Transkription

Magnus Ehinger
1 Mar 202207:40

Summary

TLDRThe video explains the role of DNA in protein synthesis, focusing on the transcription process, where information in DNA is copied into mRNA. It begins by describing proteins as large molecules made of amino acids and how genes in DNA code for specific proteins. The transcription process is then broken down step by step, showing how RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA by pairing DNA bases with complementary RNA nucleotides. The video also introduces key concepts like base pairing and ends with a preview of mRNA maturation and protein translation, which will be discussed in future segments.

Takeaways

  • 🧬 DNA carries the 'recipe' for proteins, which are synthesized through a process called transcription.
  • đŸ§‘â€đŸ« Proteins consist of long chains of amino acids, often described as being 'like beads on a string.'
  • 🔬 There are 20 amino acids in proteins, with at least 2 more found in some organisms.
  • ⚙ Transcription is the process where the information in DNA is rewritten into RNA.
  • đŸ§Ș A specific segment of DNA that codes for a protein is called a gene.
  • đŸ› ïž RNA polymerase is the enzyme responsible for synthesizing RNA by opening the DNA strand and creating a transcription bubble.
  • 📏 In RNA, the base thymine (T) in DNA is replaced by uracil (U) when base pairing occurs.
  • ⚡ During transcription, nucleotides in the cell pair with complementary bases in the DNA to form a growing RNA strand.
  • 🔗 DNA's bases pair as follows: A with U, T with A, C with G, and G with C in RNA.
  • 📜 The next steps after transcription are mRNA maturation and the translation of RNA into proteins, which will be covered in subsequent lessons.

Q & A

  • What is one of the main functions of a DNA molecule?

    -One of the main functions of a DNA molecule is to carry the 'recipe' for proteins.

  • What is proteinsynthesis and what are its main stages?

    -Proteinsynthesis is the process of creating proteins from the instructions in DNA. The main stages include transcription, where DNA is transcribed to mRNA, and translation, where mRNA is used to build proteins.

  • What is the role of RNA polymerase in transcription?

    -RNA polymerase is the enzyme responsible for synthesizing RNA by opening up the DNA molecule and helping to form an RNA strand by matching nucleotides to the DNA template.

  • Why are proteins referred to as 'macromolecules'?

    -Proteins are referred to as macromolecules because they are large molecules made up of long chains of amino acids.

  • What are the building blocks of proteins?

    -Proteins are made up of long chains of amino acids, which are linked together like 'beads on a string.'

  • How many amino acids are involved in protein synthesis across all living organisms?

    -There are 20 amino acids involved in the proteins of all living organisms, with at least two more that exist in a few species.

  • What is the relationship between a gene and a protein?

    -A gene is a section of DNA that contains the 'recipe' or code for making a specific protein.

  • What happens during transcription?

    -During transcription, the information stored in a DNA molecule is rewritten into an RNA molecule. This involves RNA polymerase creating a complementary RNA strand based on the sequence of bases in the DNA.

  • What base replaces thymine (T) in RNA molecules?

    -In RNA molecules, uracil (U) replaces thymine (T).

  • What happens after transcription in the process of protein synthesis?

    -After transcription, the mRNA molecule matures and is then translated into a protein in the next stages of protein synthesis.

Outlines

00:00

🔬 Introduction to Protein Synthesis: Transcription and Protein Structure

The first paragraph introduces the concept of proteins and how DNA carries the blueprint for them. It provides an overview of protein synthesis, focusing on transcription, the first of three parts in this process. Proteins are large macromolecules made up of long chains of amino acids, and the paragraph emphasizes the importance of understanding these structures. It describes DNA's role in encoding proteins and how genes contain the necessary information to make specific proteins. The concept of transcription, where DNA is rewritten into RNA, is introduced as the focus of the video. The paragraph also touches upon the enzyme RNA polymerase and its role in the transcription process, where it opens the DNA molecule, allowing RNA to be synthesized.

05:03

🧬 RNA Polymerase and Base Pairing in Transcription

The second paragraph focuses on how RNA polymerase moves along the DNA strand, facilitating the transcription process. It highlights the base-pairing rules between DNA and RNA, noting that in RNA, uracil (U) replaces thymine (T) when pairing with adenine (A). The steps of nucleotide pairing and the construction of the RNA molecule are described, with detailed attention given to the chemical interactions. The concept of phosphates being cleaved during the nucleotide addition process is also explained. A table is presented to clarify the base-pairing rules between DNA and RNA. The paragraph ends by previewing the next steps in protein synthesis, such as mRNA maturation and translation, which will be covered in subsequent video segments.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Protein

Proteins are large, complex molecules essential for the structure and function of cells. They consist of long chains of amino acids. In the video, a model of the protein alcohol dehydrogenase is shown to explain that proteins are macromolecules, performing vital roles like breaking down alcohol in the liver.

