What is academic vocabulary?

EAPFoundation.com
23 Jul 202224:01

Summary

TLDRВ этом видео рассматривается академическая лексика, которая включает в себя термины, часто встречающиеся в учебных текстах, но редко встречаемыми в неакадемических. Видео дает определение академической лексики, рассматривает списки слов, включая известный Академический Список Слов (AWL), и обсуждает важность академической лексики для изучения и написания на английском языке. Представлены советы по изучению академической лексики, включая использование списков слов, изучение многословных единиц и увеличение внимания к академическому английскому для инцидентного обучения лексики.

Takeaways

  • 📚 Акадэмическая лексика - это те слова, которые часто используются в учебных контекстах, включая университет и школу.
  • 🔍 В академической лексике есть различие между устной и письменной формами, и большинство исследований сосредоточено на письменной форме.
  • 📈 В отношении определения академической лексики, она включает слова, часто встречающиеся в академических текстах, но редко встречается в неакадемических.
  • 📊 Акадэмическая лексика часто называется субтехнической или специализированной нетехнической лексикой, в отличие от технической терминологии.
  • 📑 Список академических слов (AWL) включает 570 семей слов, исключая слова из Общего Служебного Словаря (GSL), которые предназначены для всех предметных областей.
  • 🔑 Важность академической лексики заключается в том, что она отличается от общей лексики, включает более сложные слова и предполагается, что студенты должны понимать ее.
  • 👩‍🏫 Примеры академических текстов показывают, что не все общая лексика подходит для академической письменности, и есть слова, которые лучше избегать.
  • 🔤 В академической лексике есть слова, которые имеют специальное или техническое значение, например, 'дисциплина' в академическом контексте означает предмет изучения.
  • 📘 Существуют также списки академической лексики для конкретных предметов, такие как бизнес, медицина, экономика и информатика.
  • 📘 Для изучения академической лексики рекомендуется использовать списки слов, изучать многословные единицы, использовать слова продуктивно и увеличивать экспозицию академической английской литературы.

Q & A

  • Что такое академическая лексика?

    -Академическая лексика - это лексика, используемая в академических контекстах, таких как университеты или школы, включая устную и письменную академическую речь.

  • Почему академическая лексика включает в себя более сложные слова?

    -Академическая лексика включает более сложные слова, потому что она часто используется в академических текстах и因为她是非技术性的,讲师们会假设学生已经理解了这些词汇。

  • Что такое 'сдвиг лексики' от общей к академической?

    -Сдвиг лексики от общей к академической относится к процессу распознавания, какие слова подходят для академической письменности и какие нет, а также пониманию более академических альтернатив.

  • Каковы различия между общей лексикой, академической лексикой и техническим словарём?

    -Общая лексика - это повседневные слова, академическая лексика - это слова, часто встречающиеся в академических текстах, но редко в неакадемических, а техническая лексика - это термины, специфичные для определенных областей знаний.

  • Каковы основные критерии для отбора слов в Академический Список Слов (AWL)?

    -AWL включает в себя 570 семей слов, исключая слова из Общего Списка Слов (GSL), и предназначен для чтения академических текстов.

  • Что такое Академический Список Слов (AVL) и как он отличается от AWL?

    -AVL - это список из 3015 слов или 500 слов в основном списке, использующих леммы для отображения форм слов, и включает слова, встречающиеся по крайней мере в 1,5 раза чаще в академических текстах, чем в неакадемических.

  • Почему важны многословные единицы в изучении академической лексики?

    -Многословные единицы, такие как коллокации и дискурсивные конструкции, помогают лучше понимать контекст использования слов и улучшать способность использовать их в академической речи.

  • Какие ресурсы предлагается использовать для изучения академической лексики?

    -Рекомендуется использовать списки слов, такие как AWL и AVL, а также инструменты подсветки и профилирования слов для изучения слов в контексте.

  • Какие советы даются для эффективного изучения академической лексики?

    -Рекомендуется использовать списки слов как отправную точку, изучать многословные единицы, использовать слова продуктивно в речи и письме, а также увеличивать экспозицию академическому английскому через чтение.

  • Что подсказывает цитата из статьи Максвелла 2013 года о том, как нативные носители английского языка обучаются академическому английскому?

