Citation and Referencing for Beginners Part II

Summary

This educational video script delves into the importance of proper citation and referencing in academic writing, emphasizing the perils of plagiarism. It outlines various citation styles, including APA, MLA, and Vancouver, and explains how to correctly format in-text citations and reference lists. The script warns against plagiarism and stresses the necessity of giving credit to original authors, guiding students on how to avoid academic misconduct.

Takeaways

• 📚 When writing academic papers, it's crucial to gather information from various sources like websites, newspapers, and journals.
• 🚫 Avoid plagiarism by not copying information directly from sources without giving proper credit to the author.
• 📉 In the USA, a significant percentage of international students are found to engage in some form of plagiarism.
• ⚠️ Plagiarism can lead to severe consequences like failing a course or expulsion from educational institutions.
• 🤖 Students often use AI tools like ChatGPT for essay writing and homework, but it's important to fact-check and cite the original sources.
• 📝 Citations are used to give credit to the original authors within the body of the paper, while references are listed at the end.
• 🔑 There are different citation styles like APA, MLA, and Vancouver, each with specific rules for in-text citations and reference lists.
• 🔑 APA style uses the author's name and year of publication for in-text citations, while MLA includes the author's name and page number.
• 🔢 Vancouver style uses a numeric system for citations, with numbers indicating the order of sources in the reference list.
• 📖 The reference list at the end of the paper includes details like author names, publication dates, titles, and source information, arranged differently depending on the citation style.
• 👨‍🏫 Always check with your teacher or the specific requirements of the journal to determine which citation style to use for your assignment.

Q & A

What are the common sources of information for students when writing essays and assignments?

Students can gather information from various sources such as websites and blogs, newspapers, journal articles, theses, books, and even video and audio materials found on the internet.

Why is it important not to copy information directly from these sources?

Copying information directly without giving proper credit to the source can lead to plagiarism, which is using someone else's information without acknowledging the author. This can result in failing a course or even expulsion from the university or school.

What percentage of international students in the USA are found to be involved in plagiarism?

Only about 20 to 30 percent of international students in the USA are found doing some form of plagiarism.

How can students use ChatGPT responsibly when writing essays and solving homework?

Students can use information provided by ChatGPT, but they must fact-check and provide credit to the original author, as ChatGPT is not the original author.

What is the difference between citation and references in academic writing?

Citation is the practice of acknowledging the author's name and source within the body of your paper, while references are the list of all the sources cited, placed at the end of your assignment.

What are the two main citation styles mentioned in the script?

The two main citation styles mentioned are the name and year system, which includes the author's name and year of publication, and the numeric system, which uses numbers at the end of sentences corresponding to the list of sources.

What does APA style require for an in-text citation?

APA style requires the author's last name and the year of publication for an in-text citation, which can appear as a parenthetical citation at the end of a sentence or a narrative citation within the text.

How does MLA style differ from APA style in terms of in-text citation?

MLA style requires the author's last name and the page number where the information was found for an in-text citation, which can also be presented as a parenthetical or narrative citation.

What is the Vancouver style of citation and how does it differ from APA and MLA?

Vancouver style uses a numeric system for citations, where numbers correspond to the list of sources. Unlike APA and MLA, which use the author's name and date or page number, Vancouver style citations can appear at the end of a sentence or within the text and are often presented as superscript.

What should students do to ensure they follow the correct citation style for their assignments?

Students should check with their teacher to determine which citation style they need to follow for their assignments.

Why is it important to give credit to original authors in academic writing?

Giving credit to original authors is crucial to avoid plagiarism and to acknowledge the intellectual property and contributions of others in academic writing.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Understanding Academic Integrity and Citation

This paragraph emphasizes the importance of academic integrity in student work, particularly when collecting information for essays, papers, and assignments. It highlights that information can be sourced from a variety of sources, including websites, blogs, newspapers, journals, books, and multimedia content. The paragraph warns against plagiarism, which is using someone else's information without proper credit, and notes that it can lead to severe consequences such as failing a course or expulsion from school. It introduces the concept of using AI like ChatGPT for assistance but stresses the necessity of fact-checking and crediting the original author. The paragraph also explains the difference between citation (giving credit within the text) and references (a list of sources at the end of the paper). It provides examples of both name and year system citations and numeric system citations, and explains that different citation styles are used depending on the field of study.

