DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE REASONING | TAGLISH

Summary

Today's topic delves into deductive and inductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning starts with general premises and applies them to specific situations, using established truths to draw conclusions, exemplified by prime numbers and human muscles. Inductive reasoning, conversely, builds general conclusions from specific observations, like numbers divisible by five or cats hissing at someone. The video provides clear examples to differentiate between the two, such as a student's major or the condition of houses on a street, emphasizing the logical structures behind each.

Takeaways

• 🔍 Deductive reasoning involves starting with general premises and applying them to a specific situation to reach a conclusion.
• 🔑 In deductive reasoning, conclusions are proven right by using rules, laws, theories, and widely accepted truths.
• 📚 An example of deductive reasoning is concluding that a number is odd because it's a prime number other than 2.
• 🏗 The transcript uses the example of drafting majors to illustrate how deductive reasoning can be applied to a specific scenario involving Alex and a building plan.
• 🔎 Inductive reasoning starts with specific observations and uses them to form general conclusions, which is the opposite of deductive reasoning.
• 🔢 The transcript provides an example of inductive reasoning with numbers ending in 5 or 0 being divisible by 5.
• 🐱 Another inductive example is concluding that all cats might hate someone because multiple cats have hissed at them.
• 👨‍🔧 The transcript discusses how observing students' behaviors can lead to the general conclusion that they are studying welding and fabrication.
• 🟥 The example of chairs being red in different rooms is used to demonstrate inductive reasoning and its general nature.
• ⚖️ Deductive reasoning is shown with examples such as a football player's weight and the mortality of humans, where specific cases lead to general conclusions.
• 🌿 The script concludes with a deductive reasoning example about plants performing photosynthesis, linking a specific plant to a broader category.

Q & A

What is deductive reasoning?

Deductive reasoning is a method of reasoning where one starts with general ideas called premises and applies them to a specific situation. It uses rules, laws, theories, and other widely accepted truths to prove that a conclusion is correct.

Can you provide an example of deductive reasoning from the script?

Yes, an example given is: 'All prime numbers are odd; 2 is a prime number.' From these premises, the conclusion is '2 is an odd number.'

What is the difference between the premises and the conclusion in deductive reasoning?

In deductive reasoning, premises are the general statements or facts from which the conclusion is derived. The conclusion is the specific statement that logically follows from the premises.

How does the example with Alex and the drafting major illustrate deductive reasoning?

The example states that 'the drafting major class was designed to draw a plan for a new building' and 'Alex draws a plan for a new building.' Since Alex is also a student, the conclusion is 'Alex is a drafting major.'

What is inductive reasoning?

Inductive reasoning is a method of reasoning where one observes specific instances and uses them to form a general conclusion. It is the opposite of deductive reasoning, starting from particular premises to reach a broad idea.

Can you provide an example of inductive reasoning from the script?

Yes, an example given is observing that '25 is divisible by 5' and '30 is divisible by 5,' and then generalizing that 'numbers ending in five or zero are divisible by five.'

How does the script differentiate between deductive and inductive reasoning?

The script differentiates by showing that deductive reasoning starts with general premises and applies them to a specific case, while inductive reasoning starts with specific observations and forms a general conclusion.

What is the conclusion in the example about the chairs in the house?

The conclusion is 'all the chairs in the house are red,' which is reached by observing that chairs in the living room, dining room, and bedroom are red.

Why is the example about the chairs considered inductive reasoning?

It is considered inductive reasoning because the conclusion is a general statement about all chairs in the house based on observing that specific chairs in different rooms are red.

What is the conclusion in the example about Ray being a football player?

The conclusion is 'Ray must weigh more than 170 pounds' because all other football players on the high school team weigh more than 170 pounds.

Why is the example about Ray considered deductive reasoning?

It is considered deductive reasoning because it starts with the general premise that all football players on the team weigh more than 170 pounds and applies it to the specific case of Ray, concluding that he must also weigh more than 170 pounds.

Outlines

00:00

🔍 Deductive and Inductive Reasoning Explained

This paragraph introduces the concepts of deductive and inductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning is a logical process where one starts with general premises and applies them to a specific situation to reach a conclusion. The paragraph uses examples such as 'all prime numbers are odd' and 'all humans have muscles' to illustrate how specific instances are derived from broader truths. In contrast, inductive reasoning is described as a method that uses specific observations to form general conclusions, as demonstrated by the example of numbers ending in 5 or 0 being divisible by 5. The paragraph also presents a scenario involving a drafting major class to further clarify deductive reasoning, and a personal anecdote about cats to exemplify inductive reasoning.