    -Никто не является нативным носителем академического английского, даже нативные носители английского языка должны учиться говорить и писать академически, главным образом через чтение академического английского и внимание к языку и лексике.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Введение в академический лексический фонд

В этом видео представлен обзор академического лексического фонда, который включает в себя терминологию, используемую в учебных и научных текстах. Видео начинается с общей дефиниции академического лексического фонда, которая охватывает слова, используемые в учебных контекстах, таких как университеты и школы. Рассматриваются различия между устной и письменной академической английской, с акцентом на письменном варианте. Обсуждается более конкретное определение академического лексического фонда, исключающее общие слова и фокусирующиеся на словах, часто встречающихся в академических текстах, но редко встречаемыми в неакадемических. Также упоминается разновидность академического лексического фонда, называемого подтехническим или специализированным нетехническим.

05:00

📈 Списки академических слов и их использование

В видео рассматривается Academic Word List (AWL), содержащий 570 семей слов, исключающих общие английские слова. Обсуждается разница между рецептивными (для чтения) и продуктивными (для письма и речи) целями в изучении академического лексического фонда. Вводится понятие 'смещения лексики' от общего к академическому, что означает определение подходящих слов для академической письменности. Приводятся примеры текстов из повседневной жизни, таких как электронные письма, художественная проза и газетные статьи, для иллюстрации различий между общим и академическим лексическим фондом. Также рассматривается изменение значений некоторых общих слов в академическом контексте.

10:01

🔍 Расширение академического лексического фонда

В видео продолжается обсуждение академического лексического фонда, включая введение в Academic Vocabulary List (AVL), который включает в себя 3015 слов или 500 ключевых слов и использует леммы для представления слов. AVL не исключает слова из GSL, в отличие от AWL, и ориентирован на продуктивные цели, такие как академическая письменность. Также рассматриваются предметно-специфические списки академических слов, такие как списки для бизнеса, медицины и компьютерных наук, которые включают в себя нетехническую терминологию, часто используемую в определенных областях, но редко встречаемую в неакадемических текстах. Упоминается важность изучения многословных единиц, таких как коллокации и академические формулы, для полного понимания академического лексического фонда.

15:02

🏛 Важность академического лексического фонда

В видео подчеркивается, что академический лексический фонд важен из-за его различия от общего лексического фонда, его высокой частоты в академических текстах и его нетехнического характера. Приводится пример аутентичных академических текстов, таких как статьи по экономике, для анализа различных аспектов академического лексического фонда, включая техническую терминологию, коллокации, дискурсные коннекторы и академические слова. Обсуждается важность понимания и использования этих элементов для эффективного чтения и письма на академическом уровне.

20:03

📘 Советы по изучению академического лексического фонда

В заключении видео даются рекомендации по изучению академического лексического фонда, включая использование списков слов как отправной точкой, изучение многословных единиц и продуктивное использование новых слов в речи и письме. Подчеркивается также важность интенсивного чтения академической и нехудожественной литературы для инцидентного изучения лексики и понимания академического лексического фонда. Завершается видео цитатой о том, что даже носители английского языка должны учиться писать и говорить академически, основываясь на чтении академических текстов и внимательном изучении их лексики.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡академическая лексика

Академическая лексика - это термин, обозначающий слова и выражения, используемые в учебных и научных текстах, в отличие от повседневной речи. В контексте видео, академическая лексика включает в себя слова, которые часто встречаются в академических текстах по нескольким предметным областям, но редко встречаются в неакадемических текстах. Это ключевой элемент для понимания академического письма и речи, и видео посвящено раскрытию этой темы и предоставлению советов по изучению академической лексики.

💡академический текст

Академический текст - это тип письма, который используется в университетах и школах для научных и учебных целей. В видео рассматривается, как академическая лексика встречается в таких текстах и как она отличается от общей лексики. Примеры академических текстов включают эссе, отчёты, лекции и научные статьи.

💡техническая лексика

Техническая лексика - это специализированные термины, используемые в определенных предметных областях, таких как биология, химия или экономика. В видео отмечается разница между академической лексикой и технической лексикой, подчеркивая, что технические термины, такие как 'фермент' или 'ион', имеют специфическое значение в своих отраслях, в то время как академическая лексика более общая и не специфична для одной области.

💡академический словарный список (AWL)

Академический словарный список (AWL) - это список из 570 семей слов, которые встречаются чаще в академических текстах, чем в общих. В видео упоминается AWL как инструмент для изучения академической лексики, который может помочь студентам перейти от изучения общей английской лексики к академической.

