Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development Explained!
Summary
TLDRThis video discusses Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which outlines how children progress through four stages: sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, and formal operational. Key concepts such as schemas, assimilation, and accommodation are explained, along with examples like object permanence and egocentric thinking. The video also covers tasks used to assess children's cognitive abilities at different stages, such as the three-mountain problem and conservation tasks. The stages highlight how children's thinking evolves from reflexive actions to abstract reasoning. The video is sponsored by Learn My Test, a platform to create custom practice tests.
Takeaways
- 🧠 Piaget's cognitive development theory is centered around how children interact with their environment to learn and develop.
- 🚗 A schema is a mental concept or framework that helps organize and interpret information, such as how we think about a car.
- 🔄 Assimilation is the process of incorporating new experiences into an existing schema, while accommodation refers to changing a schema based on new information.
- 🔢 Piaget's theory consists of four stages: sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
- 👶 The sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years) involves learning through reflexes, circular reactions, and developing object permanence.
- 🏰 In the pre-operational stage (ages 2-7), children exhibit egocentric thinking, animism, artificialism, and struggle with logical reasoning and conservation tasks.
- 🔄 The concrete operational stage (ages 7-11) includes skills like seriation, reversibility, and an understanding of transitivity, but children still struggle with abstract and deductive reasoning.
- 🤔 The formal operational stage (ages 11+) is marked by the ability to think abstractly, use deductive reasoning, and engage in metacognition.
- 📚 Piaget’s theory is a discontinuous stage theory, meaning that children progress through these stages in a set order without regressing.
- 🌐 Object permanence is a key concept for children transitioning from the sensorimotor to the pre-operational stage, indicating that they understand objects exist even when not visible.
Q & A
What is a schema according to Piaget's theory?
-A schema is a concept or idea of how the world works. It helps organize and interpret information. For example, a schema for a car might include a steering wheel, speedometer, and car seat.
What is assimilation in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?
-Assimilation is the process of incorporating new experiences into existing schemas. For example, a child may initially call a van or a truck a 'car' because they share common features like four wheels.
What is accommodation in Piaget's theory?
-Accommodation is the process of altering existing schemas to fit new information. For instance, when a child learns to differentiate between a car, truck, and van, their schema for vehicles is adjusted.
What are the four stages of Piaget’s cognitive development theory?
-The four stages are: 1) Sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years), 2) Pre-operational stage (2 to 7 years), 3) Concrete operational stage (7 to 11 years), and 4) Formal operational stage (11 years and up).
What is object permanence, and why is it important?
-Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen. It is crucial for the transition from the sensorimotor stage to the pre-operational stage in a child's development.
What is egocentric thinking in the pre-operational stage?
-Egocentric thinking is the inability to see the perspective of others. A child may believe that others share the same viewpoint, such as assuming their parent enjoys tea parties because they themselves do.
How do children in the concrete operational stage understand reversibility?
-Children in the concrete operational stage understand that objects can return to their original state after being altered. For example, they recognize that a broken toy can be repaired.
What is abstract thinking in the formal operational stage?
-Abstract thinking is the ability to think about hypothetical situations and possible outcomes. Children in the formal operational stage can consider multiple scenarios and consequences when making decisions.
What is transductive reasoning in the pre-operational stage?
-Transductive reasoning occurs when a child believes that two unrelated events are connected. For example, a child might think a teapot started steaming because a doll fell off a chair earlier.
What is metacognition, and how does it relate to Piaget’s stages?
-Metacognition is the ability to think about one's own thinking. In the formal operational stage, children can reflect on their thoughts and change their thinking patterns based on new insights.
Outlines
🧠 Introduction to Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory
This paragraph introduces Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, focusing on the concept of schemas—frameworks that help individuals understand the world. It explains assimilation, where new experiences fit into existing schemas, and accommodation, which involves modifying schemas when encountering new experiences. The paragraph also briefly mentions Piaget's belief that children learn by interacting with their environment and introduces the four stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
🚼 Sensorimotor Stage and Early Development
This section dives into Piaget's first stage, the sensorimotor stage, which occurs from birth to two years. It explains how newborns rely on reflexes, such as the rooting reflex, for survival. Concepts like primary and secondary circular reactions are introduced, where infants repeat actions either with their body or objects, without an intended goal. As babies grow, they begin goal-directed actions. The idea of object permanence—the understanding that objects continue to exist even when not seen—is highlighted as crucial for transitioning into the pre-operational stage.
🎭 Pre-operational Stage and Egocentrism
This paragraph covers the pre-operational stage (ages 2 to 7 years), where children engage in imaginative play and display egocentric thinking—the belief that others share their perspective. Concepts such as animism (attributing human emotions to objects) and artificialism (believing objects have intentions) are introduced. Children in this stage struggle with logical reasoning and understanding the relationship between quantity and appearance, which is tested through tasks like conservation tasks. The paragraph also touches on transductive reasoning, where children mistakenly relate unrelated events.
