Intro & Overview - Intro to Political Economy, Lecture1

Duke University Department of Political Science
9 Feb 201615:50

Summary

TLDRВ этом видео скрипте рассматриваются метафоры быка и лошади, символизирующие экономическую активность и регулирование, соответственно. Автор обсуждает концепцию 'делать или купить', демонстрируя, как рыночная система позволяет людям специализироваться и экономить ресурсы. Также рассматривается 'ошибка разбитого окна' Фредерика Бастиата, которая подчеркивает, что разрушение не создает процветание, а уничтожает богатство. Видео затрагивает и другие темы, такие как протекционизм и его последствия для потребителей и производителей, подчеркивая взаимосвязь экономики и политики.

Takeaways

  • 🐂公牛是经济活力和力量的象征,而乐观主义者则被称为牛市。
  • 🏛️美国联邦贸易委员会(FTC)负责监管经济,特别是反垄断和消费者保护。
  • 💪力量和控制的隐喻:雕塑中的马(代表经济力量)和试图控制它的人(代表监管者)。
  • 📚政治经济学课程中讨论的主要张力:自由市场经济与监管之间的紧张关系。
  • ✏️伦纳德·里德的《铅笔的故事》说明了分工和市场体系如何使生产变得高效和低成本。
  • 🪟破窗理论:破坏并不创造繁荣,而是摧毁了繁荣。
  • 🛒弗雷德里克·巴斯夏批判了破窗理论,强调破坏不会带来经济上的益处。
  • 🌪️飓风和其他自然灾害后,有人认为重建工作会刺激经济,但这忽略了原本可以用于其他生产性投资的资源。
  • 🕯️蜡烛制造商请愿书是一个讽刺故事,揭示了保护主义如何损害消费者利益。
  • 🔗经济和政治是不可分割的,它们相互影响,共同塑造了经济政策和市场结果。

Q & A

  • Что символизирует бык с Уолл-стрит?

    -Бык символизирует силу, оптимизм и процветание экономики. Люди, которые уверены в росте цен на акции, называются быками.

  • Какое здание было описано как важное в регулировании экономики?

    -Описано здание Федеральной торговой комиссии на Конститюшн-авеню, которое занимается антимонопольным регулированием и защитой прав потребителей.

  • Что означает метафора человека и лошади в скульптуре перед Федеральной торговой комиссией?

    -Лошадь представляет экономику, а человек — регулятора, который пытается контролировать мощные и опасные силы экономики.

  • Какую концепцию объясняет пример с созданием карандаша?

    -Пример иллюстрирует решение «сделать или купить», где экономически выгоднее покупать товары у других производителей, чем делать их самостоятельно.

  • Что такое «ошибка сломанного окна» и как она объясняется?

    -«Ошибка сломанного окна» заключается в том, что разрушение имущества не приносит пользы экономике. Хотя создание новых рабочих мест кажется положительным эффектом, на самом деле ресурсы тратятся на восстановление, а не на создание нового богатства.

  • Почему утверждение о том, что разрушение приносит экономическую выгоду, неверно?

    -Потому что ресурсы, потраченные на восстановление разрушенного имущества, могли бы быть использованы на что-то новое, что принесло бы большую экономическую пользу.

  • Какое сатирическое произведение упоминалось в контексте конкуренции?

    -Упоминалось произведение «Петиция свечников» Фредерика Бастиа, в котором свечники предлагают закрыть все окна, чтобы солнце не конкурировало с их продуктом.

  • Какую аналогию с сериалом «Симпсоны» использовали для объяснения абсурдности протекционизма?

    -Примером является Мистер Бернс, который блокировал солнце, чтобы увеличить спрос на энергию — это аналогия того, как протекционизм может искусственно поддерживать рынок за счёт ограничений.

  • Как экономика США регулирует цены на сахар, и какие последствия это имеет?

    -В США цены на сахар выше мировых из-за протекционистских мер, что приводит к замене сахара на вредный кукурузный сироп в продуктах питания.

  • Почему политические решения часто приводят к поддержке производителей в ущерб потребителям?

    -Потому что выгоды для производителей являются значительными и концентрированными, а ущерб для потребителей — менее заметен и распределён по всей экономике.

Outlines

00:00

🐂 Символика быка и регулятора экономики

В начале видео обсуждается знаменитый бык с Уолл-стрит — символ экономического роста и оптимизма. Бык олицетворяет инвесторов, уверенных в будущем повышении цен на акции. Также показана статуя рядом с Федеральной торговой комиссией, где изображён человек, пытающийся приручить мощную, но неконтролируемую силу лошади, символизирующей экономику. Это вводит основную тему лекции — противостояние между свободным рынком и регулирующими органами.

05:02

✏️ Производство и выбор: делать или покупать

Лектор рассуждает о том, как мы принимаем решения — производить что-то самостоятельно или покупать. Для примера берется простой карандаш. Задача самостоятельного изготовления карандаша без покупки готовых материалов оказывается невероятно сложной, что иллюстрирует экономический принцип распределения ресурсов. В современном мире мы покупаем товары, потому что это экономически выгоднее, чем производить их самостоятельно.

