Data Flow Diagram Tutorial

LearningIsFun
11 Sept 202014:18

Summary

TLDR本视频讲解了数据流图的基本概念,特别是上下文图(Context Diagram)和图0(Diagram 0)的创建。上下文图是数据流图的起点,展示了系统与外部实体之间的数据流动。图0是对上下文图的展开,详细描述了系统中的最多九个过程,包括实体、数据存储和数据流。通过图书馆借阅系统的例子,视频展示了如何记录借阅者信息、书籍信息、罚款以及借还书的流程,并如何生成月度报告和借阅者交易报告。

Takeaways

  • 📈 数据流图(DFD)是一种用于表示信息系统中数据流动的图形化工具。
  • 🎯 上下文图(Context Diagram)是数据流图的起点,展示了系统与外部实体之间的数据交换。
  • 🔍 上下文图中通常只包含一个过程,该过程代表整个系统,并标明系统名称。
  • 📊 上下文图中至少应包含一个输入和一个输出,表示系统的数据来源和去向。
  • 💡 绘制上下文图后,接下来的步骤是将其细化为0级图(Diagram 0),即上下文图的爆炸图。
  • 🔎 0级图中的流程数量应与上下文图中的流程数量相等,以保持一致性。
  • 🌳 0级图可以进一步细化为1级图和2级图等子图,每个子图都是对更具体过程的细化。
  • 📋 在0级图中,应包括所有主要数据存储和外部实体,并且每个过程都有编号。
  • 🔄 数据流不应重叠,以便于识别每个流程或数据存储所经过的路径。
  • 📝 例如,图书馆借阅系统上下文图包括借阅者信息、图书信息、罚款信息以及借阅和归还流程。
  • 📊 报告生成是系统功能的一部分,如月度报告和借阅者交易报告,这些报告展示了系统的数据输出能力。

Q & A

  • 什么是数据流图?

    -数据流图是一种图形化表示法,用于展示信息系统中数据的流动、数据的输入和输出以及数据的处理过程。

  • 上下文中的“零级图”是指什么?

    -零级图,也称为上下文图,是数据流图创建过程中的第一个图,它展示了系统与外部实体之间的数据流动。

  • 在创建数据流图时,为什么首先需要绘制上下文图?

    -上下文图是数据流图的基础,它定义了系统与外部实体之间的关系,为后续更详细的数据流图(如零级图和一级图)的创建提供了框架。

  • 在上下文图中,最多可以有多少个过程?

    -在上下文图中,最多可以有九个过程,以保持图表的简单性,并能够从这些过程中创建子图。

  • 如何确保数据流图中的数据流不重叠?

    -为了确保数据流图中的数据流不重叠,应避免箭头交叉,并清晰地标识每个过程或数据存储所经过的流程,以便于理解和识别。

  • 在数据流图中,如何处理实体和数据存储的重复?

    -在数据流图中,可以复制实体和数据存储,但不允许复制过程。所有符号应相互连接,形成一个连贯的图表。

  • 在借阅系统上下文图中,有哪些主要的外部实体?

    -在借阅系统上下文图中,主要的外部实体包括借阅者、图书馆工作人员和罚款。

  • 借阅系统中,如何记录新的借阅者信息?

    -当新的借阅者想要借阅时,他们的姓名、地址和课程信息将被记录在系统中,并存储在借阅者表中。每个新的借阅者将获得一个基于表中最后一个借阅者ID加一的新的借阅者ID。

  • 借阅系统中,如何处理借阅和归还书籍的过程?

    -借阅者请求借阅书籍后,图书馆工作人员将进行确认。确认后,系统将生成借条并交给借阅者。归还书籍时,如果存在逾期,可能需要支付罚款,系统将生成收据并交给借阅者。

  • 借阅系统需要生成哪两种报告?

    -借阅系统需要生成月度报告和借阅者交易报告。月度报告显示每月借阅的书籍、书籍标题和借阅次数。借阅者交易报告显示特定借阅者的个人信息、借阅日期、归还日期和借阅的书籍。

  • 在数据流图中,如何表示数据存储?

