Non-Mendelian Genetics (Co-dominance): Knowledge Catalog Grade 9 Biology #8

Summary

This educational video from the Knowledge Catalog series delves into grade 9 biology, focusing on non-Mendelian inheritance patterns. It's divided into activities and discussions, starting with an exploration of phenotypes and genotypes in incomplete dominance using Punnett squares. The video then discusses codominance, contrasting it with complete dominance. Finally, a 'mystery ball' activity challenges viewers to determine the father of calves among mixed herds, applying genetic principles to real-life scenarios. The video aims to enhance understanding of biological sciences through interactive learning.

Takeaways

• 🌟 This video is part of a series on grade 9 biology, focusing on explaining patterns of non-Mendelian inheritance.
• 📚 The session is divided into an activity on phenotypes and genotypes in incomplete dominance, a discussion about codominance, and a mystery ball activity.
• 🔬 Incomplete dominance is a non-Mendelian pattern of inheritance where the phenotype is a blend of both parental traits, illustrated using a Punnett square.
• 🌺 The activity involves crossing four o'clock plants with different flower colors to demonstrate incomplete dominance.
• 🐄 Codominance is another non-Mendelian pattern where both dominant traits are expressed in the phenotype, such as in the case of red and white cows producing roan offspring.
• 🧬 The mystery ball activity involves determining the possible sire of calves born to a herd of red cows, using genotypes and Punnett squares.
• 📊 The activity requires calculating phenotypic percentages of the offspring based on the crosses made.
• 📝 Materials needed for the activities include an activity sheet, manila paper, and a marking pen for visual demonstrations.
• 🤔 The video poses questions to the viewer, such as determining the possible phenotypes of calves and how to apply the learned concepts to improve livestock breeds.
• 📈 The session aims to help viewers understand the practical application of genetic principles in animal breeding for traits like meat quality and milk production.
• 👨‍🏫 The video is created by a high school teacher in the Philippines who develops educational content to enhance teaching and learning.

Q & A

What is the main focus of the video script?

The main focus of the video script is to explain non-Mendelian inheritance patterns, specifically incomplete dominance and codominance, through activities and discussions in the context of biology.

What is the first activity in the script?

The first activity is about phenotypes and genotypes in incomplete dominance, where students are expected to use a Punnett square to show the possible outcomes of crosses involving four o'clock plants with different flower colors.

What are the objectives of activity number one?

The objectives of activity number one are to explain the incomplete dominance pattern of inheritance and to illustrate it using a Punnett square for a cross involving this pattern.

What materials are needed for the activities in the script?

The materials needed for the activities include an activity sheet, manila paper, and a marking pen for visual representation of the Punnett squares and other diagrams.

How many types of gametes will each parent produce in problem number one?

In problem number one, each parent with genotype 'rw' will produce two types of gametes.

What is the phenotype of a heterozygous four o'clock flower as per the script?

The phenotype of a heterozygous four o'clock flower is pink flowers.

What is the difference between incomplete dominance and codominance as discussed in the script?

In incomplete dominance, the phenotype is a blend of the two traits (e.g., pink flowers from red and white parents), while in codominance, both traits are expressed in the phenotype (e.g., red and white patches on a cow's hide).

What is the mystery ball activity about?

The mystery ball activity involves determining the possible sire of calves born to a herd of red cows after a mix-up with neighboring bulls, using genetic principles and Punnett squares.

What are the possible phenotypes of the offspring from the crosses in the mystery ball activity?

The possible phenotypes of the offspring include red, roan, and white, depending on the genotype of the mating bulls and the red cows.

How can the knowledge from this script be applied to improve livestock breeds?

The knowledge can be applied by animal breeders to crossbreed animals to obtain desired traits, which can improve livestock in terms of meat quality, milk production, and other desirable characteristics.

What suggestions can be given to animal breeders based on the script?

Suggestions for animal breeders include understanding and utilizing genetic principles like incomplete dominance and codominance to guide their breeding practices for improved livestock traits.

