Contribution of Carolus Linnaeus to Biology

Summary

This lecture delves into Carl Linnaeus's monumental contributions to biology, focusing on his systematic taxonomy and binomial nomenclature. Born in Sweden, Linnaeus revolutionized biological classification with 'Systema Naturae', establishing a universal naming system still in use today. His work laid the foundation for modern biology, influencing generations of scientists, including Darwin. Despite evolving scientific understanding, Linnaeus's legacy endures, with his principles guiding the ongoing quest for a natural classification system.

Takeaways

• 🌿 Carl Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist, is renowned for his foundational work in classifying and naming biological organisms.
• 📚 In 1735, Linnaeus published 'Systema Naturae', outlining a method for classifying plants based on their sexual organs.
• 🔬 He introduced the binomial nomenclature system, simplifying scientific names to a universally applicable two-name format consisting of genus and species.
• 🏛️ Botanists and zoologists internationally agreed to use Linnaeus's works as the starting point for scientific names of plants and animals.
• 👨‍🎓 Linnaeus was born in 1707, studied medicine, and became a physician, zoologist, and influential scientist, earning the title 'Father of Modern Botany'.
• 🌳 His classification system, initially based on plant sexuality, was later expanded to include a more natural classification system.
• 🌱 Linnaeus's ideas on species were evolutionary; he believed species were not fixed and could arise from hybridization.
• 📘 'Species Plantarum' and 'Systema Naturae' are considered cornerstones of modern taxonomy and binomial nomenclature.
• 🌟 Despite the evolution of classification systems to include phylogenetic and genomic data, Linnaeus's work remains significant in the field of biology.
• 🏫 Linnaeus's legacy is preserved in institutions like the Swedish Museum of Natural History and the Linnean Society of London.

Q & A

Who is Carl Linnaeus and why is he significant in the field of biology?

Carl Linnaeus, also known as Carl von Linné, was a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist. He is renowned as the father of modern taxonomy and is best known for his work on classifying and naming different biological organisms. His contributions to the hierarchical classification system and the binomial system of nomenclature have had a lasting impact on the way we categorize and name species today.

What is the significance of Linnaeus's 'Systema Natura'?

Linnaeus's 'Systema Natura', first published in 1735, is significant because it outlined a new way of classifying living things into a hierarchical system based on their characteristics. It introduced the binomial nomenclature, a two-part naming system for species, which became the standard in the scientific community. The 10th edition of 'Systema Natura' in 1758 is considered the starting point for the scientific names of plants and animals.

What is the binomial system of nomenclature and how did Linnaeus contribute to it?

The binomial system of nomenclature is a method of naming species where each species is given a two-part name: the genus name followed by the specific epithet. Linnaeus contributed to this system by simplifying and standardizing nomenclature, making scientific names shorter, more accurate, and universally applicable. His work in 'Species Plantarum' and the 10th edition of 'Systema Natura' established the foundation for the binomial system.

What was Linnaeus's approach to classifying plants in his early work?

In his early work, Linnaeus classified plants based on their sexual parts, a system known as the sexual system. He grouped plants according to the number of stamens and pistils in their flowers, which was a practical approach at the time but resulted in some artificial groupings. This system was outlined in his 'Systema Natura' and further developed in 'Genera Plantarum'.

How did Linnaeus's views on the fixity of species evolve over his lifetime?

Initially, Linnaeus believed that species were fixed and unchangeable, as stated in his early works. However, through his observations of hybridization in plants, he later abandoned this concept, suggesting that species could change and new species could arise through hybridization. Despite this, he maintained that any new species were part of God's original plan for creation.

What is the 'Species Plantarum' and why is it important?

The 'Species Plantarum' is a two-volume work published by Linnaeus in 1753. It is important because it established a precise and workable binomial system for naming plants. In this work, Linnaeus described around six thousand species of plants, each with a generic name and a specific epithet, laying the foundation for modern botanical nomenclature.

What are some of Linnaeus's other significant scientific works mentioned in the script?

Other significant scientific works by Linnaeus include 'Genera Plantarum', which employed his sexual system of classification; 'Philosophia Botanica', a textbook of descriptive systematic botany; 'Flora Lapponica', an account of plants of Lapland; and 'Bibliotheca Botanica', a bibliography of botany. These works further developed his ideas on nomenclature, classification, and the theoretical foundations of botany.

