ARTS Grade 9 (1st Quarter MAPEH) - Architectures from the Ancient Periods

Summary

This lesson delves into the architectural marvels of ancient classical and medieval art periods. It begins with prehistoric megalithic structures like menhirs, dolmens, and cromlechs, highlighting Stonehenge. It then traverses through Egyptian pyramids and mastabas, Greek temples with Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders exemplified by the Parthenon, Roman innovations like concrete and the Colosseum, Byzantine mosaics and Hagia Sophia, and concludes with Gothic architecture featuring pointed arches and the Cathedral of Chartres. The lesson is a comprehensive journey through the evolution of architectural styles.

Takeaways

• 🏰 The last module in the arts series focuses on architectural structures from ancient classical and medieval periods.
• 🗿 Prehistoric architecture featured megaliths, large stone structures like menhirs, dolmens, and cromlechs, often associated with divinity.
• 🌟 The famous Stonehenge is an example of a prehistoric megalithic monument, likely used for rituals.
• 🔺 Egyptian architecture, emerging in 4000 BC, is known for pyramids like the Pyramids of Giza, which served as funerary structures for kings.
• 🏛 Egyptian mastabas were flat-roofed, rectangular tombs made of mud bricks or stone, a precursor to the pyramid.
• 🏟 The Greek period introduced temple architecture with three distinct orders: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian, exemplified by the Parthenon.
• 🏛 Roman architecture, peaking during Pax Romana, innovated with concrete and structures like the Colosseum for public games.
• 🕍 Byzantine era architecture perfected mosaic decoration and the use of clerestory windows, as seen in Hagia Sophia.
• 🏰 The Gothic era introduced pointed arches and ribbed vaults, allowing for taller structures, with Chartres Cathedral being a notable example.
• 📚 Students are encouraged to engage with the material through online activities or answer sheets after the discussion of these topics.

Q & A

What is the primary focus of the last module in the arts series?

The primary focus of the last module in the arts series is to explore different architectural structures made during the ancient classical and medieval art periods.

What does the term 'megalith' refer to in the context of prehistoric architecture?

In the context of prehistoric architecture, 'megalith' refers to large stone blocks, derived from the Greek words 'lithos' meaning stone and 'megas' meaning big, used in the construction of various structures.

What are the three types of megalithic stones mentioned in the script?

The three types of megalithic stones mentioned are menhirs, dolmens, and cromlechs.

What is the significance of menhir stones in prehistoric architecture?

Menhir stones are upright monumental stones, standing alone or in a group, and are significant as they represent an early form of monumental art, often associated with rituals or as markers.

Describe the structure of a dolmen as mentioned in the script.

A dolmen is a structure consisting of two large upright stones supporting a horizontal stone slab on top, believed to have served as a grave or an altar.

What does the term 'cromlech' signify and what is its characteristic shape?

Cromlech is a term derived from the Breton words 'curm' meaning bent or curved and 'lech' meaning slab or flagstone, signifying a circle of standing stones, often arranged in a circular form.

Which ancient megalithic monument is shown in the script and where is it located?

The Stonehenge is the ancient megalithic monument shown in the script, located in southern England.

What is the significance of the Pyramids of Giza in Egyptian architecture?

The Pyramids of Giza are significant as they are the funerary structures of the three kings of the Fourth Dynasty and are iconic examples of ancient Egyptian monumental architecture.

What are the three architectural orders of ancient Greek temples?

The three architectural orders of ancient Greek temples are Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian, each characterized by distinct column and capital designs.

How does the Parthenon exemplify classical Greek architecture?

The Parthenon exemplifies classical Greek architecture through its use of the Doric order, the golden ratio, and its role as a temple dedicated to the goddess Athena.

What innovation in building material was significant during the Roman era?

The significant innovation in building material during the Roman era was the use of concrete, which allowed for the construction of larger and more complex structures.

What is the primary use of the Colosseum in Roman architecture?

The primary use of the Colosseum in Roman architecture was as an arena for public games, spectacles, and processions.

How did the Byzantine era contribute to the evolution of architectural design?

The Byzantine era contributed to architectural design by perfecting mosaic decoration and the use of clerestory windows to bring light into buildings.