05:01

🔑 Key to Citation Styles and Academic Publishing

Paragraph 2 delves into the specifics of different citation styles required for various academic journals. It mentions that adherence to a journal's preferred style is crucial for publication, with examples provided for APA, Vancouver, and MLA styles. The paragraph explains that APA style is commonly used in education, psychology, and science, while Vancouver style is favored in medicine, and MLA style is typical in humanities. It also discusses how citation styles differ in their approach to in-text citations, with APA using the author's last name and year of publication, MLA using the author's last name and page number, and Vancouver using a numeric system. The paragraph provides examples of how in-text citations are formatted in each style and notes that references at the end of the document are organized differently for each style, with APA and MLA using alphabetical order and Vancouver using numerical order.

10:03

📝 Components of Citation and Referencing

The final paragraph provides a detailed look at the components required for proper citation in APA, MLA, and Vancouver styles. It explains that APA style references include the author's name, date, title of the paper, journal name, volume, and page number. For MLA style, it includes the author's name, title, publishing company, and date. Vancouver style, on the other hand, lists references numerically and includes the author's name, title, journal name, date, volume, and page number. The paragraph also provides a summary of the video's main points, emphasizing the importance of giving credit to original authors, understanding different citation styles, and checking with teachers to determine which style to follow. It concludes with a call to action for viewers to subscribe to the channel for more educational content.

Keywords

💡Plagiarism

Plagiarism refers to the act of using someone else's work or ideas without giving proper credit to the original author, which is unethical and can lead to academic penalties. In the context of the video, it is a critical issue that students must be aware of when writing essays and assignments. The video warns that plagiarism can result in failing a course or even expulsion from educational institutions, emphasizing the importance of academic integrity.

💡Citation

Citation is the act of acknowledging the source of information used in one's work. The video explains that including the author's name and the source when using information from other sources is essential to avoid plagiarism. It is a practice that shows respect for the original author's work and is a fundamental part of academic writing. The video provides examples of citations within the body of a paper, highlighting different citation styles.

💡References

References are the list of all sources cited in a paper, typically found at the end. They provide detailed information about the sources used, allowing readers to locate and verify the information. The video explains that proper referencing is crucial for academic writing and varies in format depending on the citation style. It contrasts citations, which appear within the text, with references, which are compiled at the end of the paper.

💡APA Style

APA (American Psychological Association) Style is a widely used citation and formatting style in social sciences. The video describes APA in-text citations as having two components: the author's last name and the year of publication. It also outlines the structure of APA references, which includes authors' names, date, title, journal name, volume, and page numbers. APA style is emphasized as essential for students to follow in their academic work.

💡MLA Style

MLA (Modern Language Association) Style is a citation and documentation style used primarily in the humanities. The video explains that MLA in-text citations include the author's last name and the page number where the information is found. It also details the structure of MLA references, which typically include the author's name, title, publishing company, and date. The video uses examples from the script to illustrate how MLA citations and references are formatted.

💡Vancouver Style

Vancouver Style, also known as the Numeric Style, is a citation format used primarily in the field of medicine. The video points out that Vancouver style citations use numbers instead of author names and dates. It also notes that references in Vancouver style are listed numerically, in contrast to the alphabetical order used in APA and MLA styles. The video provides examples of how to format Vancouver style citations and references.

💡In-text Citation

In-text citation is a brief reference to a source within the body of a paper, usually including the author's name and a date or page number. The video discusses two types of in-text citations: parenthetical, where the citation appears at the end of the sentence, and narrative, where the author's name is integrated into the sentence. It explains that the choice of citation style depends on the citation format being used (APA, MLA, or Vancouver).

💡Narrative Citation

Narrative citation is a form of in-text citation where the author's name is mentioned within the sentence, and the date or page number is provided after the quotation or the information being cited. The video illustrates narrative citations with examples from different citation styles, showing how the author's name is integrated into the text to give credit for the information used.

💡Parenthetical Citation

Parenthetical citation is a type of in-text citation where the reference to the source is placed in parentheses at the end of the sentence. The video explains that this citation style is used in both APA and MLA formats and provides examples from the script, showing how to properly format parenthetical citations with author names and publication dates or page numbers.