How did Linnaeus's classification system influence the work of later biologists?

Linnaeus's classification system and binomial nomenclature laid the groundwork for future biologists, including Charles Darwin. His system allowed for a standardized way to name and classify organisms, which facilitated communication and research in biology. His ideas continue to influence the field, even though modern taxonomy is now primarily based on phylogenetic systematics and genomics.

What is the significance of the 'Linnaean Society of London' mentioned in the script?

The Linnaean Society of London is an international society for the study of natural history, named in honor of Carl Linnaeus. It was founded several years after Linnaeus's death and continues to play a significant role in preserving his collections, manuscripts, and library. The society also promotes the study and understanding of natural history.

Can you provide an example of how Linnaeus's binomial nomenclature system is used?

An example of Linnaeus's binomial nomenclature system is the naming of the species Homo sapiens. In this binomial name, 'Homo' represents the genus, and 'sapiens' is the specific epithet, indicating the species within that genus. This system provides a clear and concise way to identify and communicate about species.

Outlines

00:00

🌿 Introduction to Linnaeus and His Contributions to Biology

This paragraph introduces Carl Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist renowned for his work in classifying and naming biological organisms. It outlines the objectives of the lecture, which include describing Linnaeus's biography, discussing his contributions to taxonomy and nomenclature, and highlighting his scientific work. Linnaeus published 'Systema Naturae' in 1735, introducing a hierarchical classification system and the binomial system of nomenclature. His work simplified and standardized scientific names, and his publications are considered the starting point for scientific names in biology. The paragraph also provides a brief account of Linnaeus's life, his education, and his professional journey, culminating in his recognition as the 'father of modern botany'.

05:01

🔬 Linnaeus's Hierarchical Classification System and Binomial Nomenclature

This paragraph delves into Linnaeus's contributions to taxonomy, particularly his hierarchical classification system and the binomial system of nomenclature. Linnaeus is often referred to as the 'father of taxonomy,' and his system of classifying and naming organisms is still widely used today. The hierarchical system, presented in 'Systema Naturae,' included three kingdoms with five hierarchical categories: variety, species, genus, order, and class. Linnaeus's classification was based on the sexual parts of plants, leading to an artificial grouping system known as the Systema Sexuale. Despite its limitations, this system was popular due to its simplicity and the contemporary interest in its erotic connotations. The paragraph also discusses the evolution of Linnaeus's thoughts on classification, leading to his recognition of the need for a more natural system that considered all similarities and differences between organisms.

10:01

🌱 Linnaeus's Views on the Fixity and Origin of Species

This paragraph explores Linnaeus's initial belief in the fixity and unchangeability of species, as well as his later views on the potential for species to arise through hybridization. Linnaeus initially considered species as unchangeable entities, but his observations on plant hybridization led him to reconsider this stance. He proposed that some species might have arisen after the initial creation through hybridization, although he maintained that these new species were part of God's plan for creation. The paragraph also discusses Linnaeus's thoughts on nature as a competitive environment, which he saw as necessary for maintaining the balance of nature and part of the divine order. Despite his contributions, Linnaeus did not subscribe to the concept of open-ended evolution without a predetermined goal, a concept that would have been shocking to him.

15:03

📚 Linnaeus's Scientific Works and Legacy

This paragraph summarizes Linnaeus's significant scientific works, including 'Systema Naturae,' 'Species Plantarum,' 'Genera Plantarum,' 'Philosophia Botanica,' 'Flora Lapponica,' and 'Bibliotheca Botanica.' Each work is highlighted for its contribution to the fields of taxonomy, nomenclature, and botany. 'Systema Naturae' is noted for its foundational role in zoological nomenclature, while 'Species Plantarum' established a precise binomial system for naming plants. 'Genera Plantarum' and 'Philosophia Botanica' further developed Linnaeus's classification systems and botanical terminology. 'Flora Lapponica' was an early example of a modern flora, applying Linnaeus's classification and nomenclature in a practical context. 'Bibliotheca Botanica' provided a historical account of botany and laid the groundwork for future botanical works. The paragraph concludes by acknowledging the ongoing influence of Linnaeus's work on the study of natural history.