What is the Hagia Sophia and what is its significance?

The Hagia Sophia is a famous Byzantine structure in Istanbul, Turkey, built in 537 A.D., known for its architectural innovation and as a symbol of Byzantine architectural and artistic achievement.

What are the two new architectural devices introduced during the Gothic era?

The two new architectural devices introduced during the Gothic era are the pointed arch and the ribbed vault, which enabled the construction of taller buildings with more complex structural systems.

What is the significance of the Cathedral of Chartres in Gothic architecture?

The Cathedral of Chartres is significant in Gothic architecture for its use of the pointed arch, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses, which are characteristic of the era and exemplify the height and grandeur of Gothic cathedrals.

Outlines

00:00

🏰 Ancient Architectural Styles

This paragraph introduces the last module of an arts course, focusing on architectural structures from the ancient classical and medieval periods. It discusses prehistoric architecture, particularly megaliths, which are large stone structures like menhirs, dolmens, and cromlechs. The paragraph also touches on the development of architecture during the Egyptian period, highlighting the pyramids of Giza and the mastaba tombs. It then briefly mentions the transition to Greek architecture, characterized by temples with columns and three distinct orders: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.

05:04

🏟️ Roman, Byzantine, and Gothic Architecture

The second paragraph delves into Roman architecture, noting its peak during Pax Romana and innovations like concrete. The Colosseum is highlighted as a significant structure from this era. The Byzantine period is characterized by advancements in mosaic decoration and the use of light through high windows, exemplified by the Hagia Sophia. The Gothic era is introduced with its unique architectural features like pointed arches and ribbed vaults, with the Cathedral of Chartres as a notable example. The paragraph concludes with instructions for students to complete activities related to the arts module, either online or through a written answer sheet.

Keywords

💡Megaliths

Megaliths refer to large stones used to construct monuments in prehistoric times. Derived from the Greek words 'lithos' meaning stone and 'megas' meaning big, megaliths are a significant aspect of prehistoric architecture. In the video, megaliths are described as the basis for structures like menhirs, dolmens, and cromlechs, which were likely used for rituals or as markers of significance. The script mentions Stonehenge as an example of a megalithic monument, highlighting its use in rituals.

💡Menhirs

Menhirs are upright, monumental stones that stand alone or in a group, either individually or as part of a collective structure. They are characterized by their vertical or upright position and can vary in number within a single structure. The video script uses menhirs to illustrate a type of megalithic structure, emphasizing their role in prehistoric architecture and their potential symbolic or functional purposes.

💡Dolmens

Dolmens are a type of megalithic structure consisting of two large upright stones supporting a horizontal capstone, resembling a table. They are believed to have served as graves or altars, reflecting the cultural and possibly religious practices of the prehistoric societies that constructed them. The script mentions dolmens as part of the discussion on megalithic architecture, indicating their significance in the study of ancient burial customs and religious beliefs.

💡Cromlechs

Cromlechs, derived from the Breton words 'crom' meaning bent or curved and 'lech' meaning slab or flagstone, are circular arrangements of standing stones. They are a variation of megalithic structures that include elements of menhirs and dolmens but are distinct in their circular formation. The script describes cromlechs in the context of prehistoric architecture, suggesting their use in communal or ceremonial activities.

💡Egyptian Architecture

Egyptian architecture refers to the style of building design and construction that was developed in ancient Egypt, particularly known for its monumental structures like the pyramids. The script discusses the emergence of Egyptian architecture post the prehistoric period, highlighting the pyramids of Giza as funerary structures for kings and the use of mastabas as tombs, showcasing the grandeur and cultural significance of Egyptian construction.

💡Mastaba

A mastaba is an ancient Egyptian tomb structure characterized by a flat roof and sloping sides, typically constructed from mud bricks or stone. The script mentions mastabas as an example of early Egyptian architecture, indicating their use as burial places and their contribution to the evolution of tomb design that led to the more complex pyramid structures.

💡Architectural Orders

Architectural orders refer to the styles or conventions of classical architecture, particularly in ancient Greece. The script outlines three main orders: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian, each distinguished by the design of the columns and their capitals. These orders are fundamental to the understanding of classical Greek architecture and are exemplified in structures like temples, with the Parthenon being a notable example that utilized the Doric order.