    -在数据流图中,数据存储通常用矩形表示,并通过箭头与相关的过程或实体连接,以展示数据的流入和流出。

Outlines

00:00

📊 数据流图与上下文图概述

本段落介绍了数据流图的概念,特别是上下文图(Context Diagram)和图0(Diagram 0)。上下文图是数据流图的基础,通常只包含一个过程,即系统,并标识出与系统交互的实体。图0是创建数据流图的起点,当它被展开时,称为级别0或图0。在图0中,数据流的来源和去向应该保持一致,例如x、y、z三个实体与系统之间的数据流。图0中最多包含9个过程,以保持简单性,并且可以基于图0中的不同过程创建子图。所有主要数据存储和外部实体都包含在图0中。

05:02

📚 图书借阅系统实例分析

这一段通过图书借阅系统的例子,详细解释了如何记录借阅者信息、书籍信息、罚款以及借阅和归还书籍的过程。当借阅者首次借书时,其姓名、地址和课程信息会被记录。书籍信息如标题、作者、版权和出版社也会被存储。罚款信息特别是对于逾期归还的书籍会被记录。系统还能够生成月度报告和借阅者交易报告,显示借阅者的借阅记录和书籍的借阅次数。

10:02

📈 报告生成与数据流图的构建

最后一段讨论了如何生成月度报告和借阅者交易报告,以及如何通过实体关系图(ERD)创建数据流图。月度报告应显示书籍的借阅日期、标题和借阅次数。借阅者交易报告则显示特定借阅者的详细信息,包括借阅日期、归还日期和借阅的书籍。在构建数据流图时,应避免箭头重叠,并确保所有符号相互连接,以清晰展示数据流和过程。

Mindmap

Keywords

💡数据流图

数据流图(Data Flow Diagrams)是一种图形化表示系统功能的方法,通过描绘数据在系统中的流动路径来展示信息的输入、处理和输出过程。在视频中,数据流图用于详细说明如何创建和解读系统的数据流动,是理解系统工作流程的关键工具。

💡上下文图

上下文图(Context Diagram)是数据流图中的一种,它展示了系统与外部实体之间的交互关系。它是最顶层的数据流图,用来定义系统的边界和主要的交互对象。在视频中,上下文图用来描述图书借阅系统的基本概念和主要功能。

💡系统

在上下文图和数据流图中,系统(System)指的是被分析或设计的对象,它是数据流动和处理的核心。在视频中,系统指的是图书借阅管理系统,它处理借阅、还书、罚款等业务流程。

💡实体

实体(Entities)在数据流图中代表与系统交互的外部参与者,可以是人、组织或其他系统。在视频中,实体包括借阅者、图书馆工作人员等,他们与图书借阅系统进行数据交换。

💡输入输出

输入输出(Inputs and Outputs)是指系统处理的数据进入和输出的流动。在数据流图中,输入是系统接收的数据,输出是系统产生的结果。视频中的图书借阅系统需要处理借阅信息的输入,并产生借阅记录和报告的输出。

💡数据存储

数据存储(Data Stores)在数据流图中表示数据的物理或逻辑存储位置。它们保存了系统在处理过程中需要的信息。在视频中,提到了多个数据存储,如借阅者信息表、书籍信息表和罚款信息表。

💡过程

过程(Processes)在数据流图中指系统中执行的特定功能或操作,它们对数据进行处理或转换。视频中的图书借阅系统包含多个过程,如记录借阅信息、计算罚款和生成报告。

💡层级图

层级图(Level Diagrams)是数据流图的一种组织方式,用于展示系统内部更详细的数据流动和处理过程。每个层级代表系统内部不同深度的功能分解。视频中提到了从上下文图(层级0)到层级1、层级2的详细分解。

💡借阅信息

借阅信息(Borrowing Information)是指系统中记录的关于借阅者和借阅行为的数据。在视频中,借阅信息包括借阅者的身份信息、借阅的书籍详情以及借阅的时间等。

💡报告

报告(Reports)是系统根据输入的数据生成的文档,用于展示特定的信息汇总或分析结果。视频中的图书借阅系统可以生成月度报告和借阅者交易报告。

💡罚款

罚款(Fines)是指当借阅者未按规定时间归还图书时,系统对其施加的经济惩罚。在视频中,罚款信息是图书借阅系统中的一个重要组成部分,用于记录罚款金额和相关借阅信息。

Highlights

讨论了数据流图、上下文图以及特定的图0。

上下文图是创建数据流图时的第一个图。

在上下文图中,只使用一个过程,并将其命名为系统名称。

上下文图中至少应有一个输入和一个输出。

当上下文图被展开时,它被称为级别0或图0。

图0中包含实体、过程和数据存储,尽可能详细。

数据流不应重叠,以便识别过程或数据存储。

图0中最多包含9个过程,以保持简单。

每个过程都被编号,以便确定哪个过程被展开。

图0中包括主要数据存储和所有外部实体。

以图书借阅系统为例,分析了实体关系图和产生的表。

介绍了图书借阅系统的功能,如记录借阅信息、存储图书信息和罚款信息。

展示了如何从实体关系图产生上下文图。

解释了如何记录新借阅者的信息和生成借阅者ID。

说明了图书信息如何被记录和存储在图书表中。

描述了罚款信息的记录和存储过程。

阐述了借阅和归还图书的过程,以及可能的支付和收据生成。

讨论了如何生成月度报告和借阅者交易报告。

强调了在图0中不允许重复过程,并且所有符号应相互连接。

Transcripts

play00:01

hi today we're going to discuss

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data flow diagrams context diagram

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and specifically diagram 0.