🧩 Concrete Operational Stage: Logic and Organization
The concrete operational stage, occurring between 7 and 11 years, is marked by the development of logical thinking. Children can classify objects by characteristics like size or shape (seriation) and understand reversibility, where objects can return to their original state after being altered. They can consider multiple aspects of a problem and use transitivity, the ability to deduce relationships between items based on given information. However, children in this stage still struggle with deductive reasoning, a skill that develops in the next stage.
🔍 Formal Operational Stage: Deductive Reasoning and Abstract Thinking
The formal operational stage, starting at age 11, introduces advanced cognitive abilities such as deductive reasoning, where children can draw conclusions from multiple facts. They also develop abstract thinking, allowing them to consider hypothetical situations and outcomes. This stage includes metacognition, where individuals can reflect on their own thinking processes and make adjustments. Children in this stage can apply past experiences to make predictions about the future, marking a significant leap in cognitive development.
📚 Conclusion and Call to Action
The final paragraph wraps up the video by encouraging viewers to use 'Learn My Test,' an alternative to Quizlet, for creating custom practice tests. The platform is promoted as a useful tool for college-level exam preparation, emphasizing its user-friendly nature and free account creation. This section serves as both a conclusion and a promotional segment for the website.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Schema
💡Assimilation
💡Accommodation
💡Sensorimotor Stage
💡Object Permanence
💡Egocentric Thinking
💡Pre-operational Stage
💡Concrete Operational Stage
💡Conservation Task
💡Formal Operational Stage
Highlights
Jean Piaget's theory focuses on cognitive development, emphasizing how children learn through interaction with their environment.
Schemas are concepts or ideas about how the world works, such as a child's understanding of what a car is.
Assimilation is the process of incorporating new experiences into existing schemas.
Accommodation occurs when existing schemas are altered to fit new experiences, like differentiating a truck from a car.
Piaget’s theory is a discontinuous stage theory, meaning all children go through the same stages in the same order.
The first stage, sensorimotor, occurs from birth to age two and involves reflexes and early physical interactions with the environment.
Primary circular reactions occur from 1 to 4 months, where infants repeat actions within their own body, not involving objects.
Secondary circular reactions happen between 4 to 8 months, where infants repeat actions with objects without a specific goal.
Object permanence is established when a child understands that objects continue to exist even when out of sight, a key development in the sensorimotor stage.
The pre-operational stage, from ages 2 to 7, includes the development of symbolic thinking, egocentrism, and difficulty with logical reasoning.
Children in the pre-operational stage may engage in animism, attributing human-like emotions to objects.
The concrete operational stage, from ages 7 to 11, involves the development of logical thinking, including classification, reversibility, and seriation.
Concrete operational children can understand conservation tasks, where quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance.
The formal operational stage, starting at age 11, allows for abstract thinking, hypothetical reasoning, and metacognition.
In the formal operational stage, children can use deductive reasoning to draw conclusions from multiple pieces of information.
Transcripts
this video is on jean piaget theory of
cognitive development
I'm Brian Colin are you tired of using
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own tests without having to write a
single question check it out a schema is
any concept or idea of how the world
works so for example your schema for a
car may have a steering wheel which is
what turns the car and a speedometer
which tells you how fast you're going
and maybe a car seat all these things
are incorporated into your schema of a
car simulation is taking a new
experience and incorporating that into
an existing schema so for example if
your child learning what a car is and
you see a truck for a van you might
notice that the car vans and trucks have
four wheels and you may call a van or a
truck a car to
they learn eventually that a van has a
little bit more space than a regular car
and a truck unlike a car has a truck bed
when a child learns to differentiate say
a truck or a van from a car sedan the
process of changing or altering that
schema is known as accomodation yes I
believe that children really learn from
interacting with their environment and
conceptually Piaget believed that real
learning took takes place when new
experiences are being assimilated into
preexisting schemas or when pre-existing
schemas are being accommodated to fit
that new experience
Piaget z' theory is a discontinuous
stage theory which means that all
children go through the same stages in
the same order a child goes through one
stage at a time and a child cannot
regress from one stage into a brief into
a prior stage four stages of psays
cognitive developmental theory our stage
one the sensorimotor stage stage two the
pre-operational stage stage three the
concrete operational stage and stage
four the formal operational stage Stage
one is the sensorimotor stage and occurs
from birth to two sub stage one of the
sensorimotor stage is a child's reflexes
and reflexes are innate reactions that
it sounds born with that help him or her
survive for example the rooting reflex
is how a child knows who suck or make
such emotions on a bottle or his
mother's breast to be able to get food
circular reactions are repeated acts
that are not intended to accomplish a
goal when a child is doing them within
his or her own body not an object is
called the primary circular reaction
which happens from one to four months
secondary circular reaction is when a
child repeats the same action with an
object such as a toy without an intended
goal and secondary circular reactions
generally start when the child is
