Age of Discovery: Exploring the New World (Part 1)
Summary
TLDRThe script delves into the Age of Discovery, detailing the European quest for new lands and trade routes driven by a shortage of spices and the allure of gold. It highlights key explorers like Columbus, Vasco de Gama, and Magellan, their voyages, and the impact on global trade. The narrative also touches on the colonization, cultural exchanges, and the economic shifts that reshaped the world, including the 'Price Revolution' and the rise of capitalism.
Takeaways
- ๐ The Age of Discovery was driven by European colonizers seeking new lands and trade routes, primarily for spices and precious metals.
- ๐ฉ The Ottoman occupation of the Eastern Mediterranean and Southern Balkans in the 15th century led to a shortage of spices, prompting Europeans to find alternative trade routes.
- ๐ฐ The lack of gold and silver in late medieval Europe and legends of vast treasures in the East motivated European monarchs and aristocrats to sponsor explorations.
- ๐ Scientific advancements, including the idea of the Earth's sphericity, inspired thinkers like Eratosthenes, and encouraged explorers to seek westward routes to Asia.
- ๐ฐ The completion of the Reconquista in Spain allowed rulers like Isabella and Ferdinand to fund explorations, aiming to spread Catholicism and find new trade routes.
- ๐ฅ๏ธ Innovations in shipbuilding, such as the caravel and the Carrick, facilitated faster and more mobile voyages, contributing to geographical discoveries.
- ๐ต๐น The Portuguese were the first to explore the Atlantic, with Prince Henry the Navigator financing voyages that led to the discovery of Madeira, the Azores, and the African coast.
- ๐ Bartolomeu Dias was the first European to enter the Indian Ocean from the southern side, rounding the Cape of Good Hope in 1488.
- ๐ข Christopher Columbus's 1492 expedition, funded by Spain, resulted in the first European contact with the Bahamas, Cuba, and Hispaniola, marking the beginning of the American colonization.
- ๐ The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 divided the New World between Spain and Portugal, with Spain gaining territories west of the 49th meridian and Portugal the eastern territories.
- ๐ด๓ ง๓ ข๓ ฅ๓ ฎ๓ ง๓ ฎ Vasco de Gama's 1497-1499 voyage successfully reached India, establishing a direct sea route and breaking Arab control over the spice trade.
Q & A
What was one of the main reasons for the search for new trade routes and lands during the Age of Discovery?
-One of the main reasons was the catastrophic shortage of spices due to the Ottoman occupation of most of the Eastern Mediterranean and Southern Balkans in the 15th century, which minimized the Europeans' access to spices, a vital commodity for cooking and preserving food.
How did the lack of gold and silver coins in late medieval Europe influence the Age of Discovery?
-The lack of gold and silver coins, coupled with legends about fabulous treasures in India and China, seduced European Kings and Aristocrats to seek new lands to possess these treasures, thereby stimulating the search for new trade routes and lands.
Which idea from ancient Greek science was influential in the Age of Discovery, and why?
-The idea of the sphericity of the Earth by Eratosthenes was influential. It was spread among European scientists like Paolo Toscanelli and Martin Behaim, who developed their own versions of the globe map, inspiring future discoverers to seek a westward route to India and China.
How did the completion of the Reconquista impact the Spanish rulers' ambitions during the Age of Discovery?
-The completion of the Reconquista, with the defeat of the Emirate of Granada, allowed Spanish rulers Isabella and Ferdinand to gain considerable revenues and trophies. This success fueled their desire to establish Catholicism in new territories and ignited their conquering appetite.
What role did the Hidalgo play in the exploration during the Age of Discovery?
-Most of the Hidalgo remained unemployed after the Reconquista. These poor Knights, seeking to continue gaining fame and money with their weapons, quickly joined the ranks of discoverers, contributing to the exploration efforts.
Why were new types of ships like the caravel and the Carrick important for geographical discoveries?
-New types of ships such as the caravel and the Carrick were faster, more mobile, and had good capacity compared to their predecessors, which contributed significantly to the geographical discoveries by allowing for longer and more efficient voyages.
What was King Henry the Navigator's strategy in financing the exploration of the Atlantic Ocean?
-King Henry the Navigator generously financed the development of cartography and the voyages of his subjects off the coast of Africa. He hoped to find a way to India and China and to overcome Arab piracy in Atlantic waters near Africa.
How did Bartolomeu Dias's voyage contribute to the Age of Discovery?
