Aula 62: Impactos das Taxas de Câmbio, Diferencial de Juros, Prêmios de Risco - Concurso Caixa 2024

Retorno Interno - Com Renan Duarte
25 Mar 202410:06

Summary

TLDRThis educational video script delves into the intricacies of exchange rates and their impact on exports and imports. It explains that a higher exchange rate benefits exporters, as they receive more local currency for their foreign earnings, while importers prefer lower rates to spend less on foreign purchases. The script further explores the inverse relationship between domestic interest rates and exchange rates, where an increase in domestic rates typically leads to currency appreciation. It also discusses how changes in foreign interest rates can lead to capital flight and affect the exchange rate. The concept of risk premium is introduced, highlighting its influence on exchange rates and trade balance, emphasizing the importance of understanding these economic dynamics.

Takeaways

  • 📈 The exchange rate significantly impacts exports and imports, with higher rates favoring exporters and lower rates favoring importers.
  • 💵 For an exporter, a higher exchange rate is beneficial as it means more local currency for the same amount of foreign currency earned.
  • 🛒 Importers prefer a lower exchange rate because it costs them less local currency to purchase the same amount of foreign goods.
  • 🔁 There is an inverse relationship between a country's internal interest rates and its exchange rate; higher internal rates can lead to currency appreciation.
  • 🌐 An increase in domestic interest rates can attract foreign investment, leading to an influx of foreign currency and a decrease in the exchange rate.
  • 📉 Conversely, a decrease in domestic interest rates can lead to capital outflow, increasing the exchange rate and favoring exports.
  • 💲 Changes in foreign interest rates, such as those in the United States, can cause capital to flow out of or into a country, affecting the exchange rate and trade balance.
  • 🏦 The risk premium is the difference between the interest rates of emerging countries like Brazil and developed countries, influencing the exchange rate and investment decisions.
  • 📊 A higher risk premium makes investing in emerging markets more attractive, leading to an influx of foreign currency and an appreciation of the local currency.
  • 📉 A decrease in the risk premium can lead to a capital outflow, causing the local currency to depreciate and favoring exports.

Q & A

  • What is the impact of exchange rates on exports and imports?

    -Exchange rates impact exports and imports by affecting the amount of local currency received or spent when converting foreign currency. For exporters, a higher exchange rate is beneficial as it means more local currency for the same amount of foreign currency earned. Conversely, importers prefer a lower exchange rate as it means they spend less local currency to acquire the same amount of foreign currency.

  • Why is a higher exchange rate favorable for exporters?

    -A higher exchange rate is favorable for exporters because it allows them to convert foreign currency earnings into more local currency. This effectively increases their revenue in domestic terms, making exports more profitable.

  • How does a lower exchange rate benefit importers?

    -A lower exchange rate benefits importers as it means they can acquire more foreign currency for the same amount of local currency spent. This reduces the cost of importing goods, making imports cheaper and potentially more competitive in the domestic market.

  • What is the relationship between a country's internal interest rates and its exchange rate?

    -There is an inverse relationship between a country's internal interest rates and its exchange rate. When internal interest rates rise, it typically leads to an appreciation of the local currency and a decrease in the exchange rate, as higher interest rates attract foreign investment, increasing the demand for the local currency.

  • How do external interest rates affect a country's exchange rate?

    -External interest rates can cause capital to flow between countries. If external interest rates rise, it may lead to capital outflow from a country, causing its currency to depreciate and the exchange rate to increase. Conversely, if external interest rates fall, it may lead to capital inflow, causing the local currency to appreciate and the exchange rate to decrease.

  • What is the risk premium, and how does it relate to exchange rates?

    -The risk premium is the additional return required by investors to compensate for the higher risk associated with investing in emerging markets compared to developed markets. It influences exchange rates because if the risk premium is high, it can attract more foreign investment, leading to an appreciation of the local currency and a decrease in the exchange rate.

  • Why might a country need to offer a higher interest rate than another to attract foreign investment?

