Tumor Classification: Tissue Type, Grading & Staging - Medical-Surgical (Immune) | @LevelUpRN

Summary

This video delves into tumor classification, focusing on tissue types, grading, and staging. It outlines five main cancer types: carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemia, myeloma, and lymphoma, detailing their origins in various body tissues. The video explains cancer grading, which compares the cancer's differentiation to the tissue of origin on a scale of one to four. It also covers the TNM staging methodology, which assesses tumor size, lymph node involvement, and metastasis. The summary aims to enhance understanding of tumor classification, with a follow-up video on cancer treatment complications.

Takeaways

• 📚 Tumor classification is based on tissue type, grading, and staging.
• 🔬 Carcinomas are the most common type of cancer, originating in epithelial tissue.
• 🧬 Adenocarcinomas are carcinomas that originate in glandular tissue, while squamous cell carcinomas originate in squamous epithelium.
• 🦴 Sarcomas are cancers that arise from connective tissues like bones, muscles, and cartilage.
• 🩸 Leukemia originates in the bone marrow, affecting blood-forming tissues.
• 🧫 Myeloma is a cancer that starts in plasma cells within the bone marrow.
• 💧 Lymphoma begins in the lymphatic system, including lymph nodes and the spleen.
• 📊 Grading cancer involves comparing it to the tissue of origin on a scale of one to four, with one being well-differentiated and four being poorly differentiated.
• 📈 Staging cancer uses the TNM system, which considers tumor size (T), lymph node involvement (N), and metastasis (M).
• 🔍 Tumor size is categorized as T1 to T4, with T1 being small and T4 being large.
• 🔎 Lymph node involvement is indicated by N0 to N3, showing the number of affected lymph nodes.
• 🌐 Metastasis is classified as M0 (no spread) or M1 (cancer has spread to other parts of the body).

Q & A

What is the main focus of the video?

The main focus of the video is to discuss tumor classification, specifically the tissue type, grading, and staging of cancer.

What are the five main types of cancer mentioned in the video?

The five main types of cancer mentioned are carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemia, myeloma, and lymphoma.

What percentage of cancers are carcinomas, and where do they originate?

Carcinomas make up around 80 to 90% of cancers and they originate in the epithelial tissue.

What are the two subtypes of carcinomas discussed in the video?

The two subtypes of carcinomas discussed are adenocarcinomas, which originate in organs or glands that secrete substances like mucus, and squamous cell carcinoma, which originates in the squamous epithelium.

What is a sarcoma and where do they typically originate?

A sarcoma is a cancer that originates in the supportive or connective tissues of the body, such as bones, muscle, tendon, cartilage, and fat.

What are two examples of sarcomas mentioned in the video?

Two examples of sarcomas mentioned are osteosarcoma, which originates in the bone, and chondrosarcoma, which originates in the cartilage.

What is leukemia and where does it originate?

Leukemia is a type of cancer that originates in the bone marrow.

What is myeloma and where does it specifically originate?

Myeloma is a cancer that originates in the plasma cells specifically within the bone marrow.

What is lymphoma and where does it typically originate?

Lymphoma originates in the lymphatic glands or nodes, or in organs such as the thymus or spleen.

How is cancer graded and what does the grade indicate?

Cancer is graded by comparing it to the tissue of origin and assigning a grade of one to four. A grade of one indicates that the cancer is well differentiated and closely resembles the tissue of origin, while a grade of four means the cancer has no similarity at all to the tissue of origin.

What is the TNM staging methodology and what does each component represent?

The TNM staging methodology is used for cancer staging, where T stands for tumor size and extent, N stands for the number of regional lymph nodes involved, and M indicates whether there is metastasis (M0 for no metastasis, M1 for metastasis).

What does a T1, N0, M0 classification in the TNM staging system indicate?

A T1, N0, M0 classification indicates a small tumor (T1), no involvement of lymph nodes (N0), and no metastasis (M0).