-Bartolomeu Dias's voyage, during which he rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1488, was significant as it was the first time a European entered the Indian Ocean from the southern side, opening up a potential sea route to India.
What was the outcome of Christopher Columbus's first voyage for Spain?
-Christopher Columbus's first voyage led to the first European visit to the Bahamas, followed by exploration of Cuba and Hispaniola. He made contact with local tribes and took back tobacco, maize, and other new flora and fauna to Spain, marking the beginning of European exploration and colonization of the Americas.
What was the significance of the Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal?
-The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed after Columbus's first voyage, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal along a meridian 49 degrees west of the Cape Verde islands. It assigned Spain the Western direction of the search for India and China, while Portugal got the Eastern direction, including territories as far as the southern coast of Africa.
Outlines
๐ Age of Discovery and European Expansion
The Age of Discovery was a period of intense exploration and colonization by Europeans, driven by a quest for new trade routes and lands, particularly due to the shortage of spices and the allure of gold and silver. The Ottoman Empire's control over the Eastern Mediterranean disrupted traditional spice routes, prompting Europeans to seek alternatives. The scarcity of precious metals in Europe and legends of vast treasures in the East further fueled exploration. Scientific advancements, such as the understanding of the Earth's sphericity, encouraged the search for a westward route to Asia. The Reconquista's completion in Spain allowed for resources to be redirected towards exploration. The development of new ship types, like the caravel and the Carrick, facilitated these voyages. The Portuguese were pioneers in Atlantic exploration, with Prince Henry the Navigator funding expeditions that led to the colonization of Madeira and the Azores, and the exploration of the African coast. Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope, opening a southern route to the Indian Ocean. Christopher Columbus, with Spanish support, made his first voyage across the Atlantic, reaching the Bahamas, Cuba, and Hispaniola, and initiating contact with indigenous peoples.
๐ณ๏ธ Treaty of Tordesillas and Further Explorations
Following Columbus's first voyage, Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas, which divided the newly discovered lands between them along a meridian 49 degrees west of the Cape Verde islands. Spain focused on the west, while Portugal took the east, including the southern coast of Africa. Columbus's second expedition, with a larger fleet, led to the discovery of more Caribbean islands and the establishment of settlements in Cuba and Haiti. However, the lack of significant gold and spice resources led to disappointment. Meanwhile, the Portuguese, under Vasco da Gama, successfully reached India by circumnavigating Africa, bypassing Arab control of the spice trade. This voyage, despite difficulties and clashes with Arab traders, proved highly profitable. Pedro รlvares Cabral's expedition, intended to reach India, instead landed on the coast of Brazil, claiming it for Portugal. Subsequent Portuguese expeditions established trading posts in India and solidified their presence in the Indian Ocean, leading to conflicts with Arab merchants and the beginning of their maritime hegemony.
๐ Magellan's Circumnavigation and Dutch Ventures
Ferdinand Magellan's expedition, aiming to find a western route to the spice-rich lands, led to the first circumnavigation of the globe. After a challenging journey through the newly-named Magellan Strait and the Pacific Ocean, which Magellan called 'Pacific' due to its initial calm, the expedition faced severe hardships. Magellan's death in the Philippines and the loss of ships left the survivors to continue the voyage. The Victoria, under Sebastian Elcano, returned to Spain, completing the first circumnavigation and opening a western route to Asia. In the late 16th century, the Dutch, seeking to enter the spice trade, explored northern routes to Asia. Willem Barentsz's expeditions reached Novaya Zemlya and Spitsbergen but were hindered by ice. The Dutch East India Company later established trading posts in Asia, and Dutch explorers like Willem Janszoon and Abel Tasman charted new territories in Australia and the Pacific, though without finding the expected riches. These voyages laid the foundation for Dutch colonial expansion in the Americas and Asia.
๐ Impact of the Price Revolution and European Colonization
The Age of Discovery had profound economic and social impacts. The influx of gold and silver from the Americas, particularly after the Spanish conquests, led to the 'Price Revolution,' a period of significant inflation and economic disruption in Europe. This, in turn, contributed to the disintegration of feudal relations and the acceleration of capitalist development. The discovery of new lands also led to the colonization and often the exploitation or enslavement of indigenous populations, as well as the spread of European culture, plants, and animals around the world. The establishment of new trade routes and the exchange of goods and ideas between continents marked the beginning of a more interconnected global economy.
