Le Guerre Balcaniche e le alleanze nella Prima Guerra Mondiale
Summary
TLDRThis transcript discusses the complex political landscape leading up to World War I, focusing on the Balkan Wars and the alliances formed among European powers. It highlights the rise of Serbia as a regional power and the tensions between the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Russia. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo is detailed as the spark that ignited the Great War, with a chain reaction of alliances and treaties pulling various nations into conflict. The summary emphasizes the intricate web of diplomacy and the minor events that can trigger global upheaval.
Takeaways
- 🌍 The Balkan Peninsula was primarily under Ottoman rule before World War I, but significant changes occurred between 1905 and 1914, altering the region's political landscape.
- 📈 Small kingdoms and principalities like Serbia, Bulgaria, and Greece took advantage of the Ottoman Empire's difficulties to expand their territories, leading to conflicts among themselves.
- 🤝 The Austro-Hungarian Empire's annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908 strained relations with Russia, which had expansionist ambitions in the Balkans and had guaranteed Serbia's independence.
- 🛡️ The First Balkan War (1912) saw Serbia, Greece, Montenegro, and Bulgaria form an alliance and declare war on the Ottoman Empire, resulting in the partitioning of Balkan territories.
- 🥊 The Second Balkan War (1913) began when Bulgaria, aiming for expansion, attacked Serbia and Greece but was defeated, with Serbia emerging as the most powerful regional power.
- 🌐 The tensions leading to World War I involved complex diplomatic conflicts, with Germany seeking dominance in Europe, which was opposed by the United Kingdom and the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
- 🔄 The major powers of Europe were bound by military intervention treaties through alliances and various support pacts, leading to the formation of two major blocs: the Central Powers (Germany, Austro-Hungarian Empire, and Italy) and the Triple Entente (France, United Kingdom, and Russia).
- 🇷🇺 Russia's guarantee of Serbian independence and its support for Serbia's expansionism after the Second Balkan War positioned Serbia as a thorn in the side of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
- 🤲 The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria by a Bosnian Serb student in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914, triggered an ultimatum from Austria to Serbia, which led to Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia on July 28, 1914, marking the conventional start of World War I.
- 🔄 Russia's mobilization in support of Serbia and its border maneuvers with Germany led to Germany declaring war on Russia, followed by France mobilizing its troops and Germany declaring war on France.
- 🇧🇪 The German troops' movement through neutral Belgium to bypass French defenses led to the United Kingdom's involvement in the war, as it was obligated to defend Belgium's independence due to commercial agreements and guarantees.
- 🌐 The entry of the Ottoman Empire into the war alongside Germany and the eventual involvement of countries like Bulgaria, Romania, Greece, Italy, Japan, and the United States expanded the conflict into a truly global war.
Q & A
What was the primary political situation on the Balkan Peninsula at the onset of World War I?
-The Balkan Peninsula was mainly under Ottoman rule, but between 1905 and 1914, significant changes occurred, altering the region's face completely. Small kingdoms and principalities like Serbia, Bulgaria, and Greece took advantage of the Ottoman Empire's difficulties to expand their territories, leading to conflicts among themselves.
How did the Austro-Hungarian Empire change the political landscape in the Balkans in 1908?
-The Austro-Hungarian Empire annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908, which were previously under Ottoman control. This move intensified relations with Russia, as Russia had expansionist interests in the Balkans and had guaranteed Serbia's independence.
What was the outcome of the First Balkan War in 1912?
-The First Balkan War resulted in a victory for the allies, which included Serbia, Greece, Montenegro, and Bulgaria. They partitioned the Ottoman territories in the Balkans, leading to the end of Ottoman hegemony in the region.
What event triggered the Second Balkan War in 1913?
-The Second Balkan War was triggered when Bulgaria, aiming for expansion, attacked Serbia and Greece unexpectedly. However, Serbia counterattacked and defeated Bulgaria, annexing several territories and becoming the most powerful local power.
How did the tensions between European powers lead to the formation of two major alliances before World War I?
-The tensions, including Germany's bid for European dominance, which was opposed by the United Kingdom and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the colonial expansionism, led to the formation of two major alliances: the Triple Alliance consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, and the Triple Entente including France, the United Kingdom, and Russia.
What were the irredentist and revanchist sentiments that contributed to the outbreak of World War I?
-Irredentism in Italy sought the annexation of territories still under the Austro-Hungarian Empire but geographically part of Italy, such as Trentino, Istria, and Dalmatia. Revanchism in France targeted the Germans for occupying Alsace and Lorraine after their victory in the 1870-1871 war.
What was the significance of the alliance between Russia and Serbia in the lead-up to World War I?
-Russia had guaranteed Serbia's independence and openly supported Serbian expansionism after the Second Balkan War. This alliance was a key factor in the escalation of tensions leading to World War I.
