1 7 The Conventions of Tokyo, The Hague and Montreal

Summary

The video script discusses international conventions and protocols, including the Tokyo Convention of 1963, the Hague Convention of 1970, and the Montreal Convention of 1971, which aim to enhance air travel security. These conventions establish jurisdiction over offenses on aircraft, deter hijackings, and define severe penalties for unlawful acts against aviation safety. The supplementary protocol of 1988 extends these definitions to include airport violence. The script emphasizes the importance of training, cooperation between states, and the implementation of security measures to ensure the highest standards of aviation security while maintaining the benefits of air travel.

Takeaways

• 🔐 The Tokyo Convention of 1963 established jurisdictional rights for the state of registry of an aircraft over offenses committed on board.
• 🛫 In response to hijackings, the ICAO developed conventions to ensure that unlawful acts against aviation are addressed and prevented.
• 🚫 The Hague Convention of 1970 mandates that acts of unlawful seizure of aircraft should be punished, defining such acts.
• ✈️ The Montreal Convention of 1971 expanded on aviation security by specifying severe penalties for a broader range of unlawful acts against civil aviation.
• 🛑 The 1988 Protocol Supplementary to the Montreal Convention included specific acts of violence at airports within the scope of punishable offenses.
• 🌐 All contracting states of the ICAO conventions agree to implement severe penalties for identified offenses to uphold international aviation security standards.
• 📚 Annex 17 of the ICAO Convention focuses on security, requiring signatory states to adopt security measures, authorities, programs, and mechanisms.
• 🛠️ Ongoing cooperation and commitment to security involve the development of security systems and procedures through research and collaboration among states.
• ✅ Training programs are essential and mandatory for all signatory states to implement, ensuring the highest standards of aviation security.
• 👮‍♂️ Aircraft commanders have the authority to restrain individuals and maintain order on board to ensure the safety of the aircraft, its passengers, and crew.

Q & A

What is the purpose of the Tokyo Convention of 1963?

The Tokyo Convention of 1963 provides that the state of registry of an aircraft is competent to exercise jurisdiction over offenses and acts committed on board signatory aircraft, particularly in cases of anticipated or actual unlawful seizure of an aircraft in flight.

What obligations do states have under the Tokyo Convention regarding hijackings?

Under the Tokyo Convention, all states party to the convention are obliged to take all appropriate measures to restore and preserve control of the aircraft to its lawful commander in the event of an unlawful seizure.

How does the Hague Convention of 1970 contribute to air transport security?

The Hague Convention of 1970 ensures that acts of unlawful seizure of aircraft and other terrorist acts do not go unpunished by defining these acts and making them subject to severe penalties.

What does the Montreal Convention of 1971 focus on in terms of air transport security?

The Montreal Convention of 1971 amplifies the scope of unlawful acts against the safety of civil aviation, specifying acts that are punishable by severe penalties, focusing mainly on acts other than unlawful seizure of aircraft.

Why was the Protocol Supplementary to the Montreal Convention adopted in 1988?

The Protocol Supplementary to the Montreal Convention was adopted in 1988 to extend the definition of offenses to include specific acts of violence at airports serving the civil aviation community.

What is the role of Annex 17 of the ICAO Convention in air transport security?

Annex 17 of the ICAO Convention deals with security and requires signatory states to adopt security measures, establish security authorities, and implement programs and mechanisms for determining threat levels.

What training programs are required for states under these conventions?

All signatory states are required to implement training programs to enhance understanding and compliance with the security measures outlined in the conventions.

How do states cooperate in the ongoing commitment to air transport security?

Each state is required to cooperate with other states in the research and development of security systems and procedures to better satisfy security objectives.

What powers does the aircraft commander have under the ICAO conventions to ensure safety?

The aircraft commander has the ability to restrain any party on board, maintain good order, and deliver or disembark any person to competent authorities if they believe they are jeopardizing the safety of the aircraft, persons, or property on board.

What assistance can the aircraft commander request from crew and passengers?

While the commander can demand help from a member of the crew, they can only request the aid of a passenger or other non-crew member.