Mindmap
Keywords
๐กAge of Discovery
๐กSpices
๐กOttoman Empire
๐กReconquista
๐กCaravel
๐กChristopher Columbus
๐กTreaty of Tordesillas
๐กVasco da Gama
๐กFerdinand Magellan
๐กDutch East India Company
๐กPrice Revolution
Highlights
European colonizers explored and conquered new lands in search of spices and treasures.
The Ottoman occupation led to a shortage of spices, prompting Europeans to seek new trade routes.
Lack of gold and silver in Europe fueled the search for mythical treasures in the East.
Eratosthenes' idea of the Earth's sphericity inspired explorers to seek westward routes to Asia.
The Reconquista's completion freed resources for Spain to fund exploration.
The caravel and Carrick ships revolutionized navigation, aiding in geographical discovery.
Portugal's Prince Henry the Navigator financed early Atlantic explorations.
Bartolomeu Dias was the first European to enter the Indian Ocean from the south in 1488.
Christopher Columbus, funded by Spain, made his first voyage across the Atlantic in 1492.
Columbus's expeditions resulted in the first European contacts with the indigenous peoples of the Americas.
The Treaty of Tordesillas divided the New World between Spain and Portugal.
Vasco da Gama successfully reached India in 1497, establishing a sea route around Africa.
Pedro รlvares Cabral's expedition led to the accidental discovery of Brazil in 1500.
Magellan's expedition was the first to circumnavigate the globe, proving the Earth's sphericity.
The Dutch East India Company established trading posts in Asia, challenging Portuguese dominance.
Willem Barentsz's Arctic explorations sought a Northern sea route to Asia.
Henry Hudson's voyages laid the foundation for Dutch and English colonization in North America.
Abel Tasman's voyages expanded European knowledge of the Pacific and Southern Asia.
The Age of Discovery led to the formation of new trade routes and the beginning of European colonization.
The influx of American silver and gold caused the Price Revolution, impacting European economies.
Transcripts
foreign
the age of Discovery became a starry
time for European colonizers who
explored and conquered New unknown lands
energetic Merchants dashing Sailors
greedy lovers of easy game and Stern
Knights went on a quest for fabulous
treasures and Immortal glory in unknown
worlds what prompted them to face danger
and what trials awaited them on the way
one of the reasons for the search for
new trade routes and lands was the
catastrophic shortage of spices used for
cooking dishes and extending their shelf
life this was due to the ottoman
occupation of most of the Eastern
Mediterranean and Southern Balkans in
the 15th century the hostility of the
Ottoman Turks to the genoese and the
venetians whose ships were the main
carriers of spices and other Oriental
Goods minimized getting spices by the
Europeans and encouraged the latter to
seek new ways of supplying vital
provisions
another factor that stimulated the
search for new lands was the lack of
gold and silver coins in the late Middle
Ages European market
mythologized legends about fabulous
treasures and deposits of gold silver
and gems in India and China have seduced
European Kings and Aristocrats who
sought to possess a portion of these
Treasures
at this time scientific progress led to
the spread of eratosthenes idea among
European scientists about the sphericity
of the earth among such Advanced
thinkers were the Italians from maoro
Paulo toscanelli and the German Martin
baheim each of them developed its own
version of the globe map these ideas
inspired many future discoverers to seek
away to India and China Westward
the completion of the Reconquista with
the defeat of the Emirate of Granada
allowed the Spanish rulers Isabella and
Ferdinand to receive considerable
revenues and trophies this success
warmed up their conquering appetite and
at the same time ignited their desire to
establish Catholicism in more new
territories after the expulsion of the
Muslim armies from the Iberian Peninsula
most of the Hidalgo remained unemployed
these poor Knights desperately sought to
continue gaining Fame and money with
their weapons so they quickly joined the
ranks of discoverers
new types of ships such as the caravel
and the Carrick which were faster and
more mobile than their predecessors and
with good capacity contributed to the
geographical discovery
the Portuguese were the first to explore
the still unknown islands in the
Atlantic Ocean their King Henry the
Navigator generously financed the
development of cartography and the
Voyages of his subjects off the coast of
Africa through these campaigns the
Portuguese King hoped to find a way to
India and China as well as to overcome
Arab piracy in Atlantic Waters near
Africa Portuguese Sailors surveyed and
colonized Madeira and the Azores and
explored the coasts of Western Sahara
they subsequently discovered the islands
of Cape Verde and explored the coasts of
Senegal and The Gambia looking for the
southern route to India bartolomeo Diaz
surrounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1488
and became the first European to enter
the Indian Ocean from the southern side
the Baton of discoveries was continued
with a fateful Expedition led by the