How did the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria trigger the start of World War I?
-The assassination, carried out by a Bosnian Serb student in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914, led the Austro-Hungarian Empire to issue an ultimatum to Serbia. When Serbia, supported by Russia, did not comply, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914, marking the conventional start of World War I.
What diplomatic mechanisms led to the involvement of multiple European powers in World War I?
-The complex web of alliances and treaties, including the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente, as well as various secret agreements for military support among European nations, activated a chain reaction of countries being militarily obligated to support each other in case of aggression by third states, leading to the widespread involvement in the war.
Why did Italy initially remain neutral at the outbreak of World War I?
-Italy was not obligated to enter the war as it had not signed a defensive treaty with Austria-Hungary, which had declared war first. Italy maintained neutrality until it saw an opportunity to gain territorial advantages by siding with the Triple Entente.
Which countries joined the Central Powers and the Triple Entente during World War I?
-The Central Powers were formed by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. The Triple Entente included France, the United Kingdom, and Russia. Later, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, while Bulgaria, Romania, and Greece joined the Triple Entente. Italy eventually switched sides to join the Triple Entente. Japan and the United States entered the war on the side of the Triple Entente.
What event led the United States to enter World War I?
-The United States declared war on Germany in April 1917, following unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany and the disclosure of the Zimmermann Telegram, which proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico against the United States.
Outlines
🌍 The Balkan Wars and Alliances in World War I
This paragraph delves into the complex political landscape leading up to World War I, focusing on the Balkan Wars and the shifting alliances in the region. It discusses the Ottoman Empire's decline and the rise of smaller kingdoms like Serbia, Bulgaria, and Greece. The annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1908 is highlighted, as well as Russia's expansionist ambitions and its support for Serbia. The First Balkan War (1912) and the Second Balkan War (1913) are detailed, emphasizing Serbia's emergence as a regional power. The paragraph also touches on broader European tensions, including Germany's bid for dominance, the struggle for colonial expansion, and the intricate web of alliances and treaties that eventually led to the outbreak of World War I.
🚀 The Outbreak of World War I and the Central Powers
This paragraph narrates the events that led to the outbreak of World War I, starting with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria by a Bosnian Serb student in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914. It explains how this event triggered an ultimatum from Austria to Serbia, which led to Austria-Hungary's declaration of war on Serbia on July 28, 1914. The paragraph outlines the subsequent mobilization of Russian troops and Germany's declaration of war on Russia, followed by France's mobilization and Germany's declaration of war on France. The neutrality of Belgium and the UK's involvement in the war to defend Belgian independence are also discussed. The paragraph concludes with the formation of the Central Powers, including Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire, against the Triple Entente, and notes Italy's initial neutrality due to not being obligated to enter the war.
Mindmap
Highlights
The Balkan Peninsula was primarily under Ottoman rule on the eve of World War I.
Between 1905 and 1914, significant changes occurred in the Balkan Peninsula, completely altering the region's landscape.
Small kingdoms and principalities like Serbia, Bulgaria, and Greece took advantage of the Ottoman Empire's difficulties to expand their territories.
The Austro-Hungarian Empire annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908, which had been taken from the Ottoman Empire, straining relations with Russia.
Russia had strong expansionist ambitions on the Balkans and had guaranteed the independence of Serbia, viewing it as a reliable ally.
In 1912, Serbia, Greece, Montenegro, and Bulgaria declared war on the Ottoman Empire, leading to the First Balkan War.
The First Balkan War resulted in the allies partitioning the Balkan territories and the end of Ottoman hegemony in the region.
In 1913, Bulgaria attacked Serbia and Greece in a surprise move, but its expansionist aims were thwarted by Serbia, which counterattacked and annexed several territories.
The Second Balkan War concluded with Serbia emerging as the most powerful local power and a thorn in the side of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
The Austro-Hungarian Empire was involved in struggles for European supermacy, social tensions, and colonial expansionism, which led to diplomatic conflicts.
Germany sought to dominate Europe, which was unacceptable to both the United Kingdom and the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
The Austro-Hungarian Empire had a non-aggression pact with Germany while the United Kingdom did not, forcing it to confront German expansionism, especially at sea.
The presence of irredentist and revanchist sentiments, such as Italy's desire to annex territories still under the Austro-Hungarian Empire but geographically part of Italy, contributed to tensions.
France's revanchism against Germany for occupying Alsace-Lorraine after their victory in the 1870-1871 war added to the international tensions.
Diplomatic automatisms triggered by alliances and various military support pacts among European nations explain the outbreak of World War I over a marginal incident.
Two major alliances existed: the Triple Alliance between Italy, Germany, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the Triple Entente involving France, the United Kingdom, and Russia.