💡академическая лексика по предметным областям

Академическая лексика по предметным областям - это слова и выражения, которые часто используются в академических текстах конкретной области, но редко встречаются в других. В видео рассматривается, как такие списки, как 'бизнес-список' или 'медицинский академический словарный список', могут быть полезны для студентов, изучающих конкретные предметы.

💡многословные единицы

Многословные единицы - это фразы или выражения, состоящие из двух или более слов, которые часто используются вместе. В видео упоминается, что изучение многословных единиц, таких как академические коллокации или формулы, помогает лучше понимать, как использовать академическую лексику в контексте.

💡академические коллокации

Академические коллокации - это тип многословных единиц, который включает в себя стандартные сочетания слов, часто используемые в академической речи. Например, в видео упоминается, что 'well documented' и 'major factor' являются академическими коллокациями, которые встречаются в академических текстах.

💡академические формулы

Академические формулы - это стандартные фразы, используемые в академической речи для конструкции мыслей и представления информации. В видео приводится пример 'less likely to', которая используется для выражения сравнения вероятности в академических текстах.

💡дискоурсные коннекторы

Дискурсные коннекторы - это слова или фразы, используемые для соединения мыслей или предложений в академических текстах. В видео рассматриваются коннекторы, такие как 'however', 'for example' и 'in addition', которые помогают читателям следовать логике аргументации.

💡инкIDENTALНОЕ обучение лексике

ИнкIDENTALНОЕ обучение лексике - это процесс непреднамеренного или неосознанного изучения новых слов и выражений через чтение и другие формы воздействия. В видео подчеркивается, что чтение академической литературы и других академических текстов может способствовать инкIDENTALНОМУ обучению лексике и улучшению знаний в области академической лексики.

Highlights

定义学术词汇:学术词汇是用于学术环境,如大学或学校的词汇。

区分口语和书面学术英语:口语学术英语包含更多非正式表达。

学术词汇的更具体定义:在学术文本中频繁出现但在非学术文本中较少出现的词汇。

学术词汇与技术词汇的区别:学术词汇介于通用词汇和技术词汇之间。

学术词汇的重要性:它在学术文本中占比重大,且通常不被认为需要特别解释。

学术词汇列表(AWL):包含570个词族,用于阅读和理解学术文本。

词汇转换:识别哪些通用词汇适合用于学术写作,哪些不适合。

学术词汇的多功能性:一些通用词汇在学术英语中有特殊或技术性含义。

学术词汇列表(AVL):包含3015个单词,用于学术写作。

特定学科的学术词汇列表:针对特定学科领域的学术词汇。

学术搭配列表(ACL):包含学术英语中的形容词和名词组合。

学术词汇的实际应用:通过分析真实学术文本中的词汇使用。

学习学术词汇的技巧:使用词汇列表作为起点,注意多词单位,并在写作中积极使用。

广泛阅读的重要性:通过大量阅读学术英语来提高词汇知识。

学术英语的学习建议:即使是英语母语者也需要学习学术英语的表达方式。

资源推荐:EAP Foundation网站提供学术词汇列表和学习工具。

Transcripts

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this video is brought to you by

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eapfoundation.com

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the website for all your academic

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english needs so this video will answer

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the question what is academic vocabulary

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first we'll look at a definition of

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academic vocabulary

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the second part will be word lists with

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a couple of digressions first into

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something called vocabulary shift and

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also general words with academic meaning

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after that we'll consider why academic

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vocabulary is important

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we'll see an example text and study the

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academic vocabulary that it contains

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and i'll finish off with a few tips for

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learning academic vocabulary

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so let's start with a broad definition

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of academic vocabulary we'll have a more

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specific definition later

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so the broad definition is the

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vocabulary used in academic contexts and

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generally this means university although

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it can also mean school

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and we need to be careful here because

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there are spoken academic contexts in

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other words presentations discussions

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lectures

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and written academic contexts

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essays reports and so on

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although there's a big area of

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similarity between spoken and written

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academic english

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there are also quite a few differences

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with spoken academic english including

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more informal expressions

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mostly i'll be thinking about written

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academic vocabulary because reading and

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writing is the main part of academic

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study and most research into academic

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vocabulary has actually focused on the