20:04

🏞️ Linnaeus's Legacy and Resources for Further Study

The final paragraph provides information on resources available for further study of Linnaeus and his work. It mentions the Linnaean herbarium at the Swedish Museum of Natural History, which preserves some of Linnaeus's original plant specimens, and the detailed biography available at the museum. The paragraph also references Linnaeus's botanical garden and his manor home and garden at Hammarby, maintained by Uppsala University. Additionally, it highlights the Linnaean Society of London, an international society for the study of natural history, and the Linnaean Link at the British Natural History Museum, which aims to make electronic versions of Linnaeus's writings and documents available. The lecture concludes with a summary of Linnaeus's personal characteristics and his enduring impact on the field of biology.

Keywords

💡Binomial Nomenclature

Binomial nomenclature is a system of naming species by giving each a name composed of two parts, the genus name and a specific epithet. This system was standardized by Carl Linnaeus, as mentioned in the script, to make scientific names shorter, more accurate, and universally applicable. It is central to the video's theme as it revolutionized the way biologists name and classify organisms, as exemplified by the renaming of the Briar Rose as Rosa canina.

💡Taxonomy

Taxonomy is the scientific study of the classification of organisms based on shared characteristics. The video discusses Linnaeus's significant contributions to taxonomy, particularly his hierarchical classification system. His work forms the foundation of modern biological classification, as highlighted by the script's mention of his 'Systema Natura' and the importance of his system in organizing the vast diversity of life into a coherent structure.

💡Hierarchical Classification System

This refers to a method of categorizing organisms into a structured hierarchy of groups based on their similarities. The script explains that Linnaeus introduced a system with five hierarchical categories: variety, species, genus, order, and class. This system is crucial to the video's narrative as it illustrates Linnaeus's approach to organizing the natural world, which was both practical and influential, despite being based on an 'artificial' grouping rather than natural relationships.

💡Systema Natura

Systema Natura is a book published by Linnaeus in 1735 that outlined his classification system for the natural world. The video emphasizes its importance as it marked a pivotal shift in how organisms were classified and named. The script mentions that later editions of 'Systema Natura' included all living things and became a cornerstone of biological nomenclature.

💡Species Plantarum

Species Plantarum is a two-volume work by Linnaeus published in 1753, which is mentioned in the script as establishing a precise and workable binomial system for naming plants. This work is significant to the video's theme as it represents a major step forward in botanical classification and is internationally accepted as the starting point in the nomenclature of flowering plants and ferns.

💡Carl Linnaeus

Carl Linnaeus, also known as Carl von Linné, is a central figure in the video. He was a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, and is often referred to as the 'father of modern taxonomy.' The script details his biography, scientific outlook, and contributions to biology, emphasizing his lasting impact on the field through his classification systems and nomenclature.

💡Genera Plantarum

Genera Plantarum is another significant work by Linnaeus, as mentioned in the script, which employed his sexual system of classification for plants. This work is important to the video's narrative as it demonstrates Linnaeus's early efforts in standardizing botanical nomenclature and classification, laying the groundwork for his later, more comprehensive systems.

💡Sexual System

The sexual system, as discussed in the script, refers to Linnaeus's classification of plants based on the number and arrangement of their reproductive organs, or stamens and pistils. This system, while artificial, was influential in its time and is highlighted in the video as an example of Linnaeus's innovative approach to classification.

💡Natural Classification

Natural classification is a method of organizing organisms into groups based on their evolutionary relationships and shared characteristics. The script mentions that Linnaeus aimed for a natural classification system, which was later developed by others. This concept is important to the video's theme as it shows the evolution of taxonomic thought from Linnaeus's time to modern systematics.

💡Phylogenetic Systematics

Phylogenetic systematics is a modern approach to classification that organizes organisms based on their evolutionary history. The video contrasts this with Linnaeus's methods, indicating a shift from his artificial groupings to classifications that reflect true genetic and evolutionary relationships, as mentioned in the script when discussing how current classification systems are based on phylogenetic systematics and genomics.

💡Cryptogams

Cryptogams, as used in the script, is a term that historically included plants that reproduce using spores, such as ferns, mosses, and fungi. The video discusses how Linnaeus classified these organisms under the class 'Cryptogamia,' highlighting the challenges in classifying asexual or hidden-sex organisms and the artificial nature of some of his groupings.

Highlights

Carl Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist, is renowned for his work on classifying and naming biological organisms.

