Poblamiento Americano | Teorías Inmigracionistas | Origen del Hombre Americano
Summary
TLDREl video explora las teorías sobre la llegada del hombre a América, destacando la migración de Homo sapiens desde Asia, Oceanía y Australia durante el Pleistoceno. Se presentan teorías como la de Alex Hrdlicka, que sostiene la migración asiática, y la de Paul Rivet, que resalta la influencia oceánica. También se mencionan importantes hallazgos arqueológicos, como el 'Hombre de Kennewick' y los sitios de Monteverde y Meadowcroft, que desafían la creencia de que la cultura Clovis fue la primera en poblar América, sugiriendo una llegada anterior entre 15,000 y 50,000 años a.C.
Takeaways
- 🌍 La llegada del hombre al continente americano ha sido una de las grandes cuestiones científicas de los últimos siglos.
- 🧑🔬 Aunque alguna vez se defendió el origen autóctono del hombre americano, la teoría ha sido descartada por falta de soporte.
- 🌊 Las teorías de inmigración, que sugieren un origen asiático, oceánico y australiano, tienen más fuerza y credibilidad en la comunidad científica.
- ❄️ Según la teoría asiática, durante la última edad de hielo, se formó un puente continental entre Asia y América a través del estrecho de Bering.
- 🇨🇿 El antropólogo checo Alex Hrdlicka argumentó que los primeros pobladores de América eran cazadores asiáticos, basándose en similitudes físicas.
- 🌊 La teoría oceánica, propuesta por Paul Rivet, sugiere que los hombres llegaron a América por rutas oceánicas y澳大利亚.
- 🏔️ Mendes Correa propuso que los habitantes de Australia y Tasmania llegaron a Patagonia gracias a un fenómeno de clima óptimo.
- 🗺️ Se han encontrado restos humanos y litícos que ayudan a aclarar la ruta seguida por los primeros hombres en América.
- 🏞️ En América del Norte, se descubrió el cráneo humano conocido como 'Kenneweick man', que tiene 9,000 años y es uno de los esqueletos más antiguos conocidos.
- 🗺️ En Meadowcroft Rockshelter, se encontraron herramientas de piedra que indican que los nativos americanos estaban presentes en la era pre-Clovis.
- 🔍 La evidencia arqueológica acumulada sugiere que el hombre estaba en América miles de años antes de la cultura Clovis, desafiando la teoría de la colonización tardía.
Q & A
¿Cuál es la teoría más aceptada sobre el origen del hombre americano?
-La teoría más aceptada es la teoría asiática, que postula que durante la última glaciación (llamada Wisconsin), se formó un puente continental entre la península de Chukotka en Asia y Alaska en América, lo que permitió que los primeros hombres nómadas cruzaran a América.
¿Qué evidencia utiliza Alex Hrdlicka para apoyar su teoría sobre los primeros pobladores de América?
-Alex Hrdlicka basa su teoría en las similitudes físicas entre los hombres asiáticos y los nativos americanos, como el cabello liso y oscuro, los ojos rasgados, los pómulos anchos y prominentes, y la 'mancha mongólica'.
¿Qué postula la teoría oceánica sobre el origen del hombre americano?
-La teoría oceánica, defendida por el antropólogo Paul Rivet, postula que el hombre americano tiene un origen multirracial y que grupos de Melanesios y Polinesios llegaron a América en balsas primitivas, trayendo consigo elementos culturales que se mezclaron con los habitantes llegados por otras rutas.
¿Qué sostiene Mendes Correa sobre la llegada del hombre americano?
-Mendes Correa propone que los habitantes de Australia y Tasmania llegaron a América gracias al 'optimus climaticum', un fenómeno climático que permitió que viajaran en balsas primitivas desde Auckland hasta la Patagonia, específicamente a través del Cabo de Hornos.
¿Cuál es la importancia del sitio arqueológico Meadowcroft Rockshelter?
-Meadowcroft Rockshelter es importante porque allí se encontraron herramientas de piedra y restos animales que datan de alrededor del 16,000 a.C., lo que cuestiona la idea de que la cultura Clovis fue la primera en habitar América.
¿Qué características tienen las puntas líticas de la cultura Clovis?
-Las puntas líticas de la cultura Clovis son bifaciales, afiladas y miden entre 10 y 12 cm de largo. Estas herramientas se usaron para la caza y datan de entre 11,000 y 10,000 a.C.
¿Qué descubrimiento hizo Tom Dillehay en Monteverde, Chile?
-Tom Dillehay descubrió en Monteverde herramientas de caza, elementos arquitectónicos, huesos de animales y hasta una huella humana, con restos datados en hasta 33,000 años, aunque algunos de estos hallazgos han sido cuestionados por la comunidad científica.
¿Cuál es el hallazgo más antiguo de un esqueleto humano en América del Norte?
-El 'Hombre de Kennewick', descubierto en 1996 en Kennewick, es uno de los esqueletos humanos más antiguos encontrados en América del Norte, con una antigüedad de 9,000 años.
¿Qué implicaciones tuvo el descubrimiento de restos en Monteverde sobre la teoría de la cultura Clovis?