10:03

💥 Парадокс разбитого окна

Лектор рассматривает парадокс разбитого окна, описанный в эссе Фредерика Бастиата. Этот экономический парадокс утверждает, что разрушение, например, разбитие окна, не приносит пользы экономике, хотя может казаться, что оно создаёт рабочие места для ремонта. Однако, если бы окно не было разбито, деньги могли бы быть потрачены на другие товары и услуги, что привело бы к большему экономическому благу.

15:03

👽 Стимулы через разрушение: теория Кейнса

В этой части обсуждается тезис Пола Кругмана о том, что массовая мобилизация ресурсов на борьбу с воображаемой угрозой (например, инопланетянами) может способствовать экономическому росту. Лектор отмечает, что разрушение как стимул для экономики — это упрощённая интерпретация кейнсианской теории. Приводится пример урагана, который может якобы стимулировать восстановление экономики через восстановление инфраструктуры.

🕯️ Петиция производителей свечей: сатирическая критика протекционизма

Лектор обращается к «Петиции производителей свечей», где выдвигается абсурдное предложение запретить солнечный свет для защиты рынка свечей. Этот сатирический текст иллюстрирует проблемы протекционистской политики, которая часто приносит выгоду производителям за счёт потребителей. Примером служит ситуация в США, где протекционистская политика поддерживает производителей сахара, что наносит вред потребителям и здоровью нации.

📈 Экономика для потребителей или производителей?

Заключительная часть посвящена вопросу: кому служит экономика — потребителям или производителям? Лектор утверждает, что многие правила и законы разрабатываются в интересах производителей, несмотря на то, что экономика должна, по идее, обслуживать потребителей. Приводится пример регулирования рынка сахара в США, где политическая мощь производителей приводит к большим потерям для потребителей.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Бык

Бык символизирует оптимизм в отношении роста фондового рынка. В видео бык упоминается как символ жизненной силы и потенциала экономики, особенно в контексте текущих проблем на рынке, когда 'бык' подвергается давлению. Бык ассоциируется с теми, кто верит в рост цен на акции.

💡Медведь

Медведь противоположен быку и символизирует пессимизм относительно экономического будущего, а также падение цен на акции. Хотя медведь прямо не показывается в видео, упоминание быка подразумевает существование медведя как символа негативных тенденций на рынке.

💡Федеральная торговая комиссия (FTC)

Федеральная торговая комиссия (FTC) — государственный орган, занимающийся регулированием экономики США, в частности в области антимонопольного законодательства и защиты прав потребителей. Видео упоминает это агентство в контексте регулирования рынка и попыток контролировать экономические силы.

💡Регулирование

Регулирование относится к усилиям государственных агентств, таких как FTC, по контролю над экономикой, предотвращению монополий и защите потребителей. В видео человек, пытающийся контролировать мощную силу лошади (экономики), символизирует регуляторов, которые пытаются управлять экономикой.

💡Экономика

Экономика в видео представлена как мощная и сложная система, которую трудно контролировать. Лошадь, олицетворяющая экономику, изображена как сильная и могущественная, что подчеркивает вызовы, стоящие перед регулирующими органами.

💡Проблема сломанного окна

Проблема сломанного окна — это экономическая концепция, утверждающая, что разрушение ресурсов не создает благосостояния. В видео она обсуждается через пример сломанного окна, где акцентируется внимание на том, что разрушение заставляет перенаправлять средства на восстановление, а не на создание новых ценностей.

💡Кейнсианство

Кейнсианство — экономическая теория, предложенная Джоном Мейнардом Кейнсом, предполагающая, что государственные расходы могут стимулировать экономику в условиях спада. Видео упоминает эту концепцию в контексте критики идеи о том, что разрушение может быть положительным для экономики, пародируя такие взгляды.

💡Петиция производителей свечей

Петиция производителей свечей — это сатирическое произведение Фредерика Бастиа, где свечные производители требуют защиты от несправедливой конкуренции со стороны солнца. В видео эта петиция используется для иллюстрации абсурдности некоторых форм протекционизма и государственной поддержки отдельных отраслей.

💡Протекционизм

Протекционизм — это экономическая политика, направленная на защиту внутренних производителей от внешней конкуренции путем введения тарифов и других торговых барьеров. В видео эта концепция высмеивается через примеры неразумных действий, таких как защита производителей свечей от солнца или американских производителей сахара от внешних конкурентов.

💡Политическая экономика

Политическая экономика — это область знаний, исследующая взаимосвязь политики и экономики. В видео подчеркивается, что экономические и политические вопросы неразрывно связаны, и многие экономические решения имеют политические мотивы, что иллюстрируется через примеры протекционизма и регулирования.

Highlights

The bull on Wall Street symbolizes economic optimism, but it has been struggling recently, reflecting current market issues.

The Federal Trade Commission regulates antitrust and consumer protection in the economy.