between four to eight months patient of
secondary circular reactions are when a
baby learns to accomplish a goal for
example Jack pushing an object out of
the way to get to his favorite toy the
sand shovel is an example of the
coordination of secondary circular
reactant carry circular reactions are
when a child can reverse when he
accomplished prior so for example if
Jack digs a hole to make a sandcastle
and then decides that he wants to put
all the sand from his castle back into
the hauling pot it that would be an
example of a tertiary circular reaction
let's just say that Jack's dad puts his
favorite toy car under a blanket well
Jack no to remove the blanket to get his
favorite toy but will he just sit there
confused the jack knows to remove the
blanket to get his toy Jack will have
established what's called object
permanence permanence is an important
part of the child being able to
transition from the sensory motor to the
pre-operational stage object permanence
is really important in a broader sense
because a child realizes that objects
can exist in the environment without
them being able to be seen Stage two is
the pre-operational stage it occurs from
ages 2 to 7 years children in the
pre-operational stage have beliefs
sometimes that objects can have
human-like emotions this is called
animism and children also believe that
objects or things in their surroundings
can have intentions and human-like
actions which is called artificial ISM
transductive reasoning is believing that
two events are related when in reality
they are not all related and children
may do this like for example if the
child believes a teapot started steaming
because earlier or right before it
started steaming a doll fell off a chair
so as you can imagine children in the
pre-operational stage may engage in
imaginary play they may have tea parties
with their stuffed animals and talk to
them and imagine that they're talking
back to them pre-operational children
engage in what's called egocentric
thinking which is the idea that everyone
has the same perspective as them or the
inability to see the perspectives of
others for example a child may think
that her dad likes tea parties because
she likes tea parties the three mountain
problem tests a child's ability to take
perspectives of others the child and the
examiner sit on opposite sides of a
model Mountain the examiner asked the
child to describe her side of the
mountain and then to describe the
examiner side of the mountain if child
describes his or her side of the
mountain when asked to describe the
examiner side of the mountain then the
child likely is still unable to take the
perspectives of others and therefore
still engages an egocentric thing the
pre-operational stage children may also
ask a lot of questions especially why
questions for example this little girl
may ask you know why does why do you
have to put food on the stove every time
we want to eat it during the
pre-operational stage children can't
reason use logic or combine more than
one ideas or aspects of a problem
children in the pre-operational stage
may say the side on the right has more
coins on the side on the left even
though they both have the same number of
coins
children in the pre-operational stage
have trouble distinguishing between
quantity and appearance and this is one
of the biggest factors between pre
operational and concrete operational
this task is one of the variations of
the conservation task which assesses
whether or not a child is in the pre pre
operational or concrete operational
stages stage 3 is the concrete
operational stage and generally occurs
when a child is between 7 and 11 years
of age children in the concrete
operational stage are able to do C
reiation which means they're able to
sort objects or situations according to
any characteristics such as size color
shape or type children in the concrete
operational stage can organize 12 terms
or concepts into groups based on their
hierarchy
children in the concrete operational
stage also know what's called
reversibility meaning that an object
that's maybe broken or heard can
actually be fixed and returned back to
its original state so in this example a
car that gets in a crash can be fixed
and returned back to how it was before
the crash a concrete operational child
can look at multiple aspects of a
problem or decision for example if a
child was choosing between two Teddy's
he could look at the different aspects
of the teddy bear weigh the options and
decide which teddy bear he likes best
and why complete operational children
know transitivity which means that they
are able to put things in order based on
characteristics or criteria for example
this child was able to put fruits in
alphabetical order children in the
concrete operational stage have trouble
doing what's called deductive reasoning
an example of this is if a is greater
than B and B is greater than C then we
can assume that a is greater than C the
children in the concrete operational
stage aren't able to put multiple facts
together to draw conclusion the formal
operational stage is from ages 11 and up
and is the fourth and final stage of
Piaget s theory children in the formal
operational stage however are able to
use deductive reasoning so in this
example the child is able to conclude
that this you know this creature has fur
four legs a tail and it barks it must be
a dog he's able to take all that
information together and draw a
conclusion that is deductive reasoning
Jordan in the formal operational stage
are able to take their past experiences
and make predictions about the future or
test out things in their environment to
help make predictions about the future
the formal operational stage also
includes what's called abstract thinking
which means the child can think about
different outcomes of a particular
situation the consequences of them and
be able to make a decision so to imagine
what would
in multiple scenarios is abstract
thinking formal operational children are
also able to use what's called made a
cognition which means they're able to
actually think about how they are
thinking and actually when they do that
they're able to change their thinking
patterns thank you so much for watching
this video on PJ's theory of cognitive
development it was brought to you in
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