Linnaeus published 'Systema Naturae' in 1735, outlining a method for classifying plants based on their sexual organs.

He introduced the binomial system of nomenclature, simplifying scientific names to genus and species for universal applicability.

In 1905, botanists and zoologists agreed to use Linnaeus's works as the official starting point for scientific names.

Linnaeus was born in 1707 and is known as the father of modern botany, with a profound influence on scientific taxonomy.

His classification system, though based on plant sexuality, was simple and became extremely popular.

Linnaeus's 'Systema Naturae' underwent many revisions, eventually including all living things.

He established a natural classification system in the sixth edition of 'Genera Plantarum', acknowledging the limitations of his sexual system.

Linnaeus's contributions to taxonomy include the hierarchical classification system and the binomial system of nomenclature.

His ideas on species were initially fixed but evolved to consider hybridization as a source of new species.

Linnaeus's 'Species Plantarum' is a foundational work in plant taxonomy, establishing a precise naming system.

The 'Genera Plantarum' used Linnaeus's sexual system of classification and was revised multiple times.

Linnaeus's 'Philosophia Botanica' is a significant textbook in descriptive systematic botany and botanical Latin.

Flora Lapponica documented plants of Lapland and was the first practical application of Linnaeus's classification system.

Bibliotheca Botanica is Linnaeus's work on botanical history and the first part of a larger, unfinished project.

Linnaeus's legacy is preserved in various institutions, including the Swedish Museum of Natural History and the Linnean Society of London.

Transcripts

foreign

[Applause]

[Music]

students today our topic of deliberation

is contribution of lenius to biology the

objectives of today's deliberation are

to briefly describe biography of linnius

to discuss the contribution of lenius to

taxonomy that is hierarchical

classification system and binomial

system of nomenclature

of species to highlight the scientific

work of lenius

so first and foremost let us have a

general introduction about Carlos

linnius

carlisleenius was a Swedish botanist

best known for his work on classifying

and naming different biological

organisms he published Systema Natura in

1735 in which he outlined the way of

classifying plants the classification

system was primarily based on his

expertise on plant sexuality lenius

simplified and standardized nomenclature

into binomial system two name system of

genus and species to make scientific

names shorter more accurate and

universally applicable

because linnius was first to achieve a

consistent and efficient system of

nomenclature

botanists agreed in 1905 to accept his

species plantarum 1753 and zoologists

agreed to accept the 10th edition of his

Systema Natura 1758 as an official

starting point for scientific names of

plants and animals

his sister man Natura went through many

River Tunes over time and came to

include all living things other

noteworthy contributions include the

scientific works like Genera plantarum

philosophia Botanica Flora leponica

although the classification systems used

today are primarily based on

phylogenetic systematics and genomics

the preliminary work done by linear

still holds significance now let us go

through our first objective whiz

biography of linnius

Carlos linnius or Carl Von Lenny was a

renowned botanist physician zoologist

and one of the most influential

scientists in history he is known as the

father of modern botany

linnius was born on May 23 1707 at

stenborn Southern Sweden

lenius entered the University of London

in 1727 to study medicine

a year later he transferred to

University of uppsala

most of the lenius's time at uppsala was

spent collecting and studying plants

at that time training in botany was a

part of medical curriculum for every

doctor had to prepare and prescribe

drugs derived from medicinal plants

linnius went to the Netherlands in 1735

promptly finished his medical degree at

University of harswick and then enrolled

in the University of Leiden for further

studies

that same year he published the first

edition of his classification of living

things the Systema Natura

returning to Sweden in 1738 he practiced

medicine and lectured in Stockholm

before being awarded professorship at

uppsala in 1741.

at uppsala He restored universities

Botanical Garden

Lingus continued to revise his system on

Natura which Grew From a slim pamphlet

to a multi-volume work

as his Concepts were modified and as

more and more plants and animal

specimens were sent to him from every

corner of the globe in 1758 he brought

the manor a stage of hambri outside

uppsala where he built a small museum

for his extensive personal collections

in 1761 he was granted nobility and

became Carl Von Lenny his later years

were marked by increasing depression and

pessimism

lingering on for several years after

suffering what was probably a series of

mild Strokes in 1774 he died in 1778.