05:02

🔎 Further Examples of Deductive and Inductive Reasoning

The second paragraph delves deeper into deductive and inductive reasoning with additional examples. It challenges the listener to identify whether examples provided are deductive or inductive. For instance, the paragraph discusses the color of chairs in different rooms of a house (inductive) and the weight of a football player based on the average weight of his team (deductive). It also includes a humorous example about the mortality of humans and a botanical example involving plants and photosynthesis. The paragraph concludes with a prompt for the audience to apply these reasoning methods to everyday situations and ends with a call to action for likes, subscriptions, and shares.

Keywords

💡Deductive Reasoning

Deductive reasoning is a logical process where one starts with general premises and applies them to a specific situation to reach a conclusion. In the video, it is defined as starting with premises like 'all prime numbers are odd' and then applying this to the specific case of '2 is a prime number' to conclude that '2 is an odd number.' This type of reasoning is essential for understanding how to apply general rules to specific instances and is a key concept in logic and critical thinking.

💡Inductive Reasoning

Inductive reasoning is the process of drawing general conclusions from specific observations. Unlike deductive reasoning, it moves from the particular to the general. In the video, the example given is observing that '25 is divisible by 5' and '30 is divisible by 5' to generalize that 'numbers ending in five and zero are divisible by five.' This concept is crucial for understanding how to form broad ideas or hypotheses based on patterns observed in specific instances.

💡Premises

In the context of deductive reasoning, premises are the general ideas or statements that serve as the starting point for logical arguments. The video mentions 'all prime numbers are odd' and 'all humans are made up of living tissue' as examples of premises. These statements are foundational to deductive reasoning as they provide the basis from which conclusions are drawn.

💡Conclusion

A conclusion in logical reasoning is the final statement that is reached after applying premises to a specific situation. The video illustrates this with examples like '2 is an odd number' in deductive reasoning and 'numbers ending in five and zero are divisible by five' in inductive reasoning. The conclusion is the end result of the reasoning process and must logically follow from the premises.

💡Specific Observations

Specific observations are the individual instances or data points that are used in inductive reasoning to form general conclusions. The video uses the example of observing that a neighbor's cat hisses at the speaker, and all cats at a pet store also hiss, leading to the general conclusion that 'all cats probably hate me.' These observations are the building blocks of inductive arguments.

💡General Conclusions

General conclusions are the broad ideas or hypotheses that are derived from specific observations in inductive reasoning. The video contrasts this with deductive reasoning by showing how one might conclude that 'all humans are made of living tissue' based on the specific observation that 'all muscles are made of living tissue' and 'all humans have muscles.' General conclusions aim to capture patterns or trends across multiple instances.

💡Logical Fallacy

Although not explicitly mentioned in the video, the concept of logical fallacies is implicitly present when discussing reasoning. A logical fallacy is an error in reasoning that undermines the validity of an argument. For example, the video's incorrect statement 'since all humans are mortal and I am a human, therefore I am immortal' is a fallacy known as 'affirming the consequent,' which is a type of deductive reasoning error.

💡Major Class

The term 'major class' in the video refers to a specific field of study within an educational curriculum. It is used in the context of deductive reasoning with the example 'the drafting major class was designed to draw a plan for a new building.' The class is a premise from which conclusions about students' activities, like Alex drawing a plan for a new building, are drawn.

💡Living Tissue

In the video, 'living tissue' is used as a predicate in a premise to illustrate deductive reasoning. It is part of the statement 'all muscles are made out of living tissue,' which is then applied to the specific case of humans having muscles to conclude that 'all humans are made up of living tissue.' This term is integral to understanding the composition of biological entities in the context of the argument.

💡Divisibility

Divisibility is a mathematical concept discussed in the video within the context of inductive reasoning. The script uses the example of numbers divisible by 5 to show how specific observations (25 and 30 being divisible by 5) lead to the general conclusion that numbers ending in 5 or 0 are divisible by 5. This concept is fundamental to understanding patterns in numbers and is used to demonstrate inductive reasoning.

Highlights

Deductive reasoning starts with general ideas and applies them to specific situations.

Deductive reasoning uses widely accepted truths to prove conclusions.

Example of deductive reasoning: All prime numbers are odd, 2 is a prime number, therefore 2 is odd.

Another deductive example: All humans have muscles, all muscles are made of living tissue, thus all humans are made of living tissue.

Inductive reasoning uses specific observations to reach general conclusions.

Inductive reasoning is the opposite of deductive, starting from particular premises to a broad idea.

Example of inductive reasoning: If 25 and 30 are divisible by 5, then numbers ending in 5 or 0 are divisible by 5.