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written form

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so one problem with the broad definition

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we have the vocabulary used in academic

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contexts is that it potentially includes

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all vocabulary this includes general

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vocabulary in other words everyday words

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like two

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other about will because number with the

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verbs to have to be articles like a and

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the surely if we're talking about

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academic vocabulary it should be

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something different from general

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vocabulary so this leads us on to a more

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specific definition of academic

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vocabulary which is vocabulary which

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occurs frequently in academic texts but

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less frequently in non-academic ones so

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not words like to or to be or with

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because those occur frequently in both

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types when i say text in the definition

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i'm considering both written and spoken

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texts now a potential problem with this

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definition is that it also includes

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technical vocabulary for example the

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word enzyme for biology or ion for

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chemistry or turnover for economics or

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business

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or assassination for history now some

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writers consider technical vocabulary to

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be academic vocabulary but most writers

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consider academic vocabulary to be

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something different lying between

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general vocabulary and technical

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vocabulary so let's modify the

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definition a little academic vocabulary

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is vocabulary which occurs frequently in

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academic text across many different

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subject areas but less frequently in

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non-academic text so this means words

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like access identify process and method

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which are not technical words but they

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are used more frequently in academic

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english than in non-academic

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english this classification sometimes

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goes by other names

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beck mckeon and kukan in 2002 called

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these tier 1 tier 2 and tier 3

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vocabulary

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because of his position between general

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and technical vocabulary academic

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vocabulary is sometimes called

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sub-technical vocabulary or specialized

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non-technical vocabulary offer technical

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vocabulary you may sometimes see terms

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like content-specific vocabulary

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subject-specific or domain-specific

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vocabulary so that's a definition of

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academic vocabulary let's move on to

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look at word lists

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so perhaps the most well-known academic

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word list is the academic word list the

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awl

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which very much follows this