Outlines

00:00

🌱 Incomplete Dominance in Genetics

This paragraph introduces a biology lesson focusing on non-Mendelian inheritance patterns, specifically incomplete dominance. The session is structured with an activity and discussion, aiming to explain the concept using real-world examples like four o'clock plants. The activity involves using a Punnett square to predict the outcomes of crosses between plants with different flower colors, illustrating the inheritance of traits that do not follow simple Mendelian ratios. Key questions address the types of gametes produced, phenotypes of heterozygous plants, and possible phenotypes and genotypes of offspring.

05:04

🐄 Codominance and Livestock Breeding

The second paragraph delves into codominance, another non-Mendelian inheritance pattern, using the example of cows with different coat colors. It contrasts codominance with complete dominance, highlighting how both dominant traits are expressed in the phenotype. The discussion is followed by an activity called 'Mystery Ball,' which involves a scenario where a farmer's red cows have been bred with unknown bulls, and the task is to determine the possible sire and offspring traits using Punnett squares. The activity aims to apply genetic principles to a practical problem, with questions guiding the learner to predict calf phenotypes and genotypes.

10:05

🔍 Applying Genetics to Animal Breeding

The final paragraph wraps up the session with a focus on how the learned concepts can be applied to improve livestock breeds. It suggests that animal breeders can use crossbreeding to introduce desired traits, enhancing meat quality and milk production. The paragraph also encourages learners to consider how their understanding of genetics can benefit local animal breeding practices. It concludes with a call to action for viewers to support the content creator, a high school teacher in the Philippines, and hints at the possibility of more educational content in the future.

Keywords

💡Incomplete Dominance

Incomplete dominance, also known as partial dominance, is a genetic phenomenon where the phenotype of the heterozygote is a blend of the phenotypes of the homozygotes. In the context of the video, this concept is used to explain the outcome of a cross between two pink flowered four o'clock plants, where the offspring can display a mix of red and white colors, resulting in pink flowers. This is a non-Mendelian pattern of inheritance, differing from the classic Mendelian dominance where one allele masks the expression of another.

💡Phenotypes

Phenotypes refer to the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, which result from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. In the video, phenotypes are discussed in relation to the color of four o'clock plant flowers, where red, white, and pink colors represent different expressions of genetic traits. Understanding phenotypes is crucial for explaining patterns of inheritance and predicting the characteristics of offspring.

💡Genotypes

A genotype is the genetic constitution of an organism, referring to the specific set of genes inherited from its parents. In the video, genotypes are used to predict the outcome of crosses between different four o'clock plants, such as those with red, white, or pink flowers. The genotypes 'rr', 'rw', and 'ww' are mentioned to illustrate how different combinations can lead to different phenotypes, showcasing the concept of incomplete dominance.

💡Punnett Square

A Punnett square is a diagram used to predict the genotypes of the offspring in a genetic cross. It is a simple way to visualize the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a particular cross. In the video, Punnett squares are used to illustrate the crosses involving incomplete dominance, helping to predict the possible outcomes of crosses between four o'clock plants with different flower colors.

💡Codominance

Codominance is a genetic phenomenon where two different alleles are both expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote. This is contrasted with the concept of incomplete dominance in the video, where the phenotype is a blend of the two traits. The video uses the example of cows to explain codominance, where a cow with genotype 'Rr' (where 'R' is the allele for red and 'r' is for white) would be both red and white, not a blend of the two.

💡Alleles

Alleles are different forms of a gene that can exist at the same locus on homologous chromosomes. They are responsible for variations in traits. In the video, 'R' and 'r' are alleles for flower color in four o'clock plants, with 'R' often being dominant over 'r'. Understanding alleles is key to grasping how traits are passed down and expressed in offspring.

💡Heterozygous

A heterozygous organism has two different alleles for a particular gene. In the video, the term is used to describe a four o'clock plant with a genotype of 'Rw', which would result in a pink phenotype due to incomplete dominance. The video explains that a heterozygous individual can display a phenotype that is a combination of the traits controlled by its alleles.

