Grade 10 SCIENCE | Quarter 3 Module 4A | DNA vs RNA

Summary

In this educational video, Mom Deya, a science teacher, introduces Module 4, Quarter 3 of Grade 10 Science. She focuses on DNA and RNA, explaining their structures, differences, and importance. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is double-stranded and contains the genetic instructions for an organism, while RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is single-stranded and plays a crucial role in protein synthesis. The video delves into the nucleotide building blocks, the sugars (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA), and the nitrogenous bases (thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA). It sets the stage for the next lesson on the central dogma of biology, which includes replication, transcription, and translation.

Takeaways

• 🔬 DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that carry genetic information and play crucial roles in the development and functioning of organisms.
• 🧬 DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid and RNA stands for Ribonucleic Acid, with DNA being double-stranded and RNA being single-stranded.
• 🌟 Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides, which consist of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
• 🔑 The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA it is ribose, differing by the presence of an oxygen atom in ribose.
• 🧰 DNA is located in the nucleus of a cell, whereas RNA is primarily found in the cytoplasm but can also enter the nucleus.
• 🧬 The nitrogenous bases in DNA are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G), while in RNA, uracil (U) replaces thymine.
• 🔗 Adenine pairs with thymine in DNA and with uracil in RNA, while cytosine pairs with guanine in both DNA and RNA through hydrogen bonds.
• 🧬 The structure of DNA is a double helix, with the nitrogenous bases paired and the sugar-phosphate backbone on the outside.
• 📚 The video lesson aims to help students understand how proteins are made from DNA information and how mutations can affect protein structure and function.
• 📈 The central dogma of biology, to be discussed in a subsequent video, involves DNA replication, transcription, and translation into proteins.

Q & A

What is the main focus of Module 4 in the Grade 10 science curriculum?

Module 4 in the Grade 10 science curriculum focuses on DNA and RNA, their differences, structure, and the central dogma of biology, which includes replication, transcription, and translation.

Why did the teacher decide to divide Module 4 into two video lessons?

The teacher decided to divide Module 4 into two video lessons because the module's scope was a bit wide, and it would be more manageable and comprehensive to cover the topics in two separate lessons.

What are the most essential learning competencies (MELCs) for these modules?

The MELCs for these modules are to explain how protein is made using information from DNA and to explain how mutations may cause changes in the structure and function of a protein.

What is a nucleic acid and why is it important?

A nucleic acid is a naturally occurring chemical compound that serves as the primary information-carrying molecule in cells and makes up genetic material. It is important because it is used to identify genetic relationships and contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive, and reproduce.

What are the two types of nucleic acids discussed in the video, and what do their abbreviations stand for?

The two types of nucleic acids discussed in the video are DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic Acid).

What are the three components of a nucleotide?

A nucleotide is composed of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

How do the sugars in DNA and RNA differ chemically?

The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, which lacks an oxygen atom at one position compared to ribose, the sugar in RNA. This difference is what gives the name 'deoxy' to DNA's sugar.

Where are DNA and RNA primarily located within a cell?

DNA is primarily located inside the nucleus of a cell, while RNA can be found both inside the nucleus and primarily in the cytoplasm.

What are the four types of nitrogenous bases found in DNA, and how do they pair?

The four types of nitrogenous bases in DNA are adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. Adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine.

How does the base pairing differ in RNA compared to DNA?

In RNA, adenine pairs with uracil instead of thymine, as found in DNA. Cytosine and guanine maintain their pairing as in DNA.

What is the three-dimensional structure of DNA, and what does it signify?

The three-dimensional structure of DNA is a double helix, which signifies the way the two strands of DNA are coiled around each other. This structure allows for the complementary base pairing and the storage of genetic information.

Outlines

00:00

🔬 Introduction to DNA and RNA

In this educational video, Mom Deya, a science teacher, introduces Module 4, Quarter 3 of the Grade 10 science curriculum. She plans to cover a broad scope by dividing the module into two lessons. The current lesson focuses on DNA and RNA, their differences, and structures. The upcoming lesson will discuss the central dogma of biology, including replication, transcription, and translation. The learning objectives are to explain protein synthesis from DNA information and how mutations can alter protein structure and function. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are nucleic acids that carry genetic information and are essential for organism development and survival. The video emphasizes the importance of understanding DNA and RNA's structure to meet these learning objectives.

05:02

🧬 Structure and Components of DNA and RNA

The video delves into the structure and components of DNA and RNA, highlighting that both are nucleic acids with nucleotides as their building blocks. Nucleotides consist of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base. The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA, it's ribose. The key difference lies in the absence of an oxygen atom in deoxyribose, hence the term 'deoxy.' DNA is double-stranded and resides in the nucleus, whereas RNA is single-stranded and primarily found in the cytoplasm. The nitrogenous bases for DNA include thymine, cytosine, guanine, and adenine, whereas RNA contains uracil instead of thymine. The video also explains the base pairing rules: adenine pairs with thymine (and uracil in RNA), and cytosine pairs with guanine. The bases are connected by hydrogen bonds, and the video provides a simplified visual model of DNA's double helix structure, emphasizing the complementary base pairing.