💡Doric Order

The Doric order is the oldest and simplest of the three classical Greek architectural styles, characterized by its fluted columns with a convex circular molding at the top, supporting a square slab known as the abacus. The script discusses the Doric order in the context of Greek temple architecture, emphasizing its robust and unadorned aesthetic that was typical of early Greek construction.

💡Ionic Order

The Ionic order is one of the three classical Greek architectural styles, easily recognized by its scrolled capitals atop the columns. This order is known for its more decorative and refined appearance compared to the Doric. The script mentions the Ionic order as part of the discussion on Greek architecture, highlighting its distinctive features and its use in the construction of more ornate structures.

💡Corinthian Order

The Corinthian order is the most ornate of the three classical Greek architectural styles, featuring columns topped with an ornate capital adorned with acanthus leaves and small scrolls. The script describes the Corinthian order as the pinnacle of decorative Greek architecture, often used in more elaborate and luxurious buildings, reflecting a high level of artistic achievement.

💡Roman Architecture

Roman architecture refers to the architectural style and techniques used in ancient Rome, known for its use of concrete, arches, and vaults. The script discusses the peak of Roman architecture during Pax Romana, a period of peace and stability, and mentions the Colosseum as a prime example of Roman engineering and design, used for public games and spectacles.

💡Byzantine Era

The Byzantine era refers to the period of the Eastern Roman Empire, known for its distinctive architectural and artistic styles. The script highlights the perfection of mosaic decoration and the use of clerestory windows to bring light into buildings during this era. Hagia Sophia, built in Constantinople (now Istanbul), is cited as a masterpiece of Byzantine architecture, reflecting the era's innovative approach to design and lighting.

💡Gothic Architecture

Gothic architecture is a style of architecture that emerged in the High Middle Ages, characterized by pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses. The script mentions the Gothic era as a period where these architectural innovations allowed for the construction of taller and more elaborate structures, such as the Cathedral of Chartres, which exemplifies the grandeur and complexity of Gothic design.

Highlights

Focus on architectural structures from ancient classical and medieval art periods.

Prehistoric architecture featured megaliths, large stone structures.

Megalithic monuments, such as menhirs, dolmens, and cromlechs, were significant during prehistoric times.

Menhirs are upright monumental stones, standing alone or in groups.

Dolmens are table-like structures with two large stones supporting a horizontal slab, possibly used as graves or altars.

Cromlechs are circular arrangements of standing stones, like a combination of menhirs and dolmens.

Stonehenge is an ancient megalithic monument in southern England, likely used for rituals.

Egyptian architecture emerged post-prehistoric period, with pyramids as a hallmark.

Pyramids of Giza are funerary structures for the kings of the Fourth Dynasty.

Mastabas are flat-roofed, rectangular tombs with sloping sides, made of mud bricks or stone.

Greek architecture is known for temples with columns and three distinct orders: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.

Doric style is characterized by fluted columns with a convex circular molding.

Ionic style features columns with scrolled capitals, easily recognizable.

Corinthian style uses ornate capitals with acanthus leaves and small scrolls.

The Parthenon is a famous classical Greek structure that utilized the golden ratio.

Roman architecture peaked during Pax Romana, with concrete as a significant innovation.

The Colosseum, also known as the Flavian Amphitheater, was used for public games and processions.

Byzantine era perfected mosaic decoration and the use of clerestory windows for light.

Hagia Sophia is a famous work from the Byzantine period, built in 537 A.D. in Istanbul.

Gothic architecture introduced pointed arches and ribbed vaults, allowing for taller structures.

Cathedral of Chartres is a renowned structure from the Gothic period.

Completion of the arts module topics for the first quarter.

Students are directed to complete activities for Arts Module 3, either online or via answer sheets.

