Qu'est-ce que la mondialisation ?

Les Echos

24 Jan 201902:19

Summary

TLDRGlobalization, characterized by the rapid increase in global trade, has been driven by the opening of former communist countries and the rise of the internet. This has lifted hundreds of millions out of extreme poverty but also created losers, contributing to the rise of populism. The future of globalization is uncertain, influenced by political choices and economic factors such as automation and data-driven trends.

Takeaways

🌐 Globalization is a movement towards more global exchanges of goods and services, which have increased from 18% to 31% of global GDP between the 1980s and 2008.
📈 The rapid growth of globalization was driven by two main factors: the opening of previously communist countries and the rise of the Internet, which facilitated global production organization.
🚧 The financial crisis halted the momentum of globalization, with trade as a percentage of global production falling below pre-crisis levels.
😇 Globalization has lifted hundreds of millions of people out of extreme poverty, which is a significant positive outcome.
😞 Despite the overall positive impact, globalization has also created losers, contributing to the rise of populism, although the number of losers is less than the number of winners.
🔄 The future of globalization is uncertain and depends on political and economic decisions, including choices about trade policies and the location of production by businesses.
🏛️ Political decisions play a crucial role in shaping globalization, as seen in historical shifts following World War I and post-World War II policies, and recent moves towards protectionism by leaders like Donald Trump.
🏭 Economic factors, such as automation and the desire to be closer to customers, may lead businesses to relocalize production, potentially changing the nature of globalization.
💡 A new form of globalization could emerge, focused on data and big data, as technology continues to evolve and shape global interactions.
❓ The script poses the question of what the future holds for globalization, emphasizing that it is a choice influenced by both political and economic factors.

Q & A

What is globalization according to the script?
-Globalization is described as a movement where things become more global than before, particularly in the context of increased exchanges of goods and services.
What was the percentage of global trade relative to global GDP in 2008?
-In 2008, global trade accounted for 31% of the world's GDP, which was a significant increase from 18% twenty years prior.
What were the two main drivers of globalization mentioned in the script?
-The two main drivers of globalization were the opening of previously communist countries and the rise of the Internet, which enabled businesses to organize production worldwide.
How did the financial crisis impact globalization?
-The financial crisis halted the momentum of globalization, with the weight of exchanges in global production falling below what it was just before the crisis.
What has been the positive outcome of past globalization according to the script?
-Past globalization has lifted hundreds of millions of people out of extreme poverty, which is considered a significant positive outcome.
Who are considered the losers of globalization and what role do they play in today's society?
-The losers of globalization, though fewer in number than the winners, are more numerous than previously thought and are likely one of the key drivers of what is now called populism.
Is globalization an inevitable fact or a choice, as per the script?
-Globalization is presented as a choice, not an inescapable fact. It is influenced by political decisions and can be shaped by human actions.
How did the First World War affect an earlier phase of globalization?
-The First World War abruptly ended a very intense phase of globalization that was occurring at the end of the 19th century.
What was the post-Second World War approach towards globalization by advanced countries?
-After the Second World War, advanced countries collectively decided to open their borders, which was a contrast to the pre-World War I era.
What is the stance of the current U.S. President, Donald Trump, on globalization?
-The current U.S. President, Donald Trump, is leaning towards closing doors rather than opening them, indicating a move away from globalization.
What economic factors might influence the future of globalization?
-Economic factors such as advancements in automation and the desire of companies to be closer to their customers could lead to the relocalization of production.
What new form of globalization is suggested as a potential successor in the script?
-The script suggests that a new form of globalization could be centered around data and big data.

Outlines

00:00

🌐 Globalization Overview

Globalization is described as a movement that has increased the global nature of exchanges of goods and services. In 2008, these exchanges accounted for 31% of the world's GDP, a significant increase from 18% twenty years prior, indicating a rapid pace of globalization. The script highlights two main drivers of this process: the opening of previously communist countries and the rise of the Internet, which facilitated global production organization for businesses. However, the financial crisis halted this momentum, with trade's share in global production falling below pre-crisis levels. The script poses the question of whether this is good or bad news, leaving it open for interpretation. It acknowledges that while globalization has lifted millions out of extreme poverty, it has also created losers, who may be a significant factor in the rise of populism. The future of globalization is presented as a matter of political and economic choice, with the potential for a shift towards data and big data-driven globalization.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Globalization

Globalization refers to the process of increasing global connectivity and integration in terms of trade, culture, and technology. In the video, it is described as a movement that has made exchanges of goods and services more global than before, with a significant increase in the percentage of world GDP attributed to these exchanges. The video discusses how globalization has rapidly evolved, especially with the opening of previously communist countries and the rise of the internet, allowing businesses to organize production globally.