    -A country might need to offer a higher interest rate than another to attract foreign investment due to a higher risk premium. This premium compensates investors for the additional risk associated with investing in that country, such as economic instability or political risk, which is perceived to be higher than in countries with more stable economies.

  • How does the difference in interest rates between two countries affect the exchange rate?

    -The difference in interest rates between two countries can affect the exchange rate through capital flows. If one country has a significantly higher interest rate, it may attract more foreign investment, leading to an appreciation of its currency. Conversely, if the interest rate difference narrows, it may lead to a depreciation of the currency as investors may find it less attractive to invest in that country.

  • What happens to a country's currency when its interest rates are lowered while external interest rates remain the same?

    -When a country lowers its interest rates while external interest rates remain the same, it may lead to a capital outflow as investors seek higher returns elsewhere. This can result in a depreciation of the country's currency and an increase in the exchange rate.

  • How does the exchange rate affect the balance between imports and exports?

    -The exchange rate affects the balance between imports and exports by influencing the relative prices of domestic and foreign goods. A higher exchange rate makes exports more competitive abroad but makes imports more expensive domestically. Conversely, a lower exchange rate makes imports cheaper but can reduce the competitiveness of exports.

Outlines

00:00

🌐 Exchange Rate Impacts on Exports and Imports

This paragraph discusses the effects of exchange rates on export and import activities within a country. For exporters, a higher exchange rate is preferable as it means they can convert their foreign earnings into more local currency. An example is given where a Brazilian company sells goods worth $30,000 and receives either R$50,000 or R$90,000 depending on the exchange rate. Conversely, importers benefit from a lower exchange rate as it means they spend less local currency to purchase foreign goods. The relationship between exchange rates and interest rates is also introduced, with a higher domestic interest rate leading to a decrease in the exchange rate and a stronger local currency, attracting foreign investment.

05:00

📉 Interest Rates and Exchange Rate Dynamics

The paragraph explores the inverse relationship between a country's internal interest rate and its exchange rate. An increase in domestic interest rates typically leads to a decrease in the exchange rate, resulting in the appreciation of the local currency. This happens because higher interest rates attract foreign investment, increasing the demand for the local currency and thus its value. The concept of risk premium is introduced, explaining how countries are evaluated based on economic quality and creditworthiness. The risk premium is the difference between the interest rates of emerging markets like Brazil and developed countries, influencing the exchange rate and investment decisions.

10:02

🔄 Impact of Risk Premium on Currency Exchange

This paragraph delves into the concept of risk premium and its impact on currency exchange. The risk premium is the difference in interest rates between investments in emerging markets and those in developed countries, which affects the attractiveness of investing in a particular country. A higher risk premium indicates a greater difference in interest rates, leading to an influx of foreign currency and an appreciation of the local currency. Conversely, a lower risk premium can result in capital outflow, a devaluation of the local currency, and a focus on exports. The paragraph also discusses how changes in the risk premium can influence economic activities such as imports and exports.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Exchange Rate

The exchange rate refers to the value of one country's currency in terms of another's. It plays a crucial role in international trade, affecting the cost of imports and exports. In the video, the exchange rate is discussed in the context of its impact on Brazilian exports and imports. For instance, a higher exchange rate benefits Brazilian exporters because they can convert their foreign earnings into more local currency (reais), as illustrated by the example of a company receiving R$50,000 for $10,000 at an exchange rate of R$5 per dollar.

💡Export

Exporting is the act of selling goods and services to another country. The video explains how a favorable exchange rate, one that is high, can benefit exporters. When the exchange rate is high, it means that the local currency is strong, and exporters can get more of their local currency for the foreign currency they earn, which is advantageous as shown in the script where an exporter would prefer to receive R$150,000 over R$90,000 for the same amount of dollars earned.

💡Import

Importing involves buying goods and services from another country. The video script highlights that importers prefer a lower exchange rate because it means they can acquire foreign currency (dollars) for fewer units of their local currency. This is exemplified by the scenario where an importer would prefer to pay R$90,000 rather than R$150,000 for a purchase that costs $30,000, indicating a preference for a lower exchange rate.