💡Amino Acids

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, linked together like beads on a chain. The video explains that there are 20 amino acids common to all living organisms, and their sequence determines the structure and function of proteins, such as the examples of phenylalanine, alanine, serine, and histidine.

💡DNA

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the molecule that carries genetic information in cells. The video explains that DNA contains the 'recipes' for proteins and can be transcribed into mRNA, which is later translated into proteins. DNA is composed of sequences of nucleotides that encode the information for building proteins.

💡Transcription

Transcription is the process of copying information from DNA into RNA. The video explains this as the first step in protein synthesis, where the enzyme RNA polymerase opens the DNA molecule and synthesizes RNA, copying the genetic code for later translation into proteins.

💡RNA

RNA (ribonucleic acid) is a molecule that plays several crucial roles in gene expression. In the video, RNA is described as the intermediary that carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where it is translated into proteins. Unlike DNA, RNA contains uracil (U) instead of thymine (T).

💡RNA Polymerase

RNA polymerase is the enzyme responsible for synthesizing RNA from a DNA template during transcription. The video highlights its role in opening the DNA double helix and creating a complementary RNA strand based on the DNA sequence.

💡Nucleotides

Nucleotides are the basic building blocks of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. Each nucleotide consists of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (A, T, C, G, or U). The video explains how nucleotides pair with complementary bases during transcription to form the growing RNA molecule.

💡Base Pairing

Base pairing refers to the specific matching of nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA. In the video, this process is explained as adenine (A) pairing with uracil (U) in RNA (or thymine (T) in DNA), and cytosine (C) pairing with guanine (G). This pairing ensures accurate transcription and replication of genetic information.

💡mRNA

mRNA (messenger RNA) is the RNA transcript that carries genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm. The video explains that after transcription, mRNA undergoes maturation and is eventually translated into a protein during the process of translation.

💡Enzyme

Enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions. In the video, alcohol dehydrogenase is given as an example of an enzyme that breaks down alcohol in the liver. This illustrates how proteins can function as enzymes, facilitating essential cellular processes.

Highlights

DNA molecules carry instructions for protein synthesis.

Introduction to the concept of transcription in the process of protein synthesis.

Proteins are macromolecules made of long chains of amino acids.

Amino acids in proteins are often compared to beads on a string.

There are 20 standard amino acids, with additional rare ones in some organisms.

DNA's function is to transcribe information into mRNA, which can later be translated into proteins.

Transcription involves rewriting DNA information into RNA.

RNA polymerase is the protein complex responsible for synthesizing RNA from DNA.

During transcription, the DNA strand is unzipped by RNA polymerase to form a transcription bubble.

The order of nitrogenous bases in DNA (A, T, C, G) carries genetic information.

Nucleotides in the cell pair with DNA bases to form the growing RNA strand.

In RNA, uracil (U) replaces thymine (T) when pairing with adenine (A).

RNA polymerase moves along the DNA strand, adding nucleotides to the RNA.

Once transcription is complete, the RNA strand represents a transcribed gene.

The final steps involve mRNA maturation, including splicing, before translation into proteins.

Transcripts

play00:01

En av DNA-molekylens funktioner Àr att bÀra pÄ recept för proteiner. Och hur den gör det, det Àr vad vi ska kolla pÄ just nu.

play00:09

HĂ€r ska det nu handla om proteinsyntesen,

play00:12

och i den hĂ€r delen – den första av tre – ska det handla om en process som kallas för transkription.

play00:17

Men först av allt mÄste vi titta pÄ vad ett protein egentligen Àr.

play00:21

Just det hÀr rÄkar vara en modell av ett protein som kallas för alkoholdehydrogenas.

play00:27

Det Àr en typ av enzym som bryter ner alkohol i levern.

play00:31

Det jag framför allt vill att du ska lĂ€gga mĂ€rke till, det Ă€r ett protein Ă€r en mycket stor molekyl – en sĂ„ kallad makromolekyl.

play00:39

Varenda liten boll hÀr, det Àr en kolatom, en kvÀveatom, en syreatom eller en vÀteatom.

play00:44

Och i den hÀr modellen Àr inte ens alla vÀteatomer med!

play00:48

Den hÀr modellen behöver du förstÄs inte rita av.

play00:50

Men ta och skriv det hÀr i alla fall, att proteiner bestÄr av lÄnga kedjor av aminosyror.

play00:56

Och ja, ta och rita av den hÀr lÄnga figuren ocksÄ, jag tycker det Àr vÀrt besvÀret att ha den med.