Outlines

00:00

🔬 Tumor Classification Overview

This video segment provides an overview of tumor classification, focusing on tissue types, grading, and staging of cancer. The speaker references card number 20 from the Immune System deck of the Medical-Surgical Nursing 2nd Edition. Cancer types are primarily defined by the tissue in which they originate. The main types include carcinomas, which are the most common (80-90%) and originate in epithelial tissue, including adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas. Sarcomas originate in connective or supportive tissues like bones and muscles, with examples like osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma. Leukemia starts in the bone marrow, myeloma in plasma cells, and lymphoma in lymphatic glands or nodes. The video also explains cancer grading, which compares the cancer to the tissue of origin on a scale of one to four, with grade one being well-differentiated and grade four showing no resemblance to the tissue of origin. Lastly, the TNM staging method is introduced, which includes T for tumor size and extent, N for the number of affected lymph nodes, and M for metastasis presence or absence.

Keywords

💡Tumor Classification

Tumor classification is a systematic method used to categorize tumors based on their characteristics, such as tissue type, grade, and stage. In the video, this concept is central to understanding cancer types and their progression. The script discusses how tumors are classified by the type of tissue they originate from, which is crucial for diagnosis and treatment planning.

💡Carcinomas

Carcinomas are a type of cancer that originates in the epithelial tissue, which lines the body's surfaces and cavities, and makes up many glands and organs. The video emphasizes that carcinomas are the most common form of cancer, accounting for 80 to 90% of cases. Examples given in the script include adenocarcinomas, which secrete substances like mucus, and squamous cell carcinoma, which originates in squamous epithelium.

💡Sarcomas

Sarcomas are cancers that arise from the supportive or connective tissues of the body, such as bones, muscles, tendons, cartilage, and fat. The script mentions osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma as examples, highlighting the diversity of sarcomas and their origination from different types of connective tissues.

💡Leukemia

Leukemia is a cancer that originates in the bone marrow, affecting the blood and immune systems. The video script explains that leukemia is a specific type of cancer with unique characteristics, differing from other cancers that may originate in solid tissues.

💡Myeloma

Myeloma, also known as multiple myeloma, is a type of cancer that originates in plasma cells within the bone marrow. The video script distinguishes myeloma from other types of blood cancers by emphasizing its origin in plasma cells, which are responsible for antibody production.

💡Lymphoma

Lymphoma is a type of cancer that begins in the lymphatic system, specifically in the lymph nodes, thymus, or spleen. The video script includes lymphoma in the discussion of tissue-specific cancers, illustrating the variety of tissues where cancer can originate.

💡Grading

Grading is the process of comparing a cancer's cell structure to the normal tissue of origin to determine its differentiation level. The video script explains that grades range from one to four, with grade one indicating well-differentiated cancer cells that closely resemble normal tissue, and grade four indicating poorly differentiated cells with no resemblance to the tissue of origin.

💡Staging

Staging is a method used to describe the extent of cancer in the body, often using the TNM system. The video script describes the TNM system, where 'T' stands for tumor size and extent, 'N' for the number of affected lymph nodes, and 'M' for metastasis. This system is crucial for understanding the progression of cancer and planning treatment.

💡TNM Staging Methodology

The TNM staging methodology is a widely used system for classifying the size and spread of cancer. The video script breaks down the TNM system, explaining that 'T' categories describe tumor size, 'N' categories indicate lymph node involvement, and 'M' categories signify whether the cancer has metastasized.

💡Metastasis

Metastasis refers to the spread of cancer from its original site to other parts of the body. The video script uses the term 'M' in the TNM staging system to denote whether metastasis has occurred (M1) or not (M0), which is a critical factor in determining the severity and treatment approach for cancer.

💡Nursing Care

Nursing care in the context of the video script refers to the specialized care provided to cancer patients, including managing treatment complications and providing patient education. The video concludes by mentioning that the next video will discuss nursing care, indicating the importance of comprehensive care in cancer management.

Highlights

Introduction to tumor classification covering tissue type, grading, and staging.

Carcinomas are the most common type of cancer, originating in epithelial tissue.

Adenocarcinomas are a subtype of carcinomas that originate in glandular tissue.

Squamous cell carcinomas originate in squamous epithelium.

Sarcomas are cancers that arise from supportive or connective tissues like bones and muscles.

Examples of sarcomas include osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma.