energetic genoese Navigator Christopher
Columbus this ambitious sailor as a
Young Man became obsessed with sailing
to the shores of India and China by the
Western route after correspondence with
Paulo toscanelli in 1492 he succeeded in
igniting his idea with Queen Isabella of
Spain she provided the genoese with much
of the funds for his expedition together
with her King husband she promised to
make Christopher Viceroy of all lands he
would find leaving him 10 of all the
jewels spices and other merchandise
found on the newly discovered lands in
August three ships la Santa Maria Nina
and Pinta left Andalucia for adventures
and new discoveries
on 12 October Columbus was the first
European to visit the Bahamas then he
sailed for Cuba and Hispaniola
present-day Haiti on these islands the
Spaniards made contact with local tribes
and conducted a failed search for gold
deposits in addition the members of the
Columbus expedition for the first time
saw tobacco Maize and some native flora
and fauna they took them along with
several local Indians who were taken to
Spain early the following year in March
1493 Columbus returned to Spain with two
ships where he was given a ceremonial
reception
after Columbus first voyage Spain and
Portugal signed the Treaty of tordecias
according to it the Spanish gained
territories in their conquering
interests west of the 49 meridians of
the Western Hemisphere and the
Portuguese had territories to the east
accordingly Spain was assigned the
Western direction of the search for
India and China and Portugal got the
Eastern one as far as the southern coast
of Africa
during Columbus second Expedition he had
17 ships and nearly 2 000 men under his
command the Spaniards on his voyage
discovered some Lesser Antilles and
established themselves in Cuba and Haiti
they proceeded to occupy these
territories forcibly baptize and enslave
the local inhabitants there wasn't any
gold in sufficient quantity as well as
spices gradually many participants and
organizers of this Expedition realized
that the found Islands have nothing in
common with China and India and will not
bring significant revenues this caused
disappointment of the Spanish
authorities subsequently Columbus
despite his discovery of the new world
fell into dis favor with the monarchs
meanwhile the Portuguese convinced of
their chosen course sent an expedition
of four ships to India in July 1497 led
by Vasco de Gama this small flotilla
passed without much trouble to the Cape
of Good Hope but already near Mozambique
the Portuguese experienced difficulties
due to lack of knowledge of local Waters
they managed to bribe several Arab
pilots who showed them the way to
Zanzibar and India
in India Europeans were struck by the
wealth of goods in local markets however
there was almost no demand for their
goods so the Expeditions were able to
buy only a small amount of spices
however the cost effectiveness of this
trip was still 600 percent due to the
lack of a huge markup from Arab spice
suppliers during the voyage the
Portuguese often clashed with Arab
traders who controlled the spice trade
in the region these tensions prompted
the Portuguese to choose an armed
occupation of the land in subsequent
Expeditions the Portuguese returned home
in August 1499 losing two ships and
about 65 percent of their personnel
the next Portuguese expedition to India
numbering 17 ships was led by Pedro
Cabral among its participants was
bartolomeo Diaz a researcher from Africa
initially the Expedition took a somewhat
excessive Westward course to bypass the
equatorial current which ran in the
opposite direction to the Expedition
thus in April 1500 Pedro Cabral and his
team accidentally discovered the coasts
of Brazil and proclaimed it the
possession of Portugal this marked the
beginning of the further Portuguese
colonization of these territories
after sailing to India the Portuguese
established trading posts in Calicut and
Kochi and purchased over 100 tons of
spices however the Trading Post in
Calicut was destroyed by the locals led
by Arab Merchants for which the
Portuguese took Vengeance looting and
destroying all Arab ships and Merchant
shops that they encountered the
Expedition returned home in July 1501
and in addition to significant financial
dividends gave the Portuguese faith in
establishing their own hegemony in the
Indian Ocean
meanwhile Spain settled islands in the
Caribbean Sea and the coast of Central
America however since the rich deposits
of silver and gold in America have not
yet been found and the spices were
certainly not there the Spaniards
decided to revive the project of a
maritime trade route to Eastern Asia
through the Western Direction They
gained help from Ferdinand Magellan an
ambitious Portuguese man who was well
acquainted with navigation in the Indian
Ocean and had been transferred to the
service for Spanish Monarch Charles of
Habsburg in August 1519 a flotilla of
five ships led by Magellan set out for
the unknown in search of a western route
to the spice lands the Portuguese King
Manuel learned of this Expedition
fearing for his Monopoly he ordered all
Portuguese ships to destroy Spanish
ships in the sphere of Portuguese
influence at first the Spanish ships