💡Interest Rates

Interest rates are the cost of borrowing money and the return on savings. The video discusses the inverse relationship between a country's domestic interest rates and its exchange rate. Higher domestic interest rates can lead to an appreciation of the local currency because they attract foreign investment, increasing the demand for the local currency and thus its value, as explained in the context of Brazilian interest rates affecting the exchange rate.

💡Foreign Investment

Foreign investment refers to the act of investing in a country other than one's own. The video script explains how changes in interest rates can influence foreign investment. For example, if Brazil's interest rates rise while those in other countries remain constant, it can lead to an inflow of foreign capital, as investors seek higher returns. This inflow increases the demand for the Brazilian currency, leading to its appreciation against other currencies.

💡Capital Flight

Capital flight occurs when investors move their money out of a country to avoid risks or to seek better returns elsewhere. In the video, it is mentioned in the context of how a decrease in domestic interest rates can lead to capital flight. If Brazil's interest rates fall while those in other countries, like the United States, remain higher, investors may move their money out of Brazil, leading to a depreciation of the Brazilian currency.

💡External Interest Rates

External interest rates refer to the interest rates in other countries. The video script discusses how changes in external interest rates can affect a country's exchange rate. For instance, if the United States increases its interest rates, it can lead to capital outflow from Brazil to the U.S., seeking higher returns, which can result in a depreciation of the Brazilian currency.

💡Risk Premium

The risk premium is the additional return investors demand for investing in riskier assets. In the video, the risk premium is discussed as the difference between the interest rates of emerging countries like Brazil and developed countries. It is used to attract foreign investment to riskier markets by offering higher returns. The video explains how the risk premium can influence the exchange rate, with a higher risk premium potentially leading to an appreciation of the local currency due to increased foreign investment.

💡Domestic Interest Rates

Domestic interest rates are the rates of interest charged by a country's banks for lending money to their customers. The video script explains that an increase in domestic interest rates can lead to an appreciation of the local currency due to increased foreign investment attracted by the higher returns. Conversely, a decrease can lead to depreciation as investors may seek better returns in other countries.

💡Currency Depreciation

Currency depreciation refers to a decrease in the value of a currency relative to other currencies. In the video, it is discussed in the context of how changes in interest rates and the risk premium can lead to depreciation. For example, if the risk premium decreases, making investments in Brazil less attractive compared to the United States, it can lead to capital outflow and depreciation of the Brazilian currency.

💡Currency Appreciation

Currency appreciation is the increase in value of a currency relative to other currencies. The video script explains that when domestic interest rates are higher than external rates, or when the risk premium is high, it can lead to an appreciation of the local currency. This is because higher returns attract foreign investment, increasing the demand for the local currency and thus its value, as seen in the example where a high Brazilian interest rate leads to an appreciation of the real.

Highlights

The impact of exchange rates on export and import movements within a country.

For exporters, a higher exchange rate is more favorable as it means more local currency for the same amount of dollars.

An example is given where a Brazilian company selling abroad receives more reais for the same dollar amount at a higher exchange rate.

For importers, a lower exchange rate is preferable as it means spending less local currency for the same amount of dollars.

An example illustrates that an importer would prefer to pay less in reais for a fixed dollar amount at a lower exchange rate.

The inverse relationship between a country's internal interest rate and its exchange rate is explained.

An increase in domestic interest rates leads to a decrease in the exchange rate, causing the local currency to appreciate.

The reason is that higher domestic interest rates attract foreign investment, increasing the inflow of foreign currency.

A decrease in domestic interest rates leads to an outflow of foreign currency, increasing the exchange rate and devaluing the local currency.

The relationship between exchange rates and interest rates is further explained with the impact of external interest rates on capital flows.

An increase in U.S. interest rates can lead to capital outflow from Brazil to the U.S., affecting the exchange rate.