play04:06

categorization of vocabulary so just

play04:09

some brief details here the awl is a

play04:11

list of 570 word families for example

play04:15

for the adjective similar the family

play04:16

consists of the noun similarity the

play04:19

adverb similarly and the opposite

play04:22

adjective dissimilar

play04:24

so the awl excludes words from the

play04:26

general service list or the gsl

play04:29

which is a list of 2 000 general english

play04:32

words like the ones we just saw to be to

play04:35

have a and the it's meant for use in all

play04:38

subject areas and accounts for around 10

play04:41

of words in academic texts in contrast

play04:44

to the gsl which is about 80

play04:46

and technical vocabulary generally is

play04:48

around 5

play04:50

the awl is actually meant for receptive

play04:53

purposes in other words reading and this

play04:56

is generally true of word family lists

play04:58

they are intended for receptive in other

play05:00

words reading or listening purposes

play05:02

this is in contrast to productive

play05:04

purposes in other words writing or

play05:06

speaking the reasoning here is if you

play05:08

know the word similar and you see the

play05:10

noun similarity you will understand what

play05:13

it means if you know similar and you see

play05:15

the word dissimilar

play05:17

you can guess that it's the opposite

play05:19

but for productive purposes this doesn't

play05:21

necessarily work if you know the

play05:23

adjective similar it doesn't mean you

play05:25

know the noun maybe it's similarness or

play05:28

the opposite maybe it's unsimilar you

play05:30

have to learn those different forms

play05:32

separately

play05:33

so this is fine if you're studying the

play05:35

academic word list for receptive

play05:37

purposes but it does present some

play05:39

problems in terms of studying academic

play05:41

vocabulary for productive purposes and

play05:43

this is related to something called the

play05:45

vocabulary shift from general to

play05:47

academic in other words recognizing

play05:50

which words are suitable for academic

play05:52

writing and which words are not let's

play05:55

see some examples to help us understand

play05:57

this let's look at the kind of writing

play05:59

students might be familiar with before

play06:01

they start a course of academic english

play06:03

namely an email some fiction and a

play06:06

newspaper article

play06:10

so this is an example email dear sir i'm

play06:12

writing with regard to an increase in

play06:14

your interest payments so on and so

play06:16

forth yours faithfully so there's a lot

play06:19

of general vocabulary in this email some

play06:22

of it's not really suitable for academic

play06:24

english for example dear sir i'm your

play06:28

yours on the other hand some of it is

play06:31

so obviously basic words like and and in

play06:34

the words writing payments faithfully

play06:37

but there are also some words and

play06:38

phrases which are more common in

play06:40

academic english with regard to

play06:43

interest and increase

play06:46

an example of fiction where are you

play06:48

going he said

play06:50

it was a bad thing to ask

play06:52

so the pronoun you is not very suitable

play06:54

for academic english nor is going

play06:57

said

play06:58

or bad or thing or the verb ask on the

play07:02

other hand the words where are he it was

play07:05

a and two are fine

play07:08

finally a newspaper article this is

play07:10

actually a real headline from a real

play07:11

newspaper scaling back free kovid test

play07:14

could hinder uk if new variant strikes

play07:16

warns health chief

play07:18

so there are no words there which are

play07:20

not suitable for academic english and

play07:22

actually some which are more common in

play07:24

academic english than general english

play07:26

namely

play07:27

tests

play07:29

and variant

play07:31

so the point of those example text is to

play07:34

show that not all general vocabulary is

play07:36

suitable for academic writing and the

play07:38

vocabulary shift i mentioned from

play07:40

general to academic english is about two

play07:43

things first recognizing which words to

play07:45

avoid in academic writing and second

play07:48

understanding more academic alternatives

play07:51

for example for bad we could say

play07:52

negative negative effects thing could be

play07:55

many things such as factor reasons

play07:58

examples depending on the context

play08:00

instead of say we might use the verb

play08:02

state instead of ask we might say

play08:04

inquire

play08:05

and some other examples which we didn't

play08:07

see there the verb see

play08:09

look for and idea so a more formal

play08:12

alternative to c is observe instead of

play08:15

the two-word verb look for we have seek

play08:19

instead of idea we have notion

play08:22

an interesting feature of academic and

play08:24

also technical vocabulary is that there

play08:26

are some general vocabulary words which

play08:28

have one meaning in general english but

play08:31

another meaning when used academically

play08:33

or technically

play08:34

for example the word discipline which

play08:36

means training people to obey rules

play08:38

in academic english means the subject of

play08:40

study

play08:41

population which is the number of people

play08:43

living in a country or region in

play08:45

academic english means all the

play08:47

individuals who could possibly be

play08:49

included in a study or survey

play08:51

the word base means the bottom of

play08:53

something but in chemistry it's a

play08:55

technical term

play08:56

referring to a water-soluble compound

play08:58

with ph less than seven which reacts

play09:01

with an acid to form a salt it's also

play09:04

used in linguistics to mean the verb

play09:06