play01:01

Ibland sĂ€ger man att aminosyrorna sitter ”som pĂ€rlor pĂ„ ett pĂ€rlband”, och, ja –

play01:06

– liknelsen Ă€r vĂ€l kanske inte helt klockren, men nu ritar vi aminosyrorna sĂ„hĂ€r i alla fall.

play01:13

Det finns 20 aminosyror som ingÄr i proteinerna hos alla levande organismer

play01:17

(och Ätminstone tvÄ till som bara finns hos nÄgra stycken).

play01:21

HÀr tar jag som exempel fenylalanin, som förkortas "Phe", alanin, serin och histidin.

play01:29

Och Àven om du kanske inte har lÀst nÄgon organisk kemi Àn,

play01:31

sÄ tycker jag att du kan rita av den hÀr strukturformeln för alanin ocksÄ.

play01:37

Den hÀr R-gruppen som sitter hÀr, det Àr den som avgör vilken typ av aminosyra det Àr.

play01:43

Det finns dĂ„ alltsĂ„ 20 olika varianter pĂ„ R-grupper – eller 22, eller faktiskt Ă€nnu fler, beroende pĂ„ hur man rĂ€knar.

play01:50

För att du ska vara med i var vi befinner oss tar vi ocksÄ och kollar pÄ vilka funktioner DNA-molekylen har.

play01:56

Det hÀr gick jag igenom i min förra videogenomgÄng, sÄ kanske behöver du inte rita av den hÀr figuren igen.

play02:02

DÄ har vi det i alla fall sÄhÀr, att DNA-molekylen, den kan transkriberas till mRNA.

play02:07

Det betyder i korthet att informationen i DNA-molekylen skrivs om till mRNA.

play02:12

Informationen i mRNA-molekylen, den kan sedan översÀttas, det vill sÀga translateras till proteiner,

play02:18

som sköter nÀstan alla cellens funktioner.

play02:22

Och en av alla dessa funktioner, den ingÄr dÄ i DNA-molekylens andra funktion,

play02:26

nÀmligen att replikera DNA, sÄ att arvet kan föras vidare till nÀsta generation.

play02:32

I den hÀr videogenomgÄngen ska det alltsÄ handla om transkriptionen.

play02:36

I de tvÄ följande videogenomgÄngarna kommer jag att prata mer om hur mRNA-molekylen mognar

play02:41

och sedan translateras till protein.

play02:44

LĂ„t oss dĂ„ skriva sĂ„hĂ€r, att DNA-molekylen innehĂ„ller ”recept” för alla proteiner i en cell.

play02:50

HÀr ser du nu ett exempel pÄ hur en kort snutt av en DNA-molekyl kan se ut, men rita inte av det hÀr.

play02:56

Vi ska istĂ€llet zooma ut, sĂ„ att vi – bĂ„de du och jag – kan rita en lĂ€ngre strĂ€cka av en DNA-molekyl pĂ„ det hĂ€r sĂ€ttet istĂ€llet.

play03:04

DÄ Àr det sÄhÀr, att en viss strÀcka, ett visst utsnitt av en DNA-molekyl,

play03:09

som bĂ€r pĂ„ ett sĂ„dant hĂ€r ”recept” pĂ„ ett protein, det kallar vi för en gen.

play03:15

Genen innehÄller den information, en slags kod, som behövs för att göra proteinet.

play03:21

DÀrför sÀger man att en viss gen kodar för ett visst protein.

play03:26

Det hÀr Àr viktigt att hÄlla i huvudet nÀr vi nu gÄr in pÄ vad transkription innebÀr.

play03:31

SÄ vi tar och skriver sÄhÀr, att transkription betyder att informationen som finns i DNA-molekylen skrivs om till RNA.

play03:38

HÀr tar jag och ritar upp ett stycke dubbelstrÀngat DNA, men rita inte av det hÀr Àn!

play03:42

Jag ska nÀmligen göra lite animeringar och sÄ innan det Àr riktigt fÀrdigt.

play03:46

I alla fall, vid transkriptionen anlÀnder ett stort proteinkomplex till DNA-molekylen.

play03:52

Proteinkomplexet heter RNA-polymeras, och det Àr det som tillverkar eller syntetiserar RNA.

play03:59

RNA-polymeraset öppnar upp DNA-molekylen pÄ det hÀr sÀttet, sÄ att det bildas en sÄ kallad transkriptionsbubbla.

play04:06

(Och nu kan du faktiskt rita av den hÀr bilden, Àven om vi ska lÀgga till ytterligare nÄgra grejer alldeles strax.)

play04:13

PÄ det hÀr sÀttet blir DNA-molekylen sÄ att sÀga enkelstrÀngad.