The Triple Entente was composed of several agreements, including the Franco-Russian Alliance, the Anglo-French Entente, and the Anglo-Russian Agreement.
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria by a Bosnian Serb student in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914, led to Austria-Hungary issuing an ultimatum to Serbia.
Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914, marking the conventional start date of World War I.
Russia, bound by its alliance with Serbia, mobilized its troops, which worried the German Empire, leading to Germany declaring war on Russia.
Germany's attack on Russia triggered another diplomatic automatism based on the Franco-Russian Alliance, leading France to mobilize its troops.
Germany declared war on France on August 4, 1914, and German troops moved against neutral Belgium to bypass French defenses.
The United Kingdom, bound by commercial agreements and the guarantee of Belgium's independence, was compelled to intervene in defense of Belgium, thus entering the war against Germany.
The Ottoman Empire, which had signed an alliance treaty with Germany just before the start of World War I, also entered the war.
Italy, not formally obligated to enter the war due to its defensive treaty with Austria, remained neutral.
Bulgaria, seeking to avenge its defeat against Serbia, joined the Central Powers, and subsequently Romania and Greece also joined the war on the side of the Triple Entente.
The United States declared war on Germany in April 1917, marking the full-scale involvement in what can truly be called the World War I.
Transcripts
buongiorno e benvenuti a questa lezione
di storia con il leone in tips in cui
approfondiremo le guerre balcaniche e le
alleanze nella prima guerra mondiale la
penisola balcanica alle soglie della
prima guerra mondiale è principalmente
sottomessa agli ottomani
tuttavia fra il 1905 e il 1914 e
numerosi cambiamenti avvengono cambiando
completamente il volto della regione i
piccoli regni e principati locali la
serbia la bulgaria e la grecia in primis
approfitteranno infatti delle difficoltà
dell'impero ottomano e riusciranno ad
espandere i loro territori
arrivando poi a scontrarsi fra di loro
il primo mutamento alla situazione
politica che vediamo nella mappa del
1905 avviene per mano dell'impero austro
ungarico nel 1908 l'impero austro
ungarico nette la bosnia erzegovina
sottratta all'impero ottomano e incrina
in questo modo i rapporti con la russia
la russia infatti aveva forti mire
espansioniste sui balcani ed anzi si era
fatta garante dell'indipendenza della
serbia l'impero russo infatti vedeva
nella serbia un valido alleato
tant'è vero che ne aveva appoggiato
l'espansionismo quando nel 1912 serbia
grecia montenegro e bulgaria dichiarano
guerra all'impero ottomano in crisi
l'impero russo rimane a guardare ma con
un certo compiacimento e a seguito della
vittoria degli alleati che si
spartiscono i domini balcanici
l'egemonia degli ottomani sulla regione
finisce questo conflitto ha preso il
nome di prima guerra balcanica
tuttavia nel 1913 la bulgaria attacca a
sorpresa la serbia e la grecia
le mire espansioniste della bulgaria
però vengono rintuzzate dalla serbia che
contrattacca e la sconfigge riesce ad
annettere numerosi territori e diventa
la prima potenza locale si conclude così
la seconda guerra balcanica che vede un
rovesciamento di fronte totale con la
serbia che adesso è il paese più potente
della zona ed è anzi una spina nel
fianco addirittura per il potente impero
austro ungarico
quest'ultimo si trovava coinvolto tra
l'altro in lotte per la super mazione
europa le tensioni sociali nei paesi
europei e l'espansionismo coloniale
erano sfociati in conflitti diplomatici
per sé vari stati del vecchio continente
in particolar modo la germania cercava
di ottenere il predominio sull'europa e
questo non poteva essere accettato né
dall'inghilterra né tantomeno
dall'impero austro ungarico
solo che l'impero austro ungarico aveva
in essere una lei
senza con la germania mentre regno unito
no e si trova quindi costretto a
fronteggiare l'espansionismo tedesco
soprattutto sui mari il dominio dei mari
infatti era il punto di forza
dell'impero britannico che anzi aveva
nelle colonie e nel commercio la sua
principale fonte di sostentamento a
questi aspetti poi è necessario
aggiungere la presenza di sentimenti
irredentisti e revanscisti
l'irredentismo in italia la corrente che
vuole l'annessione dei territori ancora
soggetti all'impero austro ungarico ma
facenti parte geograficamente
dell'italia e dunque principalmente il
trentino lista nera dalmazia che non
erano state acquisite durante le guerre
di indipendenza mentre il revanscismo in
francia si scagliava contro i tedeschi
rei di occupare l'alsazia la lorena a