safely passed almost the entire Atlantic
Sea but had to Winter in southern
Patagonia due to problems with finding
the strait which according to Magellan
and cartographers of the time should
have been to the north at this time the
captains of the three ships rebelled but
Magellan quickly quelled the Rebellion
as he had the support of the crew
the Expedition then wandered for a long
time through The Mazes of the strait
which would later be named after
Magellan three ships came out of it into
the unknown ocean Magellan named The
Ocean Pacific because in the first weeks
of the Expedition the weather was really
calm however the sailors were
subsequently forced to endure famine
water shortages hellish storms scurvy
and other illnesses in March 1521 the
Expedition reached the Philippines where
Magellan decided to establish ties with
the locals and buy spices from them
however Ferdinand was involved in local
feuds during which he was killed the
voyage was on the verge of a complete
Fiasco because except for the deceased
captain no one had knowledge of the
geography of the local islands and the
Indian Ocean they barely made it to the
malakas and bought spices there then the
Spanish separated the ship Trinidad with
spices with was to return to the East
and swim to the Spanish colonies on the
American coast of the Pacific Ocean the
flagship Victoria Laden with spices and
now led by The Basque Sebastian Del Cano
was to break through the Indian Ocean in
which the Portuguese Squadron sailed
with the task of destroying the
Spaniards overcoming hunger fatigue
illnesses and Portuguese pursuers
Victoria's 18-man crew sailed for Spain
on 6 September 1522 thus the Western
route to Asia was opened and the Spanish
led by Sebastian elcano made the first
circumnavigation of the world
in the late 16th century the Netherlands
won its independence from the Spanish
Empire since then due to its high level
of urbanization technological
development and trade the Republic has
rapidly become a wealthy and advanced
Nation with a large Merchant Fleet the
Dutch Merchants too sought to join the
super profitable spice trade but lacking
a large enough Navy decided to explore
the northern routes to Asia on 5 June
1594 the Dutch explorer Willem varentz
set out to find a Northern sea route
three weeks later he reached the shores
of noviazemlia and explored it but
further Eastward advances were prevented
by icebergs in August the Dutch
Travelers were forced to return home
during his third voyage burence
discovered the islands of spitzbergen
but was covered with ice while
attempting to continue his voyage east
of novious Emilia The Travelers decided
to Winter in this cold arctic tundra but
in such harsh conditions only a small
part of them survived the captain
himself died of scurvy on Nova yats
Emilia
in the early 17th century taking
advantage of the Portuguese weakening
the Dutch East India Company was able to
establish itself in several trading
posts in India Java and the southern
Malacca Islands from where it operated
the spice trade to explore the Uncharted
seas and Conquer new lands the Dutch
sent the Willem jensoon Expedition
during this trip the Dutch explored the
west coast of New Guinea and visited the
cape York Peninsula becoming the first
Europeans to land in Australia
another attempt to discover the Northern
sea route to Asia was the voyage of one
of the most Restless Travelers Henry
Hudson the Englishman first sailed the
baron sea then joined the Dutch East
India Company as head of a Dutch
Expedition Henry explored the shores of
Newfoundland Labrador the Northeast
Atlantic coast of the modern United
States Manhattan and the Hudson River
named after him this Expedition became
the first brick of the establishment of
the Dutch colonies in North America in
1610 Hudson joined the English king
service and organized a voyage in search
of the northern route to the east as far
as North America the Expedition ended in
rebellion and failure and Henry himself
disembarked by the rebels in the Hudson
Bay died of hunger and cold
in the tropical Seas the work of jensoon
was continued by Abel Tasman he during
his first voyage sailed the southern
Seas of Australia discovered the island
which was later named Tasmania explored
the western coast of New Zealand some
islands of Tonga and Fiji and the
northern side of New Guinea during his
second voyage Tasman explored the coast
of West Guinea the Gulf of carpentaria
and the coastline of Northeast Australia
however these finds in his time were not
appreciated because in the open lands
Abel Tasman did not find spices precious
metals or jewels
great geographical discoveries led to
the formation of new trade routes the
penetration of Europeans into new
territories and their acquaintance with
new cultures worlds plants and animals
at the same time they led to further
colonization by Europeans of the open
lands and the destruction or enslavement
of most of the local inhabitants in
addition the world was shaken by the
price Revolution the disintegration of
feudal relations and the acceleration of
capitalism due to the discovery of Rich
deposits of silver and gold in America
foreign
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