💡Academic Integrity

Academic integrity refers to the commitment to honest and ethical practices in academic work, which includes avoiding plagiarism and properly acknowledging sources. The video emphasizes the importance of academic integrity by discussing the consequences of plagiarism and the proper use of citations and references. It encourages students to maintain high standards of academic integrity in their work.

Highlights

Students need to write essays, papers, and assignments, starting with information collection.

Information can be gathered from various sources like websites, newspapers, and books.

Avoid plagiarism by not copying information directly without proper credit.

Only 20-30% of international students are found committing plagiarism in the USA.

Plagiarism can lead to failing a course or expulsion from educational institutions.

ChatGPT can be used for essay writing, but fact-checking and original author credit are necessary.

Citations are used to give credit to the original authors within the body of the paper.

References are a list of all sources cited, placed at the end of the assignment.

Different citation styles exist, such as APA, MLA, and Vancouver.

APA style uses the author's name and year of publication for in-text citations.

MLA style includes the author's name and page number in in-text citations.

Vancouver style uses a numeric system for in-text citations.

References in APA style are organized alphabetically with author, date, title, journal, volume, and page number.

MLA references include author's name, title, publishing house, and date, also organized alphabetically.

Vancouver references are listed numerically, including author, title, journal, date, volume, and page number.

Always consult your teacher or institution to determine which citation style to use.

The video provides a summary of citation and referencing practices for academic integrity.