play04:18

Nu ska du ocksÄ komma ihÄg att i DNA-molekylen sitter det en massa kvÀvebaser.

play04:23

Det Àr A, T, C och G som sitter i olika ordning hÀr lÀngs DNA-strÀngen.

play04:28

Det Àr ordningen pÄ kvÀvebaserna som Àr den hÀr informationen som jag pratar om,

play04:33

och det Àr den som nu ska skrivas om till RNA.

play04:37

Runt om i cellkÀrnan (om det Àr en eukaryot cell) eller i cytoplasman (om det Àr en bakterie eller en arké)

play04:43

finns det ocksÄ en massa nukleotider, som jag ritar sÄhÀr.

play04:47

Nukleotiderna kopplas samman till en lÄng RNA-molekyl pÄ det hÀr sÀttet.

play04:52

Det kan de göra tack vare att de basparar med kvÀvebaserna i DNA-molekylen.

play04:58

HÀr borta Àr den hÀr kvÀvebasen redo att ta emot en ny nukleotid.

play05:02

I det hÀr exemplet rÄkar den hÀr nukleotiden passa bra, och gÄr in hÀr. DÄ förlÀngs RNA-molekylen med en nukleotid.

play05:09

Samtidigt rör sig RNA-polymeraset framĂ„t – det Ă€r Ă„t höger i bilden –

play05:14

– sĂ„ att en ny nukleotid kan komma in hĂ€r och kopplas pĂ„, pĂ„ den vĂ€xande RNA-molekylen.

play05:20

Vi ska zooma in ytterligare pÄ vad det Àr som hÀnder hÀr, och se vad som menas med basparning.

play05:25

I den hÀr modellen, som jag ocksÄ tycker att du ska rita av,

play05:28

har vi den enkelstrÀngade DNA-molekylen hÀr nere och den vÀxande RNA-molekylen i orange hÀr uppe.

play05:35

PÄ grund av kvÀvebasernas kemiska struktur Àr det alltid sÄ att ett T i DNA-molekylen passar ihop med ett A pÄ det hÀr sÀttet.

play05:43

Ett G i DNA-molekylen motsvaras av ett C i RNA-molekylen, och vice versa.

play05:49

Men ser du hÀr, att nÀr vi har ett A i DNA-molekylen, sÄ motsvaras det av kvÀvebasen uracil, alltsÄ U i RNA-molekylen.

play05:57

I RNA-molekylen ersÀtts alltsÄ T med U.

play06:02

DÄ kan vi kolla pÄ vad som hÀnder hÀr borta, dÀr en ny nukleotid just ska byggas in pÄ den vÀxande RNA-molekylen.

play06:09

Eftersom det Àr ett A hÀr, sÄ Àr det U som passar in hÀr.

play06:12

DÀrför tar vi och ritar upp en nukleotid, en sÄ kallad uraciltrifosfatnukleotid, pÄ det hÀr sÀttet.

play06:19

Den ansluter hÀr till DNA-molekylen.

play06:23

Det som hÀnder dÄ, det Àr att de tvÄ yttersta fosfatresterna klyvs av frÄn nukleotiden,

play06:28

samtidigt som resten av nukleotiden kopplas ihop med RNA-molekylen.

play06:33

Nu har RNA-molekylen förlÀngts med en nukleotid, och det hÀr sker om och om igen, tills hela genen har transkriberats.

play06:41

Och ja, rita av den hÀr bilden ocksÄ!

play06:46

För att göra det extra tydligt vilka kvÀvebaser det Àr som basparar med varandra, skriver vi till slut upp en tabell sÄhÀr,

play06:51

med vad det Àr för kvÀvebas som finns i DNA-molekylen, och vad den basparar med i RNA.

play06:57

Ett A i DNA basparar som sagt alltsÄ med U, som ersÀtter T i RNA-molekylen.

play07:04

Ett T i DNA-molekylen parar dock som vanligt med A i RNA.

play07:08

Och som jag ocksÄ sa, C basparar med G precis som det Àr i DNA-molekylen, och vice versa.

play07:15

NÀsta steg i hur proteiner bildas, det Àr dÄ hur mRNA-molekylen mognar.

play07:20

Det pratar jag om i nÀsta videogenomgÄng, och dÄ speciellt om nÄgot som kallas för splitsning.

play07:26

Sedan ska dÄ ocksÄ informationen i RNA-molekylen translateras till protein.

play07:31

Det tar jag upp i nÀst-nÀsta videogenomgÄng.

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Related Tags
Protein SynthesisDNA TranscriptionMolecular BiologyGeneticsRNAEducationalAminos acidsBiochemistryScience LearningCell Biology