💡Trade

Trade in this context refers to the exchange of goods and services, which is a key aspect of globalization. The script mentions that in 2008, trade accounted for 31% of the world's GDP, indicating a substantial increase from 18% twenty years prior. This highlights the growth of global trade as a measure of globalization's impact on economic activity.

💡Economic Crisis

The economic crisis mentioned in the video refers to the financial crisis that began in 2008, which had a halting effect on the momentum of globalization. The script points out that the weight of trade in global production has decreased since the crisis, suggesting a slowdown in the pace of globalization.

💡Opening of Markets

This term is used to describe the policy of liberalizing trade and investment between countries, which has been a significant driver of globalization. The video notes the opening of previously communist countries as a key factor in the acceleration of globalization, allowing for more extensive trade and economic integration.

💡Internet

The internet is highlighted as a technological enabler of globalization, allowing businesses to organize production across the globe. The video suggests that the rise of the internet has been instrumental in the rapid expansion of global trade and the interconnectedness of economies.

💡Extreme Poverty

Extreme poverty is discussed in the context of the positive impacts of globalization, as it has helped to lift hundreds of millions of people out of such conditions. The video emphasizes this as an important achievement of the past phase of globalization.

💡Losers of Globalization

The term 'losers of globalization' refers to those who have been negatively affected by the process, such as workers who have lost jobs due to offshoring or automation. The video points out that while there are fewer losers than winners, their existence is significant and has contributed to the rise of populism.

💡Populism

Populism in the video is linked to the discontent among those who have been negatively impacted by globalization. It is suggested as a political response to the perceived failures of globalization to benefit all members of society equally, leading to a rise in political movements that advocate for more protectionist policies.

💡Political Choice

The video frames globalization as a political choice rather than an inevitable fact, emphasizing that historical events, such as world wars, and policy decisions, like opening or closing borders, have shaped the course of globalization. It contrasts the post-World War II era of open borders with the current trend of some leaders, like Donald Trump, advocating for more protectionist measures.

💡Automation

Automation is mentioned as a factor that could influence the future of globalization. The video suggests that with advancements in automation, companies might choose to relocalize their production closer to their customers or where labor is more cost-effective, potentially changing the landscape of global trade and production.

💡Big Data

Big data is presented as a potential new driver of globalization in the video. It suggests that as the world moves towards a more data-centric economy, the exchange and utilization of large datasets could become a new form of global integration, distinct from traditional trade in goods and services.

Highlights

Globalization is a movement that has become more worldwide, particularly in the exchange of goods and services.

In 2008, global trade accounted for 31% of the world's GDP, a significant increase from 18% two decades prior.

The rapid globalization was driven by two main factors: the opening of formerly communist countries and the rise of the Internet.

The financial crisis marked the end of this phase of globalization, with trade weights falling below pre-crisis levels.

Globalization has lifted hundreds of millions out of extreme poverty, which is a significant achievement.

Despite the benefits, globalization has also created losers, contributing to the rise of populism.

The future of globalization is a matter of political and economic choice, not an inevitable fact.

Globalization was previously halted by the First World War, but post-WWII decisions favored openness.

Current political figures like Donald Trump suggest a shift towards closing borders, indicating a potential reversal of globalization trends.

Economic factors, such as automation and customer proximity, may influence companies to relocate production.

A new form of globalization could emerge, focused on data and big data.

The impact of globalization on poverty reduction is a key point of discussion.

The number of losers in globalization is a contentious issue, with the actual numbers being higher than previously thought.

The political choice of globalization is highlighted by contrasting historical decisions with current trends.

Economic decisions by businesses will play a crucial role in shaping the future of globalization.

The potential for a data-driven globalization is suggested as a new direction for global economic integration.