-El descubrimiento de Monteverde reconfiguró la teoría de que la cultura Clovis fue la primera en América, ya que los restos sugieren que los primeros pobladores llegaron miles de años antes.
¿Qué demostró el estudio genético realizado en 2014 sobre el 'Niño de Anzick'?
-El estudio genético demostró que los pueblos nativos de América Central y del Sur son descendientes genéticos de un mismo grupo poblacional que habitó América hace 12,600 años.
Outlines
🌍 El origen del hombre americano: teorías y evidencias
Este párrafo explora las teorías sobre el origen del hombre americano. Se destaca cómo los primeros hombres, como los Homo Sapiens, migraron hacia nuevos continentes desde África. Entre las teorías más aceptadas se encuentra la de origen asiático, apoyada por antropólogos como Alex Hrdlicka, quien argumentó que los primeros pobladores de América fueron cazadores asiáticos. También se mencionan otras teorías como la oceánica, propuesta por Paul Rivet, y la australiana, apoyada por Mendes Correa, quienes consideraban que hombres de Melanesia, Polinesia y Australia llegaron a América en balsas primitivas. Además, se menciona la importancia de la evidencia antropológica y cultural en estas teorías.
🗿 Evidencias arqueológicas y culturas prehistóricas en América
Este párrafo profundiza en los hallazgos arqueológicos que apoyan la presencia temprana del hombre en América. Entre los descubrimientos más importantes se mencionan el 'Hombre de Kennewick', con características físicas que inicialmente sugirieron un origen euroamericano pero que estudios posteriores confirmaron como indígena americano. También se explora el sitio de Meadowcroft Rockshelter en Pensilvania, donde se encontraron herramientas líticas y restos de fauna y flora de hasta 16,000 años a.C. Además, se discuten las culturas Clovis y Folsom, que dejaron importantes herramientas líticas, y el sitio de Monteverde en Chile, cuyos restos desafían la teoría de la cultura Clovis como los primeros habitantes de América, proponiendo una fecha de poblamiento mucho más temprana.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Pleistoceno
💡Homo sapiens
💡Teoría de la inmigración
💡Teoría de la autogenésis
💡Teoría de la origén oceánico
💡Clovis culture
💡Folsom
💡Monte Verde
💡Anzick Boy
💡Meadowlcroft Rockshelter
Highlights
The migration of early humans from Africa to new continents during the Quaternary period.
The dismissal of the autochthonous origin of American man due to lack of scientific support.
The most accepted theory is the Asian origin, suggesting migration across the Bering Strait during the Pleistocene.
Alex Hrdlicka's argument that Asian hunters were the first American settlers based on physical similarities.
Paul Rivet's oceanic theory, proposing that Melanesians and Polynesians arrived in America via primitive rafts.
The theory that Australian aborigines arrived in Patagonia via 'optimus climaticum' and shared blood groups and cultural practices.
The discovery of the 'Kenneweick man' skull, which was initially thought to be Euro-American but is now confirmed as American Indian.
The Meadowcroft Rockshelter in Pennsylvania, where tools and evidence of animal and plant processing dating back to 16,000 BC were found.
The Clovis culture, which was once considered the oldest in America, but new evidence suggests earlier settlements.
The Folsom tradition, known for fluted spear points used for hunting woolly bison, dating back to 9,000 BC.
The Monteverde site in Chile, where human artifacts and a footprint were found, potentially dating back 33,000 years.
The discovery of 'Anzick Boy' in Montana, showing genetic links between Clovis tools and modern Native Americans.
The Monteverde findings challenge the Clovis-first theory, pushing the human settlement date in America to 15,000-50,000 years BC.
Other anthropological sites like Piedra Museo in Argentina and Pedra Furada in Brazil further support early human migration.
The rethinking of migration routes and early peopling of the Americas due to new archaeological discoveries.
Transcripts
With the appearance of man on the African continent during the Quaternary period, the
search for food and better conditions led him to move from one place to another,
eventually expanding to new continents, leaving behind indelible traces of
his journey.
Panaca Project presents AMERICAN PEOPLE: The routes of primitive man
The arrival of man to the American continent has been one of the great scientific questions
of recent centuries, knowing how the first nomadic men or homo sapiens,
were able to physically move to a continent away from others and their way of survival,
have generated various theories and hypotheses that seek to explain the origin and route followed
by these primitive men.
Although there were supporters who defended the autochthonous origin of American man,
such as Antonio de León Pinelo in the XVII and Florentino Ameghino in 1869, who
hypothesized the appearance of "Homus Pampeanus" in the tertiary era; This theory
has been completely dismissed for lack of support.
On the contrary, the theories that gain the most strength and credibility are the immigration theories,
the same ones that establish the Asian, Oceanic and Australian origin of the first men
who populated America.