without to

play09:07

for example the base of disgust is

play09:10

disgust

play09:11

and the word summit which means the top

play09:13

of something is used in history or other

play09:15

subjects to refer to a conference of

play09:17

high-level officials for example heads

play09:19

of government and the word bug which is

play09:21

a kind of insect

play09:23

in computer science means a flaw in the

play09:25

programming system so general words

play09:28

which have special or technical meanings

play09:29

is something else students need to be

play09:31

aware of

play09:32

and this detail is potentially lost if

play09:34

general words are excluded from academic

play09:36

or even technical word lists

play09:39

a different list which overcomes some of

play09:40

the problems of the academic word list

play09:42

is the academic vocabulary list or avl

play09:45

so this is a list of 3015 words or 500

play09:48

words in the core list it doesn't use

play09:50

word families with many different words

play09:52

it uses what's called lemmas that's a

play09:54

bit technical but basically it just

play09:56

means plurals verb inflections and

play09:58

alternative spellings so for the example

play10:01

we saw similar similarity similarly and

play10:04

dissimilar rather than being one word

play10:07

family these are four different words

play10:09

and with similarity of course we need

play10:11

the plural similarities another word in

play10:13

the avl is the verb discuss plus the

play10:16

forms discusses disgust and discussing

play10:19

and then a separate word is the noun

play10:21

discussion and of course the plural

play10:23

discussions an important point of the

play10:26

apl is it does not exclude any list

play10:29

which means it can include words like

play10:31

discuss and discussion which are

play10:33

contained in the gsl and therefore

play10:34

they're not in the academic word list

play10:36

the awl additionally words are included

play10:39

if they occur at least one and a half

play10:41

times as often in academic as

play10:43

non-academic texts the word disgust is

play10:46

actually 1.53 times more common in

play10:49

academic texts as non-academic texts

play10:52

word discussion is 1.94 times as common

play10:54

in other words it occurs almost twice as

play10:56

often in academic texts as non-academic

play10:59

texts because it's a lemma based list

play11:01

not a word family list it's actually

play11:04

intended for productive purposes in

play11:06

other words academic writing not

play11:08

receptive purposes in other words

play11:09

reading

play11:10

and the fact that it does not exclude

play11:12

any list perhaps makes it easier for

play11:14

students to recognize general words that

play11:16

they already know which are acceptable

play11:18

for in fact which are more common in

play11:21

academic english

play11:23

now we've been considering academic

play11:25

non-technical vocabulary which is used

play11:27

across a range of subjects but the fact

play11:30

is not all academic vocabulary is the

play11:32

same for example if we're writing a

play11:34

laboratory report we're going to be

play11:36

writing about the apparatus or the

play11:38

procedure

play11:39

or the errors in the experiment

play11:42

on the other hand if we're conducting

play11:44

social science research we won't be

play11:46

using those words instead we'll want

play11:48

words like survey population and sample

play11:52

which a scientist is less likely to use

play11:55

but those are the kind of words which

play11:56

are included in general academic lists

play12:00

as a result some researchers have

play12:01

developed subject-specific academic

play12:04

vocabulary lists so these consist of

play12:06

non-technical vocabulary which occurs

play12:09

frequently in academic text of one

play12:11

specific subject area but less

play12:13

frequently in non-academic texts

play12:16

so i won't go into these in detail but

play12:18

examples include the business word list

play12:20

a nursing academic word list medical

play12:23

academic word list and economics

play12:24

academic word list most of these are

play12:26

modeled after the academic word list

play12:29

there are some which follow the model of

play12:30

the academic vocabulary list for example

play12:32

the medical academic vocabulary list and

play12:35

the computer science academic vocabulary

play12:37

list now all of the lists we've seen so

play12:39

far have been of single words

play12:43

studying single words doesn't always

play12:45

tell us the whole story

play12:46

for example we saw earlier that the word

play12:49

thing is not academic

play12:51

but a recent study by granger and larsen

play12:53

2021

play12:55

showed that expert academic writers

play12:57

sometimes use this word in various

play12:59

phrases

play13:00

such as other things being equal

play13:03

or there is no such thing as or is the

play13:06

same thing as

play13:08

it's important in any vocabulary study

play13:10

including academic vocabulary to

play13:12

consider multi-word units in other words

play13:15

word combinations perhaps the most

play13:17

well-known list here is the academic

play13:19

collocation list or acl and i've made a

play13:21

couple of videos on this before so this

play13:23

is a list of

play13:24

2469 collocations for academic english

play13:27

in other words adjective and noun

play13:29

combinations verb and noun adverb and

play13:31

adjective and so on for example for the

play13:33

word similar which we saw earlier it's

play13:35

in the academic word list we have

play13:37

similar approach similar argument

play13:39

similar characteristics effect issue

play13:42

pattern properties result situation

play13:45

broadly similar and remarkably similar

play13:49

for discuss which was in the avl we have

play13:51