A decrease in external interest rates can lead to capital inflow into Brazil, causing the exchange rate to appreciate.

The concept of the interest rate differential is introduced, which is crucial for understanding capital flows between countries.

The risk premium is explained as the difference in interest rates between emerging and developed countries, influencing the exchange rate.

A higher risk premium makes it more attractive for foreign investors to invest in a country like Brazil, affecting the exchange rate.

A decrease in the risk premium can lead to capital outflow and devaluation of the local currency.

The importance of understanding the risk premium in the context of global economic dynamics is emphasized.

Transcripts

play00:00

fala pessoal bem-vindos para mais uma

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aula a gente vai continuar com o mercado

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de câmbio mas uma aula mais tranquila tá

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impactos da taxa de câmbio muito do que

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a gente vai ver agora a gente já viu nas

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aulas passadas tá bem tranquilo as taxas

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de câmbio elas influenciam no movimento

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de exportações e importações que

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acontecem no país bom sob a ótica do

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exportador que está aqui no nosso país

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por exemplo que recebe em dólares é mais

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interessante que a taxa de câmbio ela

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esteja elevada pois quando for converter

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os dólares ele vai receber mais reais

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então pensa por exemplo uma empresa no

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Brasil que faz vendas lá para fora a

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venda que ela fez foi de R 30.000

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dólares vai receber em dólares né quando

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ela for fazer a conversão desse dinheiro

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no mercado de câmbio se a gente tem uma

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situação onde a taxa de câmbio nominal

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ela é de r$ 5 para cada dólar ela vai

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receber r$ 50.000 se a gente tem uma

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outra situação aonde cada dólar é

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vendido por R 3 ela vai receber 90 1000

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E aí eu pergunto é melhor receber 150 ou

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é melhor receber 90 claro que é melhor

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receber 150 tá então para o exportador é

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melhor para ele que a que a taxa de

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câmbio ela esteja elevada pro importador

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A lógica é contrária né o importador que

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compra em dólares é mais interessante

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que a taxa de câmbio ela esteja mais

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baixa pois quando for converter os

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dólares ele irá gastar menos o

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importador ele compra produtos lá de

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fora ou seja ele tem que pagar em

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dólares ele tem que trocar os seus reais

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que ele tem aqui por dólares para fazer

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a compra então uma compra de 0.000 com a

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primeira situação ele vai ter que pagar

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150.000 numa seguinte situação aonde a

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gente tem r$ 3 para cada dólar ele paga

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90.000 é melhor pagar 90 ou 150 melhor

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pagar 90 então ele vai preferir uma taxa

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de câmbio que seja menor bom dito isso

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então a gente já viu né quando é melhor

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para exportação quando é melhor para a

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importação agora a gente vai ver a

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relação né que a gente tem da taxa de

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câmbio com com a taxa de juros interno e

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depois com a taxa de juros externo

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existe uma relação inversa entre taxa de

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juros interna de um país e a taxa de

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câmbio Ou seja caso a taxa de juros se

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eleve por exemplo a taxa de câmbio ela

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diminui provocando uma valorização da

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moeda Nacional Por que que isso acontece

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quando a taxa de juros ela sobe

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considerando os juros externos como

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constantes né céos paribus isso implica

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uma entrada de divisas no país já que os

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investidores externos que investem em

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títulos brasileiros são atraídos por uma

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remuneração melhor Nessa situação a

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quantidade de moeda ex dinheiro no país

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aumenta fazendo com que haja uma queda

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na taxa de câmbio e valorização na moeda

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local é aquilo que a gente já falou em

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várias aulas né se a nossa taxa de juros

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ela sobe isso vai fazer com que

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investidores que estão lá fora Tragam

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mais dinheiro aqui pro nosso país

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entrada de Dólares entrada de moeda

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extrangeira no nosso país vai fazer com

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que o dólar ele baixe o valor né porque

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tudo que a gente tem mais abundante o

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seu preço cai se o dólar baixou de preço

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isso faz com que a taxa de câmbio ela