💡Gametes

Gametes are the reproductive cells (sperm and egg cells) that carry genetic information from one generation to the next. In the video, the concept of gametes is used to explain how different combinations of alleles can be passed on to offspring. For example, a heterozygous plant with genotype 'Rw' can produce gametes with either 'R' or 'w' alleles, leading to different possible genotypes in the offspring.

💡Mystery Ball

The 'Mystery Ball' activity in the video is a hypothetical scenario used to apply the concepts of genetics to a real-world problem. It involves determining the possible genetic outcomes of a cross between different cattle, with the goal of identifying the father of calves. This activity demonstrates how genetic principles can be used in animal breeding and to solve practical problems.

💡Crossbreeding

Crossbreeding is the process of mating individuals from different breeds or genetic lines to produce offspring with desirable traits. In the video, the concept is mentioned in the context of improving livestock breeds, such as enhancing meat quality or milk production. The video suggests that understanding genetic principles, like incomplete dominance and codominance, can help animal breeders make informed decisions about crossbreeding.

Highlights

Introduction to the knowledge catalog focusing on grade 9 biology.

Exploring the fourth learning competency related to explaining non-Mendelian inheritance patterns.

Activity one focuses on phenotypes and genotypes in incomplete dominance.

Objectives of activity one include explaining incomplete dominance and illustrating it using a Punnett square.

Materials needed for face-to-face instructions include an activity sheet, manila paper, and a marking pen.

Crossing two pink flowered four o'clock plants to show possible outcomes using a Punnett square.

Crossing a red and a pink flowered four o'clock plant to demonstrate incomplete dominance.

Question and answer session about gametes, phenotypes, and genotypes of the offspring.

Discussion on codominance as a non-Mendelian pattern of inheritance.

Codominance is characterized by the expression of both dominant traits in the phenotype.

Activity two, 'Mystery Ball,' aims to determine the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a crossbreeding scenario.

Objectives of activity two include listing genotypes, completing a Punnett square, and calculating phenotypic percentages.

A scenario involving purebred red cows and potential crossbreeding with neighboring bulls.

Using Punnett squares to determine the possible traits of calves from different crosses.

Questions about identifying the father of the calves and the implications for the breeder.

Suggestions for animal breeders on improving livestock breeds and milk production.

Encouragement for viewers to subscribe and support the channel for more educational content.

Transcripts

[Music]