discuss a topic discuss an issue briefly

play13:54

discussed be widely discussed previously

play13:57

discussed

play13:58

after discussion we have brief

play13:59

discussion earlier discussion fuller

play14:02

preceding and previous discussion

play14:05

multi-word lists also have some

play14:07

subject-specific academic word list an

play14:09

example is the nursing collocation list

play14:11

which is 488 collocations that

play14:13

frequently occur in nursing journal

play14:15

articles

play14:16

so for example i won't read all of these

play14:18

but these are the examples for the word

play14:20

health

play14:21

it's interesting that actually only two

play14:23

of these mental health and physical

play14:25

health also occur in the acl

play14:28

while none of the other collocations we

play14:29

just saw with similar discuss and

play14:31

discussion actually occur in the ncl

play14:34

and that's of course the reason why

play14:35

researchers developed these lists

play14:37

because they are more useful for

play14:39

specific subject areas than general

play14:41

academic lists a few more lists now

play14:44

which i'll introduce very briefly mainly

play14:45

because i want to refer to them later

play14:48

first the academic formulas list afl

play14:50

which is a list of academic formulas in

play14:52

other words three to five word

play14:53

combinations for example in terms of at

play14:56

the same time on the other hand due to

play14:59

the fact that it should be noted

play15:01

it's interesting that those are mostly

play15:03

general words but when combined together

play15:06

they form academic phrases

play15:09

another is the academic idioms list

play15:11

which is a list of 38 idioms for written

play15:13

academic english or 170 idioms for

play15:16

spoken academic english idioms of course

play15:18

were a bit informal and therefore tend

play15:20

to be more common in spoken academic

play15:22

english examples of idioms from the

play15:24

written idioms list are in light of

play15:28

bear in mind and along the lines of

play15:31

finally somewhere between single words

play15:33

and multi-word lists is the discourse

play15:35

connectors list or dcl

play15:37

and this is a list of 632 discourse

play15:40

connectors which are sometimes single

play15:42

words sometimes multi-word units for

play15:45

example however

play15:46

although

play15:47

for example and in addition

play15:51

okay so that's word list and we had a

play15:53

little digression there into vocabulary

play15:55

shift

play15:56

and general words with academic meaning

play15:59

let's consider now why academic

play16:01

vocabulary is important

play16:10

now that we've seen those lists we can

play16:11

better understand why academic

play16:13

vocabulary is important

play16:15

one reason is because it's different

play16:17

from general vocabulary these are more

play16:19

difficult words that learners are less

play16:21

likely to know

play16:23

at the same time they comprise quite a

play16:24

lot of academic texts

play16:27

the academic word list for example

play16:28

comprises 10 percent of academic texts

play16:31

while the academic vocabulary list is

play16:33

about 14 percent

play16:36

a third reason is because academic

play16:38

vocabulary is non-technical and that's

play16:41

important because technical words like

play16:43

some of the ones we've seen enzyme ion

play16:46

turnover assassination

play16:52

these are ones which the lecturer or the

play16:53

teacher are likely to explain

play16:56

they are special they have special

play16:58

meaning in the subject area

play17:00

but this is not the case for academic

play17:02

vocabulary

play17:03

which because of its non-specialist

play17:05

nature subject lecturers will assume

play17:07

students already understand

play17:11

let's look now at an example academic

play17:13

text and try to understand the different

play17:15

academic vocabulary that it contains

play17:24

so this is an authentic academic text

play17:26

it's from an economics article the

play17:29

source is there

play17:30

i'm going to read it through once and as

play17:32

i read it maybe you can try to guess

play17:34

which words or phrases you think are

play17:36

particularly academic or ones which are

play17:38

maybe particularly technical

play17:41

it is well documented that women occupy

play17:43

top executive positions in politics and

play17:46

industry much less frequently than men

play17:48

for example at the 2014 g20 summit only

play17:51

5 out of 58 leaders were female

play17:54

around the world only 17 of government

play17:56

ministers and only 5.2 percent of s p

play17:59

500 ceos are female while explanations

play18:02

such as discrimination have been put

play18:04

forward self-selection that is

play18:06

differences in leadership ambition are

play18:08

likely a major factor behind these

play18:10

gender gaps indeed there is evidence

play18:12

that women are less likely than men to

play18:14

seek to be elected to political

play18:16

leadership positions and that female

play18:18

students are less likely to run for

play18:20

student government in college

play18:22

laurels and fox 2008 new 2014

play18:26

kathak and woon 2015 consequently many

play18:30

corporations ngos and colleges now

play18:32

implement leadership training programs

play18:34

targeted towards females

play18:37

designed to both build women's

play18:38

leadership skills and get them

play18:40

interested in leadership in the first

play18:42

place

play18:44

so let's look at the vocabulary here

play18:45

we'll start with technical vocabulary

play18:48

it's often easy to spot technical

play18:50

vocabulary because while it's high

play18:52

frequency in subject areas it's low

play18:55

frequency outside of those subject areas

play18:58

so one technical phrase there is g20