now let's briefly discuss about his

scientific Outlook

deeply and always retained a sense of

wonder at the world of living things

as he wrote in the preface of late

edition of Systema Natura the Earth's

creation is the glory of God as seen

from The Works of nature by man alone

the study of nature would reveal the

divine order of God's creation and it

was naturalist us to construct a natural

classification that would reveal this

order in the universe

much of what we do today has its

foundation on what lineus organized more

than 280 years ago the students with

this we have reached our second

objective that is contribution of lineus

to texanime Carlos lenius is often known

as father of taxonomy his system of

naming ranking and classifying organisms

is still in wide use today

his ideas on classification have

influenced generations of biologists two

most important contributions of lenius

to texanime were

hierarchical classification system

binomial system of nomenclature let's

first discuss about hierarchical

classification system

linears presented a hierarchical

classification or taxonomy of three

kingdoms of nature Stones plants and

animals in Systema Natura the system of

nature in this system five hierarchical

categories were used variety species

genus order and class

ification of plants the classification

1735 1753 of Swedish botanists carlinius

represents the most complete artificial

system ever developed for all plants the

system of classification proposed by

lenius was based solely on presence

configuration and number of sexual parts

of a plant a plant's glass was

determined by its stamens male organs

and its order by its pistils female

organs referred to as Systema sexual

such a classification based on stamens

and carpools resulted in the artificial

grouping of unrelated Texa and

separation of relatives the sexual

system as Linus causes became extremely

popular through certainly not only

because of its practicality but also

because of its erotic connotations and

allusions to contemporary gender

relations

the system of lineus was very simple in

its application recognized 24 classes

the lenient classes for plants in sexual

system were class 1 mono Andrea flowers

with one settlement Class 2 diandria

flowers with two stamens class 3

tri-endria flowers with three stamens

class 4 tetrainria flowers with four

stamens class 5 petrindria flowers with

five stamens class 6 hexandria flowers

with six stamens Class 7 heptrandria

flowers with seven instruments Class 8

octrine Ria flowers with eight stamens

class 9 and Andrea flowers with nine

stamens class 10 dekendria flowers with

10 stamens class 11 Jo sangria flowers

with 12 stamens Class 12 Ico centria

flowers with 20 stamens pereginus class

13 polyendria flowers with many stamens

inserted on the receptacle class 14

digemonia flowers with four stamens true

long and Too Short class 15

tetrizinemia flowers with six stamens

four long and two short class 16 mono

Adelphia flowers with the anther

separate but filaments United at least

at the base class 17 diadelphia flowers

with the settlements United in two

separate groups class 18 polydelphia

flowers with citamins United in several

separate groups class 19 syngencia

flowers with five settlements the

anthers United at their edges class 20

gynendria flowers with the settlements

United to the pistols class 21 monoisia

monishes plants class 22 jaishya zaishes

plants class 23 gamia polygamous plants

class 24 crypto gamia the flourless

plants including ferns fungi algae and

bryophytes

as a result of its utility as well as

the interest generated by its sexual and

endurance

for example diandria was described as

two husbands in the same marriage the

system became very popular and was

accepted virtually worldwide

however lenius's plant examine resulted

in many groupings that seemed unnatural

for instance lenius's class monoatia

order monoadelphia included plants which

separate male and female flowers on same

plants mono Asia and with multiple male

organs jointed onto one common base

monoadelphia this order included

conifers such as Pines Furs and

cypresses but also included a few true

flowering plants such as castor bean

plants without obvious sex organs were

classified in the class cryptogrammia or

plants with a hidden marriage which

lumped together the algae lichens fungi

mosses and other bryophytes and ferns

lenius freely admitted that this

produced an artificial classification

not a natural one which would take into

account all the similarities and

differences between organisms

linear State aim at natural

classification and in the sixth edition

of Genera plantarum

1764 he appended a list of 58 natural

orders it was however left to others to

carry forward

dear students let's now talk about

contribution of linears to binomial

system of nomenclature

despite numerous new ideas and systems

of classification produced from 16 to

middle of the 18th century names of the

plants continued to be polynomial that

is many descriptors words following a

generic name for example tomato was

named as solanum Kali into me herbaku

forlespinatus insiness meaning solanum

with a smooth herbaceous stem and

incised beneath leaves many biologists

give the species they describe long

unweirdly Latin names which could be

altered at will a scientist comparing

two descriptions of species might not be

able to tell which organisms were being

referred to to avoid this cumbersome way

of naming linear suggested dissociating