10:04

🌟 Conclusion and Invitation to Next Lesson

The video concludes with a recap of the key differences between DNA and RNA, focusing on their structure, components, and the importance of understanding these for grasping the central dogma of biology. The instructor encourages viewers to like and subscribe if they found the content informative and invites them to ask questions in the comment section. The video ends with a teaser for the next lesson, which will explore the central dogma of biology in more detail, including the processes of replication, transcription, and translation.

Keywords

💡DNA

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. In the video, DNA is discussed as the primary genetic material found within the nucleus of a cell, and it contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive, and reproduce.

💡RNA

RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is a molecule similar to DNA and is involved in various biological functions, including the transmission of genetic information from DNA to proteins. The video explains that RNA is single-stranded and primarily located in the cytoplasm of a cell, differing from DNA in both structure and function.

💡Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids are organic molecules that carry genetic information and are the primary information-carrying molecules in cells. They are the building blocks of genetic material. In the video, nucleic acids are introduced as the overarching category that includes both DNA and RNA.

💡Nucleotides

Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids, consisting of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base. The video emphasizes that both DNA and RNA are composed of nucleotides, highlighting their fundamental role in genetic material.

💡Deoxyribose

Deoxyribose is the five-carbon sugar found in DNA, distinguishing it from RNA, which contains ribose. The video points out the difference in sugars as a key structural difference between DNA and RNA, with 'deoxy' indicating the absence of an oxygen atom in deoxyribose.

💡Ribose

Ribose is the five-carbon sugar found in RNA, contrasting with deoxyribose in DNA. The video explains that the presence of an additional oxygen atom in ribose is what differentiates it from deoxyribose.

💡Nitrogenous Bases

Nitrogenous bases, also known as bases, are part of nucleotides and are responsible for the genetic code. The video mentions four types of bases: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine (in DNA) or uracil (in RNA). These bases pair up to form the rungs of the DNA ladder and are crucial for the structure and function of nucleic acids.

💡Purines

Purines are a class of organic compounds composed of a pyrimidine and an imidazole ring fused together. In the context of the video, adenine and guanine are classified as purines and are found in both DNA and RNA. They play a role in base pairing within the nucleic acid structures.

💡Pyrimidines

Pyrimidines are a class of organic compounds that consist of a single six-member ring. Cytosine, thymine (in DNA), and uracil (in RNA) are pyrimidines. The video explains that they pair with purines in the nucleic acid structure, with cytosine pairing with guanine and adenine pairing with thymine/uracil.

💡Central Dogma of Biology

The Central Dogma of Biology refers to the flow of genetic information within a biological system, which includes DNA replication, transcription, and translation. The video mentions that this concept will be discussed in a subsequent lesson, indicating its importance in understanding how genetic information is used to make proteins.

💡Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bonds are a type of chemical bond that plays a crucial role in the structure of DNA, holding the two strands of the DNA molecule together. The video explains that adenine and thymine, as well as cytosine and guanine, are held together by hydrogen bonds, which is essential for the stability and function of DNA.

Highlights

Introduction to Module 4 Quarter 3, Grade 10 Science

Division of Module 4 into two video lessons

Discussion on DNA, RNA, their differences, and structure

Upcoming lesson on the Central Dogma of Biology

Essential Learning Competencies (MELCs) for both modules

Explanation of how proteins are made from DNA information

Explanation of how mutations affect protein structure and function

Definition and importance of nucleic acids

DNA and RNA as types of nucleic acids

Structure of nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA and RNA

Differences in sugars between DNA (deoxyribose) and RNA (ribose)