Leukemia is a cancer type that originates in the bone marrow.

Myeloma is a cancer that originates in plasma cells within the bone marrow.

Lymphoma originates in the lymphatic system, including lymph nodes and organs like the spleen.

Cancer grading is based on how closely the cancer cells resemble the tissue of origin.

Grade one cancers are well-differentiated and resemble the tissue of origin.

Grade four cancers show no similarity to the tissue of origin and tend to grow rapidly.

TNM staging methodology is used for cancer staging.

Tumor size and extent determine the T category in TNM staging.

N category in TNM staging represents the involvement of regional lymph nodes.

M category indicates whether the cancer has metastasized to other parts of the body.

M0 signifies no metastasis, while M1 indicates cancer has spread to other body parts.

Upcoming video will discuss nursing care and patient education on cancer treatment complications.

Transcripts

Hi. In this video, we are going to talk about  tumor classification. Specifically, we will talk  

about tissue type as well as grading and staging  of cancer. If you are following along with cards,  

I am on card number 20 in the Immune System of  our Medical-Surgical Nursing 2nd Edition deck. 

So when we are describing a type of cancer, we are  typically referring to the type of tissue in which  

the cancer originates. And there are 5 main  types of cancer that I would be familiar with. 

The first are carcinomas. So carcinomas  make up the majority of cancers,  

around 80 to 90%, and they originate in the  epithelial tissue. So epithelial tissue,  

it lines your body surfaces, like the skin.  It lines your body cavities, and it makes up  

many of the glands and organs in the body. Within carcinomas, we have adenocarcinomas  

which are organs or glands that typically  secrete substances such as mucus. 

And then, we also have squamous cell carcinoma  which originates in the squamous epithelium. 

Alright. After carcinomas, we have sarcomas.  So sarcomas are cancers that originate in the  

supportive or connective tissues of the body. So  this can include bones, muscle, tendon, cartilage  

and fat. Some examples of sarcomas include  osteosarcoma, so that is a cancer that originates  

in the bone, as well as chondrosarcoma, which  is a cancer that originates in the cartilage. 

Okay. Then we have leukemia. Leukemia is a type  of cancer that originates in the bone marrow. 

And then we have myeloma, and myeloma cancer  originates in the plasma cells specifically,  

in the bone marrow. And then lastly we have  

lymphoma. Lymphoma originates in  the lymphatic glands or nodes,  

or in organs such as the thymus or spleen. Now that we've identified the tissue type,  

we need to grade the cancer. So with  grading, we are comparing the cancer  

to the tissue of origin, and we're giving  it a grade of one, two, three or four. 

Grade one means that the cancer is well  differentiated and it resembles the tissue of  

origin, versus a four, which mean that the cancer  has no similarity at all to the tissue of origin. 

So a grade of one is definitely better, because  a grade one cancer usually grows more slowly,  

versus a grade four cancer usually  grows very quickly and spreads rapidly. 

Alright. Let's talk about staging. So when  we're staging cancer, we use the TNM staging  

methodology. So T stands for tumor, N stands  for node, and M stands for metastasis. 

So with T for tumor, we're going to have  either a T1, T2, T3, or T4. And this is really  

given based on the size and extent of the tumor.  So if it's a nice little small tumor, it gets T1.  

If it's a really big one, then it would get T4. Then we have node, N for node. And this really  

corresponds to the number of regional lymph  nodes involved in the cancer. So if the cancer  

has spread to the lymph nodes, this tells you  the number of lymph nodes that are affected.  

So you can have N0, which means that no lymph  nodes have been affected, but you can also have  

N1, N2, N3. So if you have N2, that means  there are two lymph nodes where the cancer  

has spread and affected those lymph nodes. And then lastly, we have metastasis. So we  

either have M0 or M1. M0 means we have no  metastasis, so the cancer has not spread  

to other places in the body. And 1 means we do  have metastasis to other places in the body. 

Okay. So hopefully that's been helpful for you  to understand the classification of tumors.  

In my next video, we will talk about nursing care  and patient teaching regarding complications that  

occur with cancer treatment. Thank you so much  for watching, and I'll see you on the next video!