Why is cooperation between signatory states essential for international air transport security?

Cooperation between signatory states is essential to ensure that the highest standards of aviation security apply while maintaining the expeditious nature of air travel.

Outlines

00:00

🛫 Global Air Transport Security Conventions

This paragraph discusses the evolution and importance of international conventions and protocols aimed at enhancing global air transport security. It highlights the Tokyo Convention of 1963, which grants jurisdiction to the state of registry of an aircraft to handle offenses on board. The paragraph also mentions the critical role of the state in responding to unlawful seizures of aircraft. The Hay Convention of 1970 and the Montreal Convention of 1971 are noted for defining and amplifying unlawful acts against civil aviation safety, with severe penalties for such acts. The supplementary protocol to the Montreal Convention, adopted in 1988, extends the definition of offenses to include acts of violence at airports. The paragraph emphasizes the need for contracting states to enforce severe penalties for identified offenses and the importance of Annex 17 of the Chicago Convention, which deals with security and requires signatory states to adopt security measures and cooperate in security research and development.

Keywords

💡Global Air Transport Security

Global Air Transport Security refers to the measures and protocols implemented to protect international air travel from various security threats. In the video, this concept is central as it discusses conventions and protocols that have been established to address the increasing risks, highlighting the importance of international cooperation and standardized security practices.

💡Conventions and Protocols

Conventions and protocols are formal agreements between nations that outline rules and procedures to be followed. In the context of the video, these are legal instruments that have been developed to enhance aviation security, such as the Tokyo Convention of 1963, the Hague Convention of 1970, and the Montreal Convention of 1971, each addressing different aspects of unlawful acts during air travel.

💡Tokyo Convention of 1963

The Tokyo Convention of 1963 is an international treaty that provides the legal framework for dealing with criminal acts committed on board aircraft. It grants jurisdiction to the state of registry of the aircraft to handle offenses and acts committed on board. The video emphasizes this convention's role in establishing the legal competence to manage crimes during air travel.

💡Hijackings

Hijackings are acts of unlawful seizure or control of an aircraft by an individual or group. The video mentions a series of hijackings in the 1960s as a catalyst for the international community to establish conventions to deter and suppress such terrorist acts, underscoring the historical context that led to the development of aviation security measures.

💡Montreal Convention of 1971

The Montreal Convention of 1971 is an international treaty that amplifies the definition of unlawful acts against the safety of civil aviation and specifies acts that are punishable by severe penalties. The video highlights this convention's role in expanding the scope of punishable offenses beyond hijackings to include other threats to aviation safety.

💡Protocol Supplementary to the Montreal Convention

The Protocol Supplementary to the Montreal Convention of 1971, adopted in 1988, extends the definition of offenses to include specific acts of violence at airports. The video discusses how this protocol enhances the international legal framework by addressing security threats at aviation-related facilities, thus broadening the scope of aviation security.

💡Contracting States

Contracting States are countries that have agreed to be bound by the terms of an international treaty. In the video, it is mentioned that all contracting states have agreed to make identified offenses punishable by severe penalties, illustrating the collective commitment of nations to enforce aviation security standards.

💡Annex 17 of the ICAO Convention

Annex 17 of the ICAO Convention is a set of standards and recommended practices (SARPs) for security in international civil aviation. The video emphasizes the requirement for signatory states to adopt these SARPs and establish security authorities, programs, and mechanisms to determine threat levels, showcasing the operational guidelines for aviation security.

💡Training Programs

Training programs are essential for implementing and maintaining aviation security standards. The video notes that all signatory states are required to implement such programs and plans, indicating the importance of continuous education and preparedness in the field of aviation security.

💡Cooperation in Security Systems and Procedures

The video mentions the ongoing commitment of each state to cooperate with others in the research and development of security systems and procedures. This keyword highlights the collaborative nature of aviation security, where nations work together to improve and satisfy security objectives, reflecting the dynamic and evolving nature of the field.