Inductive reasoning example with cats: If a neighbor's cat and cats at a pet store hiss, it's concluded that all cats might hate the speaker.

Inductive reasoning in a college setting: If students in a class buy steel and carry grinders, they might be studying welding and fabrication.

Deductive reasoning example with a football player: If all football players weigh more than 170 pounds and Ray is a football player, then Ray must weigh more than 170 pounds.

Deductive reasoning about mortality: Since all humans are mortal and I am a human, I am mortal.

Deductive reasoning about plants: If all plants perform photosynthesis and Khakti is a plant, then Khakti performs photosynthesis.

Inductive reasoning about house conditions: If every house on South Street is falling apart and Shelly lives there, her house is probably falling apart.

Inductive reasoning about chairs: If chairs in different rooms are red, it's concluded that all chairs in the house are red.

The importance of distinguishing between deductive and inductive reasoning for logical conclusions.

Thank you for listening and an invitation to like, subscribe, and share the video for more updates.

Transcripts

hello everyone

our topic for today is all about

deductive and inductive

reasoning so deductive and inductive

reasoning

deductive reasoning is requires one to

start with a few general ideas

called premises and apply them to a

specific situation

recognize rules laws theories and other

widely accepted truths

are used to prove that the conclusion is

right

example all prime numbers

are odd 2 is a prime number

at this portion you will get these are

premises

so you will get the subject here

and the predicate here

and combined therefore tu

is an odd number so that's is all about

deductive reasoning another

all muscles are made out of living

fishes

all humans are have muscles then

get the subject in the second premise

and then get the predicate in the

first premise and combine all humans are

made up

or made out of living tissue

the drafting major class was designed

to draw a plan for a new building alex

draw plan for new building and alex is

also a student

if alex is a student and he draws plan

for new building

what would be the conclusion

in the portion of alex it was written

that alex draw

plan for the new building the drafting

majors

major class was assigned to develop land

for the new building so alice in the

nation

so we will cut or we will

terminate this part and then this part

and alex is also a student

therefore alex is a drafting major

now let's proceed to inductive reasoning

so inductive listening is more on

general sopana in general

uses a set of specific observations to

reach out

over arching conclusions it is

the opposite of deductive listening so a

few

particular premises create a pattern

which gives

us our way to a broad idea so the idea

is too broad

that is likely true so for instance

25 is divisible by 5 and 30 is divisible

by

5. looking to the given 30 and 25

are both divisible by

5. in general if we will conclude this

the last two numbers in 25 and 30 are

five

and zero so we can conclude that those

numbers ends in five and zero are bo

are divisible by five let's see

both numbers ending in zero or five are

divisible

by so that's how we conclude in

inductive reasoning

it is broad it's general

another my neighbors cat he says me

daily

at the pet store all cats he's

at me

in east therefore there might be

a conclusion that all cats probably hate

me

because they hiss them uh he's him or

her

so um for this part the general

conflation is all cats probably

hate me okay

another in mpc there are

students mpc is a college uh

name for let's say um

it's a it is a college name okay

so there are students who studying

welding and fabrication

so alan most of the time bought steels

for his requirement in his class and jen

always

have grinder in his bag if alan most

of the time brought steels and jen

always have been there in his bag

what will be the conclusion so the

conclusion might be

both alan and jan are studying welding

and fabrication

alan steele

welding and fabrication so the

conclusion is too general

okay it is too general therefore it is

inductive

reasoning i give you more examples

the chair in the living room is red so

let's determine this example if they are

deductive or inductive reasoning based

on their accomplishment

the chair in the living room is red the

chair in the dining room is red the

chair in the bedroom is red

therefore all the chairs in the house

are red what is your conclude

what do you think what type of reasoning

will be this example

correct so that is inductive reasoning

because the

the uh conclusions or the conclusion

rather is

general rey is a football player all the

other football players on the high

school team

weigh more than 170 pounds therefore ray

must

weigh more than 170 pounds

so what do you think is this so this

is a deductive reasoning sorry

um might work

weight uh more than 170 pounds because

he

is a football player practically every

house in the south street

is falling sure shelly lives on the

south street so

the conclusion her house is probably

falling apart

so what type of prisoning correct that

is deductive reasoning

since all humans are mortal and i am a

human

therefore i am immortal

correct so that is a deductive reasoning

cathy are plants and all plants perform

photosynthesis therefore

khakti perform photosynthesis correct

so that is

a deductive reasoning

correct all right so that that's all

about deductive and inductive

reasoning lesson with that thank you

very much for listening don't forget to

hit

the like button below subscribe and

share this video for more updates bye