Transcripts

this is the last module in arts which

is module 3 and in this lesson we will

focus on the different architectural

structures

made during the ancient classical and

medieval art periods

this is the continuation of our arts

module 1 in module 2 lessons

the main focus of this last module

lesson is the different architectural

styles developed

during the ancient classical and

medieval period

first let's talk about the prehistoric

architecture

during this time man has developed a

form of architecture

based on megaliths which is a big rock

from the greek word lithos meaning stone

and megas meaning big

this architecture is made of huge stone

blocks

which were probably intended for boreal

megalithic monuments have always ignited

man's imagination

it provided plenty of legends and

superstition

during this era stones and rocks were

associated

with divinity

during the prehistoric period three

types of megalith stones were developed

the men here dolmens and chromelec

let's first talk about the main hair

stones men hear stones are an upright

monumental stone

standing by itself or in a group

the stones are standing vertically or in

an upright position

and they are sometimes a group of many

stones or

only one standing stone

the second type of megalith stone is

called the dolmens

these structures are in the form of

table consisting of two huge standing

stones

supporting a horizontal giant stone

it is believed that it is served as a

grave or as an

altar so as you can see in the picture

dolmen stones ai parang a table or manga

stones

form or table during this time

a doll means

altar

and the last kind of megalith stone is

called the chromelec

chromelec is a braytonic word where

chrome means

bent or curved and lek means slab

or flagstones it is a circle of standing

stones

as you can see in the picture chromeleck

stones

combination men here at dolmens

pero they are in a circular form or

paiko tankaka

this structure in the picture is called

the stonehenge

this is an ancient megalithic monument

in southern england

probably used in rituals

after the prehistoric period the

egyptian architecture emerged

this architectural style was developed

during the pre-dynastic period

in 4000 bc and of course

kappapinagusapa non-egyptian

architectures

and famous structure in the gawanila are

the pyramids

one of the most famous pyramids in

nagawa during this period

is called the pyramids of giza

these three pyramids in the pyramids of

giza

are the funerary structures of the three

kings of the fourth dynasty

aside from the pyramids egyptian people

also made what they called as mastaba

it is a type of egyptian tomb in the

form of a flat roofed

rectangular structure with outward

sloping sides

it was made of mud bricks or stone

paraben pyramid pero

after egyptian period is the greek

period

the most famous architecture during this

period

are temples that consist of a central

shrine or room in an

isle surrounded by a row of columns

these buildings were designed in one of

three architectural style

or orders the doric

ionic and corinthian

three kinds of orders

buildings

now let's see the difference among the

three architectural

orders first is the doric style

this is typically characterized by a

float column

having a capital convex circular molding

supporting a square slab or abacus

second is the ionic style it can be most

easily recognized

by the scrolled capital on top of the

columns

and the last one is the corinthian style

it uses a column topped with an ornate

capital

with acanthus leaves and small scrolls

one of the most famous architectural

structure

made in the greek period is the

parthenon

this is a classical greek architecture

that used

the golden ratio the word petra in greek

means stone which are easily found in

this area

and used in their structures

after the greek period comes the roman

era

the roman architecture was at its peak

during pax romana

tax romana is the period in which the

roman empire

didn't expand and wasn't invaded

this is the architecture of the nordic

tribes that besieged the roman

empire napoleon bonaparte commissioned

several works that would in a sense

recreate paris

as a new rome and also

concrete was the biggest innovation of

roman architecture

one of the most famous structure made

during the roman period is

the colosseum it is also known as

flavian amphitheater

mostly used as arenas for public games

buts and procession

next period is the byzantine era

during this time mosaic decoration was

perfected

by the byzantines as was the use of

claire's story

to bring light in from high windows

one of the most famous work in this

period is the hagia sofia

also known as holy wisdom of istanbul

turkey

it was built in 537 a.d

by isidoros and anthem use

and now the last period is the gothic

era

the term gothic was first used by a

florentine historiographer

named giorgio vasari this architecture

design included

two new devices pointed arch

which enabled builders to construct much

higher sailing vaults

and stone vaulting born on a network of

stone ribs

supported by peers and clustered pillars

one of the most famous structure in this

period is a cathedral

named cathedral of chartres

and that ends all our topics in arts for

the first quarter

now here are the activities that you

need to do in arts module 3.

you may answer them online in the links

that i will post in our fb group

or if you cannot answer online just

write an answer sheet

here are the activities for this last

arts module

these are all a total of 20 items after

our discussion

you may proceed in answering all the

activities and

we will start with another module next

meeting