Transcripts

when you are a student at a school or a

college you need to write a lot of

essays papers and do a lot of

assignments

while writing these assignments the

first step is to collect the information

but where do you get the information

you can get the information from various

sources such as websites and blogs

newspapers Journal articles thesis books

even video and audio in the internet and

when you find the information you need

can you copy them directly no because

when you copy directly without giving

proper credit to the source you could

get into the trouble because of

plagiarism

plagiarism is when you use someone

else's information without giving credit

to the author

in USA only about 20 to 30 percent of

international students are found doing

some form of plagiarism if you are found

doing plagiarism you could fail in your

course and even get expelled from the

University or school

nowadays a lot of students use chat GPT

to write essay and solve their homework

although you can use the information

given by chat GPT you still need to do a

fact check and provide credit to the

original author as chargpt is not the

original author

so what is the solution well you can use

information from other sources because

you cannot write everything on your own

as long as you write the name of author

and the source you're okay including the

name of author in your assignment is

called citation whereas when you provide

the list of all the sources at the end

of your assignment is called references

citation appears in the body of your

paper that's why it's called in-text

citation whereas references appear at

the end

closely to this paper as you can see

here in introduction you can see a lot

of citations highlighted for example

weeks and Nicole 2006 Apple buy it all

2002 Lay It All 2011 Scrolls it all 2011

and so on now let's go to the end of

this paper you can see the list of all

the sources that have been cited in the

paper

let's look at another example can you

see the citation here in introduction

it's a little different here

can you notice numbers inside square

brackets for example 1 and 2 here 3 here

and 4 here

well there are citations in this paper

this is just a different way to do

citation compared to the example before

now let's go to the end of this paper

you can see the list of all the sources

that have been cited in the paper

now let's put first example in the left

and second example in the right let's

look at the citations of both papers

first one has name of author and year of

publication whereas second one has only

the number at the end of sentences

did you see the difference

first one is called name and year system

and second one is called numeric system

both of them are very popular

when you are writing your assignment or

paper you need to find first what style

to follow you can simply ask your

teacher to find out what style you need

to use

let's move all the way down to end of

these papers when you see the difference

here in the way they have put reference

first one has list of references

arranged alphabetically for example

first one starts with alvino second one

Apple buy and third one bubier whereas

second paper has list of references

arranged numerically as 1 2 3 4 and so

on as you can see here one is Hill and

two is Prince and so on

we will talk about what goes in the

citation and reference later on but

before that let's add another paper here

can you see some citations in the first

paragraph

well there are few citations learner 24

here

burden and say for 133 here

green 244 here

and learner 177 here

can you see how it is different from

previous examples

first one has name in year

second one has number only

and this one has name and page number 24

133

244 and 177 are the page number from

where information was sourced

now let's go to the end of this paper

you can see the list of references here

which are arranged alphabetically

however the style is different than

first and second examples

by now you must have understood there

are different citation Styles now let's

learn about them first paper has

followed APA style second paper has

followed Vancouver Style

and third paper has followed MLA style

different journals follow different

styles if you want to publish in their

Journal you have to follow their style

otherwise your paper may be rejected API

style is used in the field such as

education psychology and science

Vancouver style is mostly used by

medicine

and MLA style is used by humanities

you must have heard Journal cull nature

this one of the article published in

Journal of nature called cell research

and as you can see here it uses numeric

citation style which is very close to

Vancouver style if you closely in this

paper there are numbers but not inside

brackets

now let's have a closer look at the

in-text citation and references on the

left side is APA style middle is MLA

style and right is Vancouver style let's

learn about APA first

for APA in-text Citation has two

components author's last name and data

publication for example Thomas 2022

where Thomas is the last name of the

author and 2022 is a date when the paper

was published

now let's look at these two sentences

first sentence ammonia causes reduction

in food intake of birds Thomas 2004

second sentence Thomas 2004 reported

reduced food intake in Birds due to

ammonia

in first sentence we have in-text

citation at the end of the sentence and

in second sentence we have in-text

citation at this start

and first one is called parenthetical

citation and second one is called

narrative citation parenthetical at the

end and narrative at this start

now there are some variations here if we

have different situations if we have two

authors it becomes instead of just

Thomas here we replace it by Thomas and

John's 2004 here where Thomas and Jones

are two authors of the paper and Thomas

and Jones 2004 here

and three or more authors it becomes

Thomas at all 2004 here and Thomas at

all 2004 here can you see how it's

getting changed in each situation to

learn more about in-text citation please

click the I button

now let's do same thing for MLA MLA

in-text citation also has mainly two

components author's last name and page

number for example Thomas 23.

where Thomas is the last name of the

author and 23 is a page number where you

found the information

now let's look at these two sentences

first sentence

by 1970 population dropped to 5000

Thomas 23.

second sentence Thomas reported drop in

population up to 5000 by 1970 23.

in the first sentence we have in-text

citation at the end of the sentence and

in second sentence we have author's name

at the start and page number at the end

and this is called parenthetical

citation and this is called narrative

citation

like APA MLA citation also has some

variations two authors it becomes Thomas

and Jones 23 here and Thomas and John's

here

and three or more authors it becomes

Thomas at all 23 here and Thomas it all

here

see how it's getting changed in each

situation to learn more about MLA

in-text citation please click the I

button now let's learn about Vancouver

style the key difference between other

citation style and Vancouver is other

styles use author's name and date or

page number however Vancouver style uses

number and the number could range from 1

to 10 20 30 and so on

number can appear at the end of the

sentence or somewhere inside the

sentence number can be put in

superscript depending on the requirement

of Journal as shown here

the first sentence here is parenthetical

citation and second sentence is

narrative citation

as you can see here in narrative

citation we have used author's name

so guys by now you have learned about

in-text citation now let's learn about

references which appear at the end of

your essay or paper

let's look at three types of references

again this is references organized for

APA style

this is references organized for MLA

style

and this is reference organized for

Vancouver Style

let's look at this reference closely

from APA style from here to here is the

name of authors

this is date

this is the title of the article

this is the journal name

this is the volume and this is page

number

so in APA style you need author's name

date title of paper name of Journal

volume and page number

there will be some changes when you

reference websites books and other

documents for details click video in the

I button remember that all the

references in API format are organized

alphabetically as you can see here now

let's look closely at this reference

from MLA style

here this is the name

this is title

this is publishing company

and this is date

so in general in MLA citation you need

author's name title of the article

publishing house or journal and date

to learn more about MLA click the I

button

remember that all the references in MLA

formats are also organized

alphabetically as shown here now let's

look at this reference closely from

Vancouver Style

here the reference list has started with

number one

then two and then 3 and it is not

organized alphabetically so in this

style references are listed numerically

as you can see here this has author's

name title of paper Journal name date

volume and page number

that means in general Vancouver style

citation needs author's name title

Journal name date volume and page number

however there will be some minor

variations based on Source or Journal

so guys that's it for today's video

before we wrap up here is the summary of

today's video always give credit to the

original authors there are different

styles of citation and referencing in

text citation appears in the body

reference list appears at the end of the

paper check with your teacher to know

which style you need to follow

I hope today's video was useful please

do not forget to subscribe to our

Channel we will see you again in next

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