seguito della vittoria nella guerra del
1870 1871
se a tutto questo si vanno ad aggiungere
gli automatismi diplomatici che scattano
attraverso le alleanze e i vari patti di
supporto militare fra le nazioni europee
ecco che si spiega come repentinamente e
per un episodio marginale sia scoppiata
la prima guerra mondiale in europa
vigevano infatti due grandi alleanze la
cosiddetta triplice alleanza fra italia
germania e impero austro ungarico che
risaliva addirittura al 1882 e i patti
che vanno sotto il nome di triplice
intesa e che coinvolgono francia regno
unito e russia
la triplice intesa in realtà è composta
da diversi accordi un'alleanza franco
russa siglata tra il 1891 nel 1894
l'intesa anglo francese del 1904 e
l'accordo anglo russo del 1907 l'intesa
anglo francese nasce per la spartizione
dei territori africani come già la
francia aveva fatto con altre nazioni
tra cui l'italia
l'obiettivo era quello di dividersi
senza guerre coloniali i territori
ancora liberi russia regno unito invece
si spartiscono le aree di influenza in
asia
considerando nel complesso tutti questi
patti le varie nazioni europee sono
vincolati di intervenire militarmente il
supporto alle une delle altre
in caso di aggressione da parte di stati
terzi soltanto il regno unito non è
formalmente obbligato ad entrare in
guerra in caso di conflitti che si
svolgano in europa ma vedremo che questo
sarà disatteso vi era poi l'alleanza fra
la russia e la serbia come detto la
russia si era fatta garante
dell'indipendenza serba e dopo la
seconda guerra balcanica addirittura
aveva appoggiato apertamente
l'espansionismo serbo infine la germania
l'impero ottomano sigla
nel 1914 proprio alle soglie della prima
guerra mondiale un trattato di alleanza
ecco quindi che si formano due grandi
blocchi germania impero austro ungarico
e italia da un lato francia russia regno
unito dall'altro e poi l'impero ottomano
che si schiera insieme alla germania
i fatti che portano alla prima guerra
mondiale sono in realtà marginali nello
scacchiere politico internazionale
uno studente serbo bosniaco uccide in un
attentato il 28 giugno del 1914 l'erede
al trono austriaco l'arciduca francesco
ferdinando l'attentato di sarajevo porta
gli austriaci e di imporre un ultimatum
chiedendo alla serbia la piena
collaborazione nelle indagini
la serbia ovviamente non collabora anche
supportata dalla russia e quindi
l'impero austro ungarico e dichiara
guerra la serbia il 28 luglio del 1914 è
la data convenzionale per l'inizio della
prima guerra mondiale a difesa della
serbia
naturalmente la russia mobilita le sue
truppe secondo l'alleanza che era stata
siglata fra le parti
le manovre russe a confine con la
germania però preoccupano l'impero
tedesco che quindi dichiara guerra
l'impero russo in ottemperanza agli
accordi diplomatici con l'austria questo
perché se la russia e minacciava
l'austria e l'austria veniva aggredita
secondo gli accordi della triplice
alleanza la germania era tenuta ad
intervenire ma l'attacco della germania
contro la russia fa scattare un altro
automatismo diplomatico in base alla
alleanza franco russa infatti la francia
è tenuta a mobilitare le sue truppe e la
germania allora dichiara guerra alla
francia il 4 agosto del 1914 le truppe
tedesche muovono contro il belgio che è
neutrale per aggirare le difese francesi
e questo provoca la reazione del regno
unito e regno unito infatti a degli
accordi commerciali con il belgio e ne
garante dell'indipendenza ed è dunque
tenuto ad intervenire in difesa del
belgio
di conseguenza anche il regno unito che
originariamente non doveva intervenire
in guerra in europa si trova coinvolto
in una guerra contro la germania
ne consegue che essendo stata attaccata
alla germania del regno unito anche
l'austria debba dichiarare guerra regno
unito
nel frattempo la germania si che un
patto di alleanza con l'impero ottomano
quindi anch'esso entra in guerra e
completa lo schieramento di quelli che
da adesso in poi chiamiamo gli imperi
centrali ti contro la triplice alleanza
era un trattato difensivo di conseguenza
l'italia non è tenuta ad entrare in
guerra
l'austria che ha dichiarato guerra per
prima e per questo si mantiene neutrale
la guerra si può dire japan europea la
bulgaria anche per rifarsi della
sconfitta che aveva patito contro la
serbia entra in guerra a fianco degli
imperi centrali e successivamente anche
romania grecia italia entrano in guerra
a fianco della triplice intesa gli
ultimi paesi ad entrare in guerra sono
il giappone e gli stati uniti
nell'aprile del 1917 gli stati uniti
dichiarano guerra alla germania
a questo punto si può parlare veramente
di prima guerra mondiale questa lezione
termina qui ma noi ci vediamo ci
sentiamo presto con nuove elezioni su
elearning tips
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