play19:00

summit which is an annual meeting of

play19:02

leaders from the countries with the

play19:03

largest and fastest growing economies

play19:06

s p 500 this is short for standard and

play19:08

paul's 500 which is 500 of the largest

play19:11

companies in the us

play19:12

ceos which you may be familiar with is

play19:14

chief executive officers

play19:16

ngos is non-governmental organizations

play19:20

another word actually part of a phrase

play19:22

which i think is rather technical is

play19:23

executive executive positions executive

play19:26

means relating to important people in a

play19:28

company who make decisions so this is a

play19:31

very common phrase in economics but

play19:32

probably not so common outside of

play19:34

economics so those are technical words

play19:37

let's focus on academic words which is

play19:39

what we're really interested in let's

play19:41

start with multi-word units collocations

play19:43

from the acl

play19:44

well documented is one major factor is

play19:48

another

play19:49

and political leadership is a third

play19:52

let's look at discourse connectors not

play19:54

all of them but just the ones which are

play19:55

multi-word

play19:57

so for example

play19:58

such as

play20:00

and in the first place

play20:02

academic formulas actually there's only

play20:04

one which is used in two places

play20:07

and that is less likely to

play20:09

how about single academic words well

play20:11

let's look at ones first which occur

play20:12

both in the academic word list and the

play20:14

academic vocabulary list

play20:17

and there are quite a few of these

play20:19

discrimination is one selection

play20:22

evidence

play20:23

seek

play20:25

consequently which is also in the

play20:26

discourse connectors list

play20:28

targeted

play20:29

and designed

play20:31

words which are just in the academic

play20:33

word list occupy

play20:35

gender

play20:36

corporations and implement

play20:39

words which are just in the academic

play20:41

vocabulary list

play20:43

so the word frequently

play20:45

female which is used in four places

play20:47

explanations differences

play20:50

likely

play20:51

indeed which is also in the discourse

play20:53

connectors list and both

play20:56

so that's actually quite a lot of words

play20:58

looking at different kinds of lists

play21:00

there are collocations phrases

play21:03

discourse connectors

play21:05

and many single academic words

play21:08

most of what's left is general

play21:09

vocabulary simple words for example in

play21:12

the first line it

play21:13

is

play21:14

that woman top and in

play21:18

there's a few difficult words there

play21:19

politics industry government ministers

play21:21

but nothing too difficult

play21:24

so that's an example text let's finish

play21:25

off with some tips about learning

play21:27

academic vocabulary

play21:32

so i've talked quite a bit about word

play21:33

list and i would suggest using word list

play21:35

as a starting point

play21:37

they help you to understand what

play21:38

academic vocabulary looks like and help

play21:41

you to make that transition from general

play21:43

english to academic english i especially

play21:45

recommend using an academic word list

play21:47

highlighter or a profiler to see the

play21:49

words in context

play21:52

also don't just focus on single words

play21:55

you should try to study multi-word unit

play21:57

so that you can use the words in

play21:58

combination

play22:00

as much as possible try to use the words

play22:02

productively in your speaking or your

play22:04

writing

play22:05

it's also a good idea to increase your

play22:07

exposure by reading more academic

play22:09

english or possibly non-fiction academic

play22:12

english can be difficult to read but

play22:14

non-fiction including subject textbooks

play22:17

are generally very academic in tone

play22:19

this kind of reading called extensive

play22:21

reading can lead to incidental

play22:23

vocabulary learning and can help you to

play22:25

improve your knowledge of collocation

play22:27

and also help you to understand which

play22:30

words are academic and therefore help

play22:31

you to make the vocabulary shift from

play22:34

general to academic

play22:35

building up your knowledge of words in

play22:37

this way is also important because

play22:38

research has shown that comfortable

play22:40

reading requires knowledge of about 98

play22:43

of words in text which takes around 8

play22:45

000 to 9 000 word families it's

play22:48

difficult to reach that number just by

play22:50

intentional vocabulary learning alone

play22:53

i'll actually finish with a quote this

play22:54

is from an article by maxwell 2013 and i

play22:56

found it in a chapter on academic

play22:58

vocabulary written by avril coxed who

play23:01

developed the academic word list

play23:03

the quote is nobody is a native speaker

play23:06

of academic english in other words even

play23:09

native speakers of english need to learn

play23:11

how to speak and how to write

play23:13

academically

play23:14

and the main way they do this is by

play23:16

reading more academic english and paying

play23:19

attention to the language and the

play23:20

vocabulary that it contains

play23:28

so that's the end of the video as always

play23:30

you can find more information on this

play23:32

topic on the website eapfoundation.com

play23:35

you can also find full copies of many of

play23:37

the word lists mentioned today

play23:39

as well as vocabulary highlighters and a

play23:41

vocabulary profiler

play23:44

and as always there's a worksheet that

play23:45

accompanies this video visit

play23:47

eapfoundation.com

play23:48

forward slash news forward slash social

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