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diminua e a gente tem uma valorização da

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nossa moeda local por outro lado se os

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juros internos caírem isso implica uma

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saída de divisas do país pois os

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investidores estrangeiros irão procurar

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outros países para remunerar o seu

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capital aí nessa situação então a

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quantidade de moeda estrangeira diminui

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elevando a taxa de câmbio e

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desvalorizando a moeda local em resumo

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tá aumento nos juros internos a gente

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tem uma entrada de divisas entrada de

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moeda extrangeira a gente tem um câmbio

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que se valoriza e a gente tem um foco

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maior na importação porque de novo né

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quando a gente tem uma taxa de câmbio

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que ela é mais baixa a gente tem mais

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importação taxa ah taxa de juros

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internos caindo a gente tem uma saída de

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divisas o câmbio ele se desvaloriza

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porque tem menos dólares sendo

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negociados aqui e isso favorece as

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exportações tal como a gente viu aqui e

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com a taxa de juros externo Olha só se

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os juros dos Estados Unidos sobem por

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exemplo isso vai fazer com que haja uma

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fuga de capitais do Brasil para os

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Estados Unidos tá então por exemplo se a

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gente mantém os juros que estão aqui né

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Aqui está a 10% lá nos Estados Unidos

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está a dois se lá nos Estados Unidos

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subiu a quro ou seja tá mais atrativo lá

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nos Estados Unidos do que estava na

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situação anterior tá levando em

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consideração que é um país que tende a

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pagar juros menores por conta da sua

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segurança né e tudo mais aí as pessoas

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vão começar a levar o dinheiro lá para

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os Estados Unidos e isso vai fazer o quê

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então uma alta nos juros externos de

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outros países faz uma saída de divisas

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aqui do nosso país isso faz o câmbio

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desvalorizar sim porque menos dólares

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aqui dólar ele se eleva e o câmbio a

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nossa moeda local ela desvaloriza isso

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favorece exportação juros externos

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diminuíram Estados Unidos estava em 2%

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agora caiu para 1% Opa a galera vai

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tirar de lá vai colocar no Brasil

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entrada de divisas câmbio valoriza e a

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gente tem mais importações

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dito isso olha outro conceito importante

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tá agora a gente vai ver o diferencial

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entre as taxas de juros porque aqui né

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quando eu considerei a taxa de juros

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externo eu tava considerando como

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constante a taxa de juros interno quando

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eu olhei a taxa de juros interno eu

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estava considerando como constante a

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taxa de juros externo mas na verdade o

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que acontece é que podem né e mudar

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essas taxas de juros de forma simultânea

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a gente pode ter um aumento da taxa de

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juros aqui no Brasil e aumento de taxa

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de juros lá nos Estados Unidos e aí a

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gente vai entender isso daqui entre

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outras coisas com o prêmio do Risco

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assim como empresas os países também são

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avaliados de acordo com a qualidade de

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sua economia e a capacidade de pagar os

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títulos emitidos é comum nesse caso

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comparar os títulos dos países soberanos

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em moeda estrangeira com os títulos

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emitidos pelos países emergentes tá por

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exemplo se a gente tá pensando em

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crédito em nota de crédito aqui no nosso

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país a gente pode avaliar por exemplo

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quanto que a taxa celic ela tá pagando

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porque é isso que os títulos públicos em

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tese vão estar pagando se aa Lique elá

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tá 12% eu sei que no mercado de títulos

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públicos eu consigo essa segurança aqui

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aliás consigo esses 12% com essa

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segurança dos títulos públicos ou seja

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menor risco de crédito se eu for

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procurar algo no mercado fora dos

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títulos públicos eu tenho que conseguir

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algo que pague mais do que esses 12% né

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senão eu invisto aqui nos 12% porque eu

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tenho a segurança tenho liquidez quando

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a gente olha para diferentes países a

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gente também vai olhar isso tá só que

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daí a gente não vai olhar

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e especificamente os títulos públicos em