💡Aircraft Commander

The Aircraft Commander has the authority and responsibility for the safety and security of the aircraft and its occupants. The video discusses the commander's ability to restrain individuals on board if they pose a threat, and the power to deliver or disembark persons to competent authorities, demonstrating the critical role of the commander in ensuring aviation security.

Highlights

Numerous security conventions and protocols have been established to address the growing risks in global air transport security.

Three conventions and a supplementary protocol have been created to enhance air travel security.

The Tokyo Convention of 1963 grants jurisdiction to the state of registry of an aircraft for offenses committed on board.

Signatory states are obliged to take measures to restore control of an aircraft during unlawful seizures.

The Hague Convention of 1970 aims to deter and suppress terrorist acts involving unlawful seizure of aircraft.

The Montreal Convention of 1971 amplifies the definition of unlawful acts against civil aviation safety.

The 1971 Montreal Convention specifies acts that are punishable by severe penalties.

The Protocol Supplementary to the Montreal Convention of 1971 extends the definition of offenses to include acts of violence at airports.

Contracting states agree to make identified offenses punishable by severe penalties.

Annex 17 of the Chicago Convention deals with security and requires signatory states to adopt security measures.

Signatory states are required to implement training programs and plans for aviation security.

States are committed to cooperate in the research and development of security systems and procedures.

Aircraft commanders have the authority to restrain individuals jeopardizing the safety of the aircraft.

Commanders can request aid from passengers or non-crew members in maintaining order on board.

The protection of international air transportation is a complex and constantly changing task.

Cooperation between signatory states is essential to maintain high standards of aviation security while preserving the benefits of air travel.

Transcripts

a number of security-related conventions

and protocols have come into being to

deal with the increasing Global air

Transport Security risks

three conventions and a supplementary

protocol exist that Institute measures

to increase the security of air travel

over the years they have been enhanced

and the three now form the basis of the

Iko security regulation

the Tokyo Convention of 1963

provides that the state of registry of

an aircraft is competent to exercise

jurisdiction over offenses and acts

committed on board signatory aircraft

in the case of an anticipated or actual

unlawful seizure of an aircraft in

Flight by a person on board

an all-states party to the convention

are obliged to take all appropriate

measures to restore and preserve control

of the aircraft to its lawful Commander

after a series of hijackings in the

1960s

the International Community under the

auspices of Iko resolved to deter and

suppress such terrorist Acts the hay

Convention of 1970 ensures that any such

act should not go unpunished and it

defines the act of unlawful seizure of

aircraft

the Montreal Convention of 1971 further

Amplified unlawful acts against the

safety of civil aviation

and specifies those acts making them

punishable by severe penalties

it is mainly concerned with acts other

than those pertaining to the unlawful

seizure of aircraft

the protocol supplementary to the

Montreal Convention of 1971.

was adopted in 1988 by the Iko

conference

and extends the definition of offenses

given in the 1971 convention to include

specific acts of violence at airports

serving the civil aviation community

to provide International weight to these

conventions

all Contracting states have agreed to

make the identified offenses punishable

by severe penalties

you will recall that Annex 17 of the Iko

convention deals with security

and requires signatory states to adopt

the sarps and establish security

authorities programs and mechanisms for

determining threat levels

of course to make all of these

conventions work training programs are

essential

and all signatory states are required to

implement such programs and plans

additionally as an ongoing commitment to

security

each state is required to cooperate with

other states in the research and

development of security systems and

procedures which will better satisfy

security objectives

the Iko conventions allow any aircraft

commander who has reasonable grounds the

ability to restrain any party on board

and two protect the safety of the

aircraft persons or property on board

maintain good order on board

deliver or disembark any person to the

competent authorities if he believes

they are jeopardizing the aircraft

while the commander can demand help from

a member of the crew he or she can only

request the aid of a passenger or other

non-crew member

you should Now understand that the

protection of all aspects of

international air transportation is a

complex one

and a constantly changing situation

the cooperation between signatory states

to ensure that the highest standards of

Aviation Security apply

whilst maintaining the advantages of the

expeditious nature of air travel is

essential