welcome to the knowledge catalog this is

a continuation of the series

grade 9 science actually this is more

like grade 9 biology

and so this is still biological sciences

and this is

our fourth learning competency which is

uh towards explaining the different

patterns of non-mendelian inheritance

if you have your learner's module with

you open them in unit 1

module 2 pages 4 to 8. let's begin

this session is divided into the

following parts the first part is an

activity

activity number one entitled phenotypes

and genotypes in incomplete dominance

part two is a discussion about

codominance

three is activity number two mystery

ball

let us begin with part one activity

activity number one is entitled

phenotypes and genotypes in incomplete

dominance

it has the following objectives the

first one

explains incomplete dominance pattern of

inheritance

and then the second one is illustrated

by means of punnett square

a cross involving incomplete dominance

pattern of inheritance

realize that incomplete dominance is a

non-mendelian pattern of

inheritance if you are going to have

face-to-face

instructions you will be needing the

following materials

first is an activity sheet which

actually is found on your box

the second one is manila paper and the

last one a marking pen

okay so for activity number one we have

the following um

just focus on the following okay so

number one

is you need to read the problem in four

o'clock plants

r is the allele for red color and w is

the allele for

white color two pink flowered four

o'clock plants

were crossed show the possible outcome

of the cross between

two pink flowered four o'clock plants by

using

the punnett square i will be giving a

moment

to do this part of the activity

if you have continued to watch this

video that means you're ready for the

second part

read the given problem now another cross

was made involving a red flowered

four o'clock plant and a pink flowered

four o'clock plant

show the possible outcome of the cross

between two pink flowered

four o'clock plants by using the punnett

square

i will give you a moment to finish this

part of the activity

if you have decided to continue let us

now move on

let's answer question number one how

many types of gametes

will each parent produce in problem

number one

in problem number two

question number two what is the

phenotype of a heterozygous

four o'clock flower

question number three what are the

possible phenotypes of the offspring

from the cross

of the parental plants in problem number

one

in problem number two

question number four what are the

possible genotypes of the

offspring from the cross of the parental

plants in problem number one

in problem number two

we are done dealing with the questions i

hope you have already finalized your

answers

let us answer them the answer for

question number one

problem number one two types of gametes

for each parent

since their genotypes are rw and rw

problem number two one parent will have

one type of gamete and the other two

types of gametes

since their genotypes are rr and rw

answer to question number two pink

flowers

answer to question number three problem

number one

pink and red flowers problem number two

red pink and white flowers

question number answer the question

number four problem number one is

rr rw and ww

problem number two rr and rw

that ends activity number one phenotypes

and genotypes in

incomplete dominance the second part of

this session is going to be a discussion

regarding codominance we will be

focusing this discussion particularly on

cows

so notice that the first cow right here

is red

it's actually just considered to be red

even though it looks quite brownish

this one right here is white

this one right here is called ron or rw

co-dominance is a non-mendelian pattern

of inheritance where both of the

dominant traits

are expressed in the phenotype and the

genotype

you remember in complete dominance where

the

dominance of each of those alleles is

only expressed

in the genotype and not in the phenotype

because neither of those two dominant

traits

are expressed instead of expressing red

and white it expressed pink

that ends the discussion for codominance

remember

that the expression of traits is going

to be done

in the phenotype and the genotype

activity number two mystery bowl is the

last part of this session

we have the following objectives the

first objective is

list the genotypes of the bull and cow

in the given problem

the second objective is diagram and

complete

a punnett square the third objective is

give phenotypic

percentages of the offspring

the materials to be need to be used are

the following manila paper

and marking pen of course these are

applicable if we have face-to-face

instruction

read the following problem marcelino

owns a purebred

owns pure bread red cows in his farm he

noticed

that after after typhoon several months

ago

all of the fences that separate his

cattle from his neighbor's cattle

were destroyed during the time that the

fences were down

three bulls one from each neighbor

mingled with his cows

for a while he thought that none of the

bulls found his cows

but over the months he noticed that all

of his cows are pregnant

he suspected that one of the bulls is

the father

which ball is it help man marcelino look

for the father

by solving the given problem

this determine the possible traits of

the calves if

a red r pull is mated

with a red cow number one

next is a red r bull is mated with a

white

cow too next and last

a roan rw is mated with a red

rr cow three

note that you have to illustrate your

answers

through a punnett square

question number five is as follows will

you be able to chase the father

of the calves what are the possible

phenotypes of the calves for each cow

question number six do you think you

will make

mon marcelino happy about the result of

your investigation

question number seven how are you going

to explain it to him

question number 8 how would you apply

what you learned to improve the breeds

of livestock

in your area

question number nine what possible

suggestions can you give to animal

breeders

in your area

now that we have already encountered the

questions let us deal

with the answers i hope that you have

already finalized

your own answers before you proceed to

this part of this video lesson

the answer to question number five is

yes

cow one will have red calves cow two

will have

rhone calves cow three will have red

and drone calves

answer to question number six is yes

answer to question number seven is

answers

may vary

answers to quite answer to question

number eight answers

may vary

the answer to question number nine is as

follows

so in the first punnett square you see

there that

you all have red offspring

in the cross between two red cows

the answer to question number nine we

have a possible answer here

so animal breeders can cross breed

animals for them to get desired traits

that will improve livestock in terms of

meat quality

and milk production us now proceed with

the second one with the second

bonnet square so if you perform a cross

between a red and a white cow

you will get grown offsprings

in the last bonnet square if you perform

a cross between

a round cow and a red

bull you will be getting

the following so me mango red merong

roan

that ends activity number one phenotypes

and genotypes in incomplete dominance

this is this all right if i'm a second

this is session number eight

i say it has the following parts the

first part is an activity number one

phenotypes and genotypes in incomplete

dominance

and then a discussion about codominance

and activity number two

mystery ball so yeah let me correct the

previous

thing i told you the title of that

activity was

mystery ball

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