descriptors of plants from its name

after experimenting with various

Alternatives linear simplified naming

immensely by designating one Latin name

to indicate the genus and one as a

shorthand name for the species

two names make up the binomial species

name for instance in his two volume work

species plantarum lineus renamed the

Briar Rose as Rosa Cana now this

binomial system rapidly became the

standard system for naming species

Zoological and most Botanicals examic

priority begin with lineus the oldest

plant names accepted as validity are

those published in species planetarium

in 1753 while the oldest animal names

are those in the 10th edition of Systema

Natura

all the Holiness was not the first to

use binomials he was the first to use

them consistently and for this reason

Latin names that naturalists used before

lineus are not usually considered valid

under the rules of nomenclature Latin

was important language of the time of

lenius and continues to be the critical

language for International Communication

lenius's binomial names introduced an

important new idea namely that the

function of name could simply be to give

species a unique label let's now discuss

in detail a third objective that is to

delineate linnius's thoughts about fixes

T of species

initially linnius believed that species

was not only real but unchangeable as he

wrote unites Us in omnis species origin

Joseph the invariability of species is

the condition for other but linnius

observed how different species of plants

might hybridize to create forms which

look like new species

he abandoned the concept that species

were fixed and invariable and suggested

that some perhaps most of the species in

the genus might have Arisen after the

creation of world through hybridization

towards the end of his life lenius

investigated what he thought were cases

of crosses between Genera and suggested

that perhaps new Genera might also arise

through hybridization and it's true that

hybridization has produced new species

of plants and in some cases of animals

yet to lineage the process of generating

new species was not open-ended and

unlimited whatever new species have

Arisen from primary specia the original

species in the Garden of Eden were still

a part of God's plan for creation for

they had always potentially been present

lenius notice the struggle for survival

he once called nature a Butcher's Block

and a war of all against all however he

considered struggle and competition

necessary to maintain the balance of

nature part of divine order the concept

of open-ended evolution not necessarily

governed by the divine plan and with no

predetermined goal ever occurred to

lenius the idea would have shocked him

nevertheless lenius hierarchical

classification and binomial nomenclature

much modified her remained standard for

over 200 years his writings have been

studied by every generation of

naturalists including Aramis Darwin and

Charles Darwin

the search for natural system of

classification is still going on except

that's what systematics try to discover

and use as the basis of classification

is now evolutionary relationship of the

exam

now let us deliberate about our last

objective scientific works by linears

number one Systema Natura the system of

nature

in the year 1735 when linius lived in

Netherlands he published a book named

Systema Natura in this book he presented

a new classification for Three Kingdoms

in nature the animal kingdom the plants

Kingdom and the kingdom of stones namely

regnum and a male regnum vegetable and

regnum lipidum

the classification was based on five

levels Kingdom class order genus and

species while species and genus was seen

as god-given or natural the three higher

levels were seen by lenius as constructs

the book attracted much attention among

the scientists of the time because of

its important changes in classification

especially the classification of plants

kingdom was new to the world it followed

lenius's new sexual system where species

with the same number of stamens were

referred to as same group also the

animals were subjected to new

classification for instance humans were

for the first time placed together with

monkeys

the first edition of Systema Natura had

only 11 pages lenius later published new

editions each time with new plants and

animal species an important step was

when in 1758 in the 10th edition he

moved the whales from fishes to mammals

the full title of the 10th edition which

was the most important one was Systema

Natura per regna try

naturalness generous species come

characters differences

synonymouses or translated as systems of

nature through the Three Kingdoms of

nature according to class order Genera

and species with characters differences

synonyms places

the 10th edition of the book 1758 is

considered the starting point of

international code of Zoological

nomenclature along with the first

edition of species plantarum for plants

the 10th edition of Systema Natura are

considered as Foundation stones of

binomial nomenclature the 13th edition

was published in 1770 and comprised 3000

Pages during the work lenius changed his

classification today there is nothing

corresponding to Systema Natura the

number of species has become too large

to be assembled in one book number

second is the species plantarum the

species of plants species plantarum 1753

is a two volume work by lenius in which

he established a precise and a workable

two-word or binomial system for naming

plants the system forms the basis of