The Asian theory, which is the most accepted within the scientific community, establishes
that during the last ice age called Wisconsin, held in the Pleistocene,
a continental bridge was formed between the Chukotka Peninsula, in Asia, and Alaska, in America,
( Bering Strait), through which the first nomadic men would make their way to America,
approximately 30 million years ago. At the beginning of the 20th century, the
Czech anthropologist Alex Hrdlicka, based on the similarities in physical characteristics between
Asian and Native American man, would argue that the first American settlers
were Asian hunters. Among the physical characteristics that he highlighted as
proof of his affirmation, there would be straight and dark hair, slanted eyes, wide
and protruding cheekbones, the famous "Mongolian stain", among others.
Another of the immigration theories is the one that postulates the oceanic origin of the
American man, the same one that was raised by the French anthropologist Paul Rivet in 1943,
who considered the oceanic route as complementary to the Asian and Australian routes, since he
considered the American man as multiracial.
Rivet supported his theory by pointing out the anthropological similarities, for example, between
the Melanesians and the men of Lagoa-Santa, ancient hunters from Brazil; linguistic similarities
, such as those between the Melanesians and the Hoka Indians of North America;
and ethnographic and cultural similarities, such as the customs and rituals common between
Melanesian and Amazonian communities. (trophy heads, hammocks, wooden drums,
suspension bridges)) For Rivet, the Melanesians and Polynesians would have
arrived in America through the center and the south on primitive rafts, bringing elements
of their culture and mixing with the inhabitants who would have arrived by alternate routes,
thus generating the miscegenation of the American people.
On the other hand, Mendes Correa posits the arrival of the American man thanks to a phenomenon
called "optimus climaticum" or optimum climate, thanks to which the inhabitants of Australia
and Tasmania would have left Auckland on primitive rafts, reaching Cape Horn
on Earth . del Fuego, thus populating Patagonia. He supports his theory in the blood group
that the natives of Patagonia share with the Australian aborigines, as well as
in the similarity of the skull and customs and uses practiced by both populations.
( hive-shaped huts
and rafts with intertwined vegetable fibers) Although these are the most important theories that would explain the arrival of man to
the American continent, human and lithic remains have also been found that would help
clarify the route made by these first men . . Among the most
important findings we can mention:
In North America, in Kenneweick, a human skull with a
narrow face, prominent nose, protruding upper jaw and long and narrow forehead was discovered in 1996,
which was called "Kenneweick man". ” the same one that is 9 thousand years old,
making it one of the oldest skeletons known. Although at first it was believed
that it was a Euro-American character, recent studies have determined that
it is an American Indian man.
Between 1973 and 1978, a team from the University of Pittsburgh led by
James Adovasio discovered in Pennsylvania, near the Atlantic coast of the United States,
an archaeological site called Meadowcroft Rockshelter with abundant stone tools
such as knives and bifacial points, flakes and scrapers, as well as elements indicating
the processing of animals such as deer, reindeer, bird eggs, etc., as well as plants
and seeds; all of which would have an antiquity of 16,000 years BC. Although this
dating has been questioned, many archaeologists agree that Meadowcroft was used
by Native Americans in the pre-Clovis era.
At the beginning of the 1930s,
grooved lithic points 10 to 12 cm long, bifacial and sharp, dating
from 11,000 to 10,000 years BC, were found in New Mexico, United States, the same ones that were made by which is known as
the Clovis culture, or culture of the plain; considered until the middle of the 20th century as the
oldest culture in the American continent; However, the accumulated archaeological evidence
would show that man was in America thousands of years before the Clovis
. As for the tools found, current studies have determined that they were
manufactured only for a short period of 300 years, stopping production 12,750 years ago. years,
coinciding with the disappearance of the last megafauna of North America, such as the mammoth
and the mastodon.
Another important lithic tradition corresponds to that of Folsom, named after the place
where they were found in 1908, small and light fluted spear points,
which would have been used for hunting woolly bison. Folsom
dates back to about 9,000 BC, which would place it as post-Clovis.
In 1977, archaeologist Tom Dillehay, together with a team of scientists from the Universidad
Austral de Chile, found
hunting objects, architectural elements, wild potatoes, animal bones and even a
footprint in Monteverde, in the Chilean Lake District. human foot. When the dating of these remains was carried out, it was discovered that some
of the algae found in said deposit were about 14,800 years old;
however, other remains would have been 33,000 years old, but the validity
of these findings has been strongly questioned by the scientific community, since some
of its representatives claim that these remains are the product of nature. It is worth mentioning
that before the discoveries of Monteverde, there was a clear consensus in science regarding
the Clovis as the first American settlers.
In 2014, a genetic study was carried out on an adolescent skeleton found together
with Clovis tools in Montana, United States, called "Anzick Boy", with
an age of 12,600 years, determining that all the native peoples of Central and
South America They are genetic descendants of the same population group.
The discoveries of Monte Verde and other anthropological sites in America such as Piedra
Museo in Argentina, Pedra Furada in Brazil, Topper in California, United States and the same Meadowcroft
Rockshelter mentioned above, have completely rethought the prevailing theory
of late American settlement, founded on the Clovis Culture, which maintains that
man entered the new continent approximately 13,500 years ago, and has given foundation
to a new theory of the early peopling of America, which places the date of entry between
15,000 and 50,000 years BC, at the same time that it modifies Theories about the routes
of entry and diffusion through the continent.
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