Location of DNA and RNA within the cell

Nucleobases in DNA and RNA and their pairing

Thymine in DNA and Uracil in RNA

Purines and Pyrimidines in nucleic acid structure

Three-dimensional structure of DNA as a double helix

Hydrogen bonding between adenine and thymine, cytosine and guanine

Simplified and actual chemical structure of DNA

Application of learned concepts in the next video about the Central Dogma

Conclusion and call to action for likes, subscriptions, and comments

Transcripts

hi guys welcome back to my channel

once again i am mom deya and i am your

science teacher for the day

in this video lesson i want to start the

discussion on module 4 quarter 3

grade 10 science however i noticed that

our module is a bit wide in scope so

i decided to divide module 4

into two video lessons

in the video lesson that you are

watching right now i will be discussing

dna rna their differences and their

structure

in the next video lesson that i will be

uploading in the next few days i will be

discussing the central dogma of biology

which tackles replication transcription

and translation however for both modules

take note that we will be learning the

same set of

milks or most essential learning

competencies namely to explain how

protein is made using information from

dna

and to explain how mutations may cause

changes in the structure and function of

a protein

so if you will notice these milks sound

like applications of the topic itself

however we cannot really attain these

objectives or competencies without

having a full grasp of what dna and

rna are

so annoying

rna

so dna and rna are types of nucleic

acids dna stands for

deoxyribonucleic acid while

rna stands for ribonocleic acid

so siguro's dna

nang nucleic acid what is a nucleic acid

a nucleic acid is a naturally occurring

chemical compound

that serve as the primary information

carrying molecule in

cell and make up genetic material

that's why it is used to identify

whether one person is related to another

person

it's because dna is found in

genes

if we zoom in we will be having the

nucleus

and then inside the nucleus we have the

chromosomes and then inside those

chromosomes

we have the dna

now why is there a need for us to

study these two types of nucleic acids

the dna contains the instructions needed

for an organism like us to develop

survive

and produce so sabine and attend its

inucleic acid so it carries messages

however

a dna has its limitations

all right

[Music]

so both types of nucleic acids have

a building block called nucleotides

a nucleotide is an organic molecule that

is the building block of dna and rna

so a nucleotide has three parts it has a

phosphate group

a five carbon sugar and a

nitrogenous base so young dalawang

nucleic acid

sugar slightly nitrogenous base

okay and that brings us to

the next slide in this slide we can see

the basic difference between dna

and rna again dna stands for

deoxyribonucleic acid rna

stands for ribonucleic acid

as you can notice in the diagram

dna is double stranded while rna

is single-stranded

sabikomakanina both have what we call a

nucleotide so a nucleotide is made up of

a phosphate group

okay and a sugar which can be found in

the strands

while the base pairs can be found in the

middle

base pierce

so let's go to the sugars

the sugar of dna is deoxyribose

while the sugar of rna is called

ribose so ditomachita not in the gut

bucket but in avocado

nucleic acid at bartinaux are in

ribonocleic acid

the difference is the term deoxy the oxy

means the oxygenated nabawasana oxygen

now if you will look closely at the

chemical structure

of these two sugars you will notice that

in this

part oxygen

pero compared to ribose meron oxygen the

rest of the structures are the same

except for that one missing oxygen

that's why we call this sugar deoxy

ribose siguro madrina

the oxyribonucleic acid deoxyribose

ribonucleic acid ribose

the dna can be found inside the nucleus

of a cell

while rna can go inside the nucleus but

stays primarily in the cytoplasm

now in terms of nucleobases okay we have

four

types of nucleobases or nitrogenous

bases

for each type of nucleic acid so for dna

we have

thymine cytosine

guanine and adenine

on the other hand for rna we don't have

thymine we still have cytosine

guanine and adenine however thymine is

replaced with

uracil okay

so in terms of pairing the man

remember that adenine

always pairs with thymine as you can see

color orange pujarito pincharito

adenine pairs with thymine where a

cytosine pairs with

guanine now for the case of rna

partner dito pero later on we will see

how it attaches to a dna

adenine will now pair with uracil for

rna

instead of thymine since in rna

thymine

okay

adenine and guanine are called purines

while cytosine and thymine

are called pyrimidines

[Music]

so it has something to do with the

structure

okay now let's go to the

three-dimensional

image of the dna

[Music]

okay this is the dna sabinaten

it is double helix spiraling

and we use colors to designate the

different nitrogenous bases

that pair with each other so here in the

model that i'm showing you red is

adenine

green is thymine blue is cytosine

and then yellow is guanine

you can notice that in this

symbols they fit each other

so you can't really place cytosine

next to adenine

cytosine cytosine would always pair with

guanine while adenine would always pair

with thymine deeper the macaroni

so timing would also pair with adenine

vice versailles

and guanine would also pair with

cytosine

so what you can see on the screen is a

simplified

version of the dna what it really looks

like is this

[Music]

it is made up of molecules

the building block of a dna is a

nucleotide and each

nucleotide would have a phosphate group

a sugar and a nitrogenous base

also i think it is important to

emphasize that

adenine and thymine as well as cytosine

and guanine they are glued together

using hydrogen bonds

so on your screen you can see the

simplified version on the left

and on the right we can see the actual

chemical structure

don't worry we will not be dealing with

the chemical structure

because say we just want to understand

how the dna works and we will be using

this

learning or these concepts in the next

video

about the central dogma of biology

so that's all for this short video i

hope you learned something about

the difference between dna and rna so if

you

like this video if you learned something

from this video please don't forget to

click

like and subscribe and

if you have questions you can also place

them on the comment section

below that's all for today and see you

in my next

video lesson bye