modern plants examine in this Masterwork

linear described six thousand species of

plants and supplemented each with

a generic name a polynomial descriptive

phrase or a phrase name commencing with

generic name and up to 12 words intended

to sow as description of the species a

trivial name of specific epithets on the

margin synonyms with reference to

important earlier literature and

habitats and countries

species plantarum was the first bug that

consistently applied a referable system

of nomenclature it was vast improvements

over the cumbersome polynomial

descriptions generally used before its

publication the first edition of species

plant serum has been internationally

accepted as the starting point in the

nomenclature of flowering plants and

ferns let's now discuss about General

plantarum the first edition of Genera

plantarum was issued in Legion 1737 it

contains brief description of 935 plan

Genera that were known to lenius at that

time General plantarum employed his

sexual system of classification in which

plants are grouped according to number

of stamens and pistols in a flower

General plantarum was revised several

times by lineage the fifth edition being

published in August 1754 and linked to

the first edition of species plantarum

over the 16 years that passed between

the publication of first and the fifth

editions the number of General listed

had increased from 935 to 1105. lenius

established the system of binomial

nomenclature through the widespread

acceptance of his plants in 1735 edition

of species plantarum which is now taken

as a starting point for all Botanical

nomenclature General plantarum was an

integral part of his first stepping

stone towards Universal standardized

biological nomenclature now the

philosophia Botanica Botanical

philosophy

philosophy a bachanika is the first

textbook of descriptive systematic

botany and Botanical Latin it also

contains lenius's first published

description of his binomial nomenclature

philosophy of Botanica represents a

mature ring of lenius's thinking on

botani and its theoretical foundations

being an elaboration of ideas first

published in his fundamental Botanica

and kritika Botanica and set out in a

similar way as a series of Stark and

uncompromising principles the book also

established a basic Botanical

terminology

let's now discuss about Flora leponica

Flora leponica a Mr Jam 1737 is an

account of plants of leperlands written

by lenius following his expedition to

laplan

in Floral leponica linnius's ideas about

nomenclature and classification were

first used in a practical way making

this first proto-modern Flora the

accounts covered 534 species use the

lenient classification system and

included for the described species

geographical distribution and taxonomic

nodes it was Augustine Paramus D can

Joel who attributed linnius with floral

eponica as a first example in the

Botanical genre of floral writing

Botanical historian eel greeni described

Flora leponica as the most classical and

delightful of lenius's writing

next is the bibluthica Botanica

bibliography of botani bibliotica

Botanica was written and published in

Amsterdam when lenius was 28 and

dedicated to the botanist Jonas

the preface dated 8 August 1735 on pages

2 to 19 contain lenius's extended

accounts of Botanical history in form of

Botanical enology in Pages two to three

linear lists previous bibliographies and

then gives his account of Botanical

history leading to a golden age lasting

from 1683 to 1703 the preface mentions

biblotica Botanica was the first part of

plants biblioteca Medica which he did

not produce hot sauce

foreign

financed by George Clifford in 1735-1736

some of the other books of carlinius are

kritika Botanica fundamental Botanica

Nemesis Devina systems of vegetables

among sales academica

dear students let's conclude hair

Lingus was not big not small thin brown

eyed light history walks quickly did

everything promptly could not stand

lateness was quickly mood sensitive

worked continuously could not spare

himself

he enjoyed good food drank good drinks

but was never in aberrated by them he

cared a little for appearance believed

that the man should embellish the

clothes not vice versa he was certainly

not argumentative so he never answered

those who wrote against him and said if

I'm wrong I'll not win and if I'm right

I'll be shown to be right as long as

nature exists the Lenny herbarium at the

Swedish Museum of Natural History

preserved some of the lenius's original

plant specimens

the museum also has an excellent

detailed biography of linnius you can

also view lines's botanical garden and

linnius's Mainer Home and Garden at

Hembree courtesy of uppsala University

lenius's alma mater

uppsala University also maintains linion

Lenny a rich source of information on

lenius and his times founded a few years

later after lenius's jet the lenient

Society of London is still going strong

and as an international Society for the

study of Natural History the society

preserves the bulk of lenius's surviving

collections manuscripts and Library the

lenius's link at the British Natural

History Museum aims to make available

electronic versions of lenius's writings

and documents dear students this brings

us to the end of this lecture on the

contribution of linears to biology hope

you enjoyed this lecture have a nice day

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thank you

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foreign

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