible and
performance can be affected due to the
need for runtime linking as we are
linking our code with the sub routine so
this can cause delay during program
execution so this are some advantage and
disadvantages that you need to
understand and
memorize okay the fourth type of system
software which is
needed in particularly in particular in
programming which is translator I have a
few lines of programming code here is
written in Python for your information
all this code will eventually be
converted into to Z and one but which
software does that right this is exactly
what translator do it converts human
readable code into machine readable
code so there are two different types of
translators the first one is interpreter
how interpreter work is that it ex
translate and execute high level code
line by line during
execution I have three lines of python
code here I want to show you how it will
be run
so how it works first step the first
line of the source code is process and
then the line is analyzed in this case
if an error is detected it is reported
and the interpreted program will stop
execution which means if in case of an
error happening line two will not be run
if there's an error on in line one line
two will not be run because the
interpretor will stop it if there's no
Arrow the source code line is transform
form into an immediate code intermediate
code so the interpretor program employ
this intermediate code to perform the
necessary operation think of it like a
stepbystep operation which will just
execute a code until an error is
reported and if there's no error step
two all this step will be repeated for
line number two until an error is
repeated or until the program has
terminated this is the first type of
translator the second type of translator
is called the compiler so instead
of going through the code line by line
they translate the entire high level
code into machine code all at once so
let me explain how this work the first
line of the source code let's say this
is the code is r and it will be analyzed
like what happened in interpreter if an
error is detected this is recorded So as
compared to interpretor the program
doesn't stop it it just
records the arrrow and if no errors
identified the source code line is
transformed into an intimat code like
what happened in
interpretor so the only difference is
that it doesn't stop when an error
occurred it just keeps going until it
finish compiling the whole program so
when no errors are found in the entire
source code the entirety of the
intermediate code is translated into
object code which is something that can
be executed and if any error identifi a
list of this error is generated as
output and No Object code is produced so
unlike inator execution of program can
only begin when the compilation has
shown no errors so in the previous
example when we talk about interpretor
if this line is okay they will just run
the code directly but in this case not
until
the code has shown that it has no Arrow
that it cannot run so I have listed some
advantages and disadvantages for the
programmer first and then for the user
for the programmer identifier error can
be recognized in real time and promptly
rectified because it will stop when an
error is detected so unlike compiler but
the disadvantage is that in a specific
program execution section of the code
with syntax errow might remain
inaccessible resulting in any lingering
AG being detected only at a later stage
and source code has to be distributed to
the user which mean if the programmer
has written this code and they want to
Sol it to other people they have to
distribute the entire source code to
other
people so as for the compiler the
benefit of it is that because it will
generate an executable
file this means that instead of giving
the purchaser the user the source code
in case you want to keep it as private
the executable file can be distributed
to user without having them access to
the source code so in interpretor you
must give them the source code but in
compiler you don't need but as a
compiler requires more time for the
initial development meaning it takes
more time to write code that requires a
compiler so that's the advantages and
disadvantages for the programmer and for
the user on the other
hand the disadvantage of an interpreter
is that every time an error free program
is executed the interpretor and the
source code need to be accessible
meaning to run the code as a user you
need the source code you need the
interpretor so that's a disadvantage for
compiler the advantage for the user is
that the execution speed achiever we
compile object code exit what can be
obtained by an integrator code you can
run it faster you can run the executable
code faster than as compared to using
interpretor because it's no longer
interpr line by line it's just just run
it and as for the compiled program only
the object code has to be available each
time an arror free program is run
meaning you don't need a compiler as a
user to run the code the disadvantage is
that it is less secure because it could
contain a virus someone could put a
virus into the executable code so that's
some differences between interpreter and
compiler so irrespective of whether an
interpretor or compiler is deployed a
program can only be executed on specific
computer with a specific processor if
The Interpreter of compiler program has
been tailored for that particular
processor so that's the
requirement if the option exists meaning
if you can choose the preference for an
interpretor during program development
is warranted due to following reason a
single error in the code can trigger the
occurrence of multiple additional error
and because of that you want to identify
and rectify error as soon as possible
which is something that interpreter can
do because it interpret codes line by
line and the debugging to integrator
with The Interpreter expedite this
process of course if the compiler the
usage of compiler will be justified if
the program is a sh of minimum errors in
the program which mean you don't think
there's any error all right so a
compiler allow for the creation of an
executable file that can be distributed
for gener use result in Faster execution
so they might be a bit slow to develop
but then as the user you can execute it
a lot
faster so this is some facts about Java
when Java is developed it introdu a
distinct approach to its utilization
requiring a Java virtual machine
specific to each type of computer upon
writing a Java program is initially
compiled into Java by code which is then
interpreted by Java virtual machine
during runtime so in this case here Java
is using both compiling and compilers
and interpretor the portability of java
B code enables it transfer to any
computer equipped with a Java virtual
machine so the last part that's all for
translator it translate programming
language code into binary code so the
last
thing last example of a system software
is the integrated development
environment so it is a software that
programmers need to develop software
yeah so it provides the following
features code editing debugging and
building capabilities all within a
single interface some example include
pycharm and visual studio code so in
this section I just want to show you
some of the feature of an IDE so that
when you start programming you don't
take them for granted you know that it's
done by the ID first feature the pretty
printing so I have an example of a uh
python code here as you can see the
colors
here they are used deliberately to
represent different think so for example
the commment is in green the keyword is
in blue and the variable name is in
Black for PRD printing they also allow
automatic indentation to allow you to
see your program in a better view
colorcoded data type also part of it
predy printing second thing context
sensitive
prompt for example I created two
variable number one and number two if I
want to pren out number one instead of
typing the entire
thing I just need to type the first
character and then it will show me what
are the possible values that I want to
type in and this save time when you are
coding Dynamic syntax check so for
example if I were to make a typo error
in my code it will automatically correct
me
and let me know what is going on so that
I don't have to proofread it myself in
this example it's the same Dynamic
syntax track expanding and collapsing
code block so initially this is the
entire code for the play function and if
you want to remove clutter to and to
focus on other aspect of the code you
can simply collapse or expand it anytime
you want to lastly it's about debugging
a debugger in an IDE can help identify
and rectify error or box in a code by
allowing developers to track the
execution of program step by
step and inspect variables and
expression and different points so a
debugger is usually included in an IDE
and that helps you to debug debug means
to find errors in your code easily by
going through the code line by line so
this is all about IDE and this is also
all about system software I hope you
learn a lot from this let me know in the
comment section if you have any question
and I'll be hope I'll hope to answer
that and I'll see you in the next video
thank you for
watching
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