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so context diagram in a context diagram

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we're going to use

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only one process and inside that process

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we're going to name it as the system

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name

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or whatever will be the name of your

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system then

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zero we're going also to put

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the entities needed so that we're going

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to get

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the sources and seeks of our data

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so there should be at least one input

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and there should be

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at least one output from our system

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so context diagram is the first diagram

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to be created when creating data flow

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diagrams

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when this diagram will be exploded

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it will be named as level 0 or diagram

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0.

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so since it's only an explosion of

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context diagram

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the number of flows from entity

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or to the entity should be equivalent so

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in here we have only

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x y and z going to and

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coming from our entities so in our level

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0 or diagram 0

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it should be the same

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then we have level 1 diagram level one

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diagram

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is also an explosion of diagram zero

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so in here level process two

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is what is being exploded so that's why

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we have the number such

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as two point one two point two two point

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three

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because this is only the explosion of

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process two

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then we have level two is the child

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diagram of two point two

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so again this is just child diagram of

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2.2 so that's why

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the numbers are 2.21 2.2.2

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so on and so forth this level 1

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and level 2 as what we call as child

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diagrams

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so drawing diagram 0 is just the

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explosion of the context diagram

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so we are only getting detail

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of what is context diagram

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so it is only up to nine processes so

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that our diagram would be simple

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no too much processes involved the

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maximum number of processes in diagram

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zero is nine

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since we need to make it simple since we

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can make

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child diagrams out of different

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processes

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found in diagram 0. each process is

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numbered so that

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we can be able to determine which one is

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exploded major data stores and all

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external entities are included in

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diagram 0.

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so here is an example of diagram 0.

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so it includes entities processes

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and data stores as much as possible

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data flows should not overlap so that we

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can be able to identify

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which process or which data store that

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flow is

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going through so that it would be easier

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to understand

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so here we have an example of book

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borrowing system

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so while analysis when the person wants

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to borrow for the first time

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name address and course will be recorded

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book information is also stored in our

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book borrowing system such as title

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author copyright and publisher a fine

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information is stored especially for

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books who

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are returned over jew book

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requests information is recorded when a

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borrower wants to borrow a book

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book information is recorded when a

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borrower will return

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a book there will be a possible payment

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if the borrower will return the book

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beyond the due date

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and the system should be able to display

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or produce two reports the first one is

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monthly report

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this report will display the date title

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of books borrowed

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and the total number of times that

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specific book is was borrowed

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and the second one is borrowers

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transactions report

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this report will show the individual

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transaction

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for each borrower the librarian wants to

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identify

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what are the books borrowed by a

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specific borrower

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the time it was borrowed when was it

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returned

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and what are the books borrowed by that

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borrower

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so based from those information we have

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this

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entity relationship diagram and from

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this entity relationship diagram we have

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produced

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this tables

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so here we have our context diagram from

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those information

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so when the borrower wants to borrow for

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the first time

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information of that person will be

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recorded on the

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system book information that will be

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entered by the librarian will

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be it will also be recorded in our

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system

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a fine is also recorded especially if

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the borrower

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tend to forget to return the book or the

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book was lost when the borrower requests

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to borrow a book

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the librarian staff will confirm it

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first

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when confirmed a slip will be given to

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the borrower

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when the borrower returns a book if

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there will be possible payments because

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of overdue books

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then a receipt will be given to the

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borrower

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if payments or returns were made the

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system should also

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produce reports such as monthly reports

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this monthly report will display what

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are the books that are commonly

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borrowed by the borrowers borrower's

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transaction report

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will display specific information about

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a certain borrower what are the book

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that the borrower

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constantly borrows

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so let's start with borrower information

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so here we have one process for our

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diagram zero

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so a borrower information will be

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recorded

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in our system and it will be stored in

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our borrower table

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every time that there will be a new

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borrower the last borrower id

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will be taken from the table plus one

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then that will be the borrower id of the

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new borrower

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so the borrower record will be the

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borrower id

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the name address and course of the

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borrower

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then let's proceed with book information