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relação a títulos privados a gente vai

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olhar o país como um todo a gente olha

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por exemplo os Estados Unidos em relação

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ao Brasil qual dos dois países fornece

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mais segurança fornece um uma um risco

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país que é o que a gente chama menor os

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Estados Unidos né que eles têm mais Eh

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mais solidez econômica ou seja se a

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gente tem as mesmas taxas de juros que

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estão sendo praticados no Brasil e nos

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Estados Unidos por que que alguém vai

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querer colocar por exemplo de dinheiro

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no Brasil se o risco de crédito lá nos

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Estados Unidos o risco país dos Estados

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Unidos é menor do que no Brasil tá então

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por conta disso a gente se quiser chamar

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investidores externos a gente tem que

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ter uma taxa de juros que seja maior e o

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prêmio do risco é isso é essa diferença

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entre a taxa de juros de países

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emergentes tal como o Brasil em relação

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a países soberanos porque se não houver

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essa diferença os investidores vão

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preferir colocar os seus dinheiros nos

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países soberanos o prêmio de risco ele é

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a diferença entre o rendimento de um

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investimento em um país emergente e o

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rendimento dos títulos de países

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soberanos como os dos Estados Unidos Por

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exemplo então taxa de juros nos Estados

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Unidos é 3% taxa de juros no Brasil 10%

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o prêmio do risco é a diferença entre

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esses dois tá 7% não necessariamente A

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diferença vai ser exatamente 7% tá tem

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que fazer o cálculo aí de juros

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compostos porque a gente tá tratando de

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juros mas porque a gente que entender a

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lógica é isso prêmio de risco é a

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diferença entre a taxa de juro de países

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emergentes e de países desenvolvidos

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países soberanos o prêmio de risco ele

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também influencia na taxa de câo pois

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quanto maior o prêmio de risco maior

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tende a ser a entrada de divisas no país

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levando a uma redução na taxa de câmbio

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ou seja quanto maior for essa diferença

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aqui entre as duas taxas de juros né

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Então essa é uma situação a por exemplo

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eu posso ter uma situação B aqui aonde a

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taxa de juros dos Estados Unidos foi

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para 4% mas a do Brasil foi para 12%

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qual que vai ser o prêmio de risco aqui

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vai ser 88%

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prêmio de risco na situação B 88% é

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maior do que na situação a ou seja eh

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ainda que tem aumentado a taxa de juros

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nos Estados Unidos a do Brasil aumentou

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mais ainda aí nesse sentido os

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estrangeiros eles vão ver que agora está

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mais atrativo colocar no Brasil dinheiro

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quando eles colocarem dinheiro aqui no

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Brasil a gente vai ter mais dólares aqui

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vai acontecer então uma valorização do

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real porque o dólar ele vai perder valor

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tá é isso é como se a gente tivesse só

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aumentando da taxa de juros só que a

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gente tá fazendo o diferencial entre os

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dois países se o prêmio do Risco ele

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diminuir por outro lado A Fuga de

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capitais levando a taxa de câmbio e

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desvalorizando a moeda local tá então é

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basicamente isso que a gente já viu aqui

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tá só que em relação agora ao prêmio do

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risco que essa a diferença entre os dois

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então a gente poderia pensar da seguinte

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forma né prêmio de risco maior a gente

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tem entrada divisas câmbio valoriza e

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mais importação prêmio de risco caindo

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Ou seja a diferença de juros entre o

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país emergente e o país soberano ela

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ficou mais mais próxima essa diferença

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ao invés de ser 7% ela ficou para seis

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né o Brasil baixou a taxa de juros para

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nove e os Estados Unidos Manteve a sua

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taxa de juros aí nessa situação aí a

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gente tem juros internos aliás desculpa

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a gente tem um prêmio de risco que está

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caindo a gente tem saída de divisas

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câmbio desvaloriza e a gente tem

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exportações tá basicamente é isso

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bom eu vou fazer o corte aqui e a gente

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volta para resolver essas questões

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