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so in book information we have the book

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id

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find id title copyright author

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and publisher so the librarian will

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provide the information

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then the information will be stored in

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our book table

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if book id is generated by the system

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we need to get the last value stored in

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our book id

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plus one then that will be the new book

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id

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of the new book

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then let's proceed with fine

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so fine we'll need to record find

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id name and amount so the fine will be

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provided by the librarian

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and it will be stored in our it will be

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recorded in our system

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together with the name and amount it

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will be stored in our fine table

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let's proceed with borrowing of books

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so here the borrower requests the book

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it will be confirmed by the librarian

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staff

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if confirmed a slip will be given to the

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borrower

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so in this case the borrower will

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request a book

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the librarian will confirm it

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so here the borrower will request a book

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it will check if the book is available

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in our table

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so we have here the book id

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the date this can be processed using the

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system date

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then the confirmation coming from the

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librarian together with a due date

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then a sleep will be generated by the

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system

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and will be given to the borrower

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then we have returning of books and

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payments so when the borrower will

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return a book

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there might be tendencies of payments

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due to overdue books if payments or

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returns were made

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a receipt will be given to the borrower

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so in that case in our diagram 0

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return books so we have this our erd

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our table from our erd so borrow id

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this is taken in our borrower table

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so that we will know who borrowed the

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book

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then in our book id so that we will know

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what book is being returned receipt

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number

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this is generated by the system when

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we're going to generate a receipt and

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will be given to the

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borrower number so that we will know

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the connection with the receipt and the

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slip

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number so that we will know what books

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are included in the receipt the date

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of the payment and how much was being

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paid so they are all saved in re

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book returns payment table a receipt

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will be generated by the system

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and given to the borrower

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then we have monthly reports

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so in a monthly report it should be able

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to display

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on the screen or print in a paper the

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date

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the book was being borrowed the title of

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books

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being borrowed and how many times

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those books were being borrowed so to

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get the date

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when the book was being borrowed we need

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to get it

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from book request table because in this

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book request table

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or borrow all information about

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borrowing of books are

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recorded here title of books borrowed

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this can be found in our book table

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number of times borrowed still this can

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be found in our

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book request table then we have

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borrowers transaction report so here

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the librarian expects to see in her

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or his screen or print in a paper

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name address and course of a specific

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borrower

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together with the date borrowed date

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returned

play11:14

and books borrowed

play11:18

so in that case that is our process 7.

play11:21

so here so that we can get the

play11:23

borrower's information

play11:25

we need to get the borrower tbl borrower

play11:28

information

play11:30

such as name course and if we want to

play11:33

get what are the

play11:35

books that are being borrowed so we need

play11:38

to get

play11:38

it in the book tip table or book tbl

play11:42

so that we will know when this book

play11:45

was being borrowed we need to get those

play11:48

information from book request

play11:50

tbl and we want to identify when those

play11:55

books was

play11:56

returned we need to get the information

play11:58

from

play11:59

book returns payment dbl and when this

play12:02

is generated it will be given to the

play12:05

librarian so as you can see

play12:08

we can have multiple data store

play12:12

we can also duplicate entities

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but we are not allowed to duplicate

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processes

play12:20

again we're not allowed to duplicate

play12:22

processes

play12:23

as much as possible avoid overlapping of

play12:28

arrows just like in this example there

play12:30

is no overlapping of arrows

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since we can duplicate data stores and

play12:36

entities but then again we are not

play12:38

allowed to duplicate

play12:40

processes and you need to make sure you

play12:42

can be able to produce

play12:44

one diagram it means all these

play12:47

symbols are connected with each other

play12:50

so let's check our context diagram

play12:54

so in here in our borrower we have one

play12:56

two

play12:57

three four going out to our borrower

play13:01

so let's check if our level zero is also

play13:04

four so we have 1 2

play13:08

3 and 4. let's go back

play13:12

we have two arrows going

play13:15

out to our system so let's

play13:18

check so we have one and

play13:21

two so the our entity borrower will only

play13:25

accept two

play13:27

flows and in our library staff

play13:30

it will send a data and it will not

play13:33

receive

play13:34

anything so in our library staff

play13:37

it will only send and no arrows

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coming into our entity

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in our librarian there are two

play13:46

information provided by the librarian

play13:49

so in our librarian there are only two

play13:52

information

play13:53

coming out from our librarian

play13:56

and our librarian will receive two

play13:59

reports

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and our librarian will receive two

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reports

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so it means this diagram zero

play14:08

is an explosion of our context diagram

play14:12

[Music]

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i hope you have learned something today

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