A metaphor showing the regulator struggling to control the economy, represented by a powerful horse, highlights the tension between regulation and market forces.

The 'make or buy' decision: firms and consumers decide whether to produce something themselves or buy it, based on resource efficiency.

Creating a pencil from scratch is impossible for most people, underscoring the global interconnectedness of production.

Frederic Bastiat’s 'broken window fallacy' argues that destruction does not create prosperity but instead destroys wealth.

People often misinterpret natural disasters and wars as being good for the economy because they create jobs, ignoring the broader economic cost.

Bastiat’s example of the shopkeeper's broken window demonstrates that the resources used to fix the window could have been used more productively elsewhere.

The broken window fallacy highlights the opportunity cost of destruction and challenges the idea that spending to replace destroyed goods is beneficial.

Paul Krugman suggested that if aliens attacked Earth, the economy would grow from the defensive spending, echoing a Keynesian perspective on spending-driven growth.

The 'candlemaker’s petition' satirically suggests banning sunlight to protect candlemakers from unfair competition, illustrating the absurdity of some protectionist policies.

Protectionist policies, like U.S. sugar tariffs, benefit producers at the cost of consumers by increasing prices, with high fructose corn syrup as an unhealthy alternative.

Many economic regulations are politically driven, serving well-organized producer groups rather than benefiting consumers.

High fructose corn syrup is widely used in U.S. soft drinks due to sugar tariffs, illustrating the negative health impacts of politically motivated regulation.

The interconnectedness of economics and politics is emphasized, with regulation often being shaped more by political forces than pure economic rationale.

Transcripts

play00:00

[Music]

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we start with this

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image who recognizes

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it what is it a b

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[Music]

play00:32

it is indeed a

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bull it is the bull it is the bull

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that's on Wall Street the one that's

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been getting its ass kicked the last

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couple of days in fact already today

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things are not going well for the bull

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so the bull is the sort of symbol of

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vibrancy and potency of the economy and

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Bulls are people who are optimistic

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about the projected future path of

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equity prices

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I'm not going to show the bear I will

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show though this does anybody recognize

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that and don't say

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horse well but what building is it it's

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on Constitution

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Avenue it's the Federal Trade Commission

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this was my first job out of Graduate

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School Federal Trade Commission is

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charged with regulating the economy

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now many federal agencies are charged

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with regulating the economy but the

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Federal Trade Commission in particular

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is in charge of antitrust and consumer

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protection now when you look at that you

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notice this guy is pretty

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hot lot of muscles he's been working out

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he's strong but the horse dwarfs him in

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strength but it's biting

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him so pretty clearly what's going on

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here is the horse is the

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economy and the man trying to get

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control of it is the

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regulator so that kind of metaphor here

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the freestanding bull that doing what

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bulls do helps the economy or here the

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man struggling to control this very

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powerful but possibly dangerous Force

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are the two kinds of tensions that we're

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going to worry about in this class this

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is a class in political economy

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now I'm going to violate the rules and

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give a brief lecture even though it is

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on the first day because I had sent out

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the readings and I hope you had a chance

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to look at them so there were three main

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readings for today I pencil by Leonard

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Reed Frederick bastiat's what is seen

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and unseen and the candlemaker's

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petition for ey

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pencil how long would it take you to to

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make a pencil and of course what you

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want to know is the

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context but suppose you couldn't buy

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anything suppose I told you you couldn't

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buy

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anything otherwise you could just buy a

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pencil wouldn't take long to buy

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one would you even consider doing it

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well do do you make your own

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shoes why don't you make your own

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shoes well I can say I buy I can buy

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them cheaper and better than I can make

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them and that's the maker by decision

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that all firms and in fact all consumers

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face the Mak or by

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decision

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is rather

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unimaginatively should I make it myself

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or should I buy it and the answer comes

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down to which one uses the fewer

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resources which one uses fewer resources

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well how long would it take me to make a

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pencil if I couldn't buy

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anything I'd have to grow the trees I'd

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have to mine the graphite I'd have to

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mine the metal for the

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Pharaoh the fact is I could not make a

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pencil for the rest of my life I'm 56

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you probably could not make a pencil for

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the rest of your lives and the pencils

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are pretty

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simple mark market system means that

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other people work as your

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employees other people work as your

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employees they go and get stuff that you

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need how do they know that you need it

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they're

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guessing it would be too expensive and

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timec consuming for you to hire them

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all they work for you by making things

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they think you want to

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buy what if they're wrong well they go

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out of business and you take no risk if

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they make stuff you don't want to buy no

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one buys it all the risk is on

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them so there's two things one a bunch

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of other people all over the world who

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don't know you are trying to make stuff

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that they think you

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want that's pretty great in fact you can

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get a pencil really cheap the maker by

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decision for pencils is pretty simple no

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one would think of making their own

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pencil

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so let's

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turn to the broken window

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problem natural disasters terrorist

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attacks and Wars have one thing in

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common they involve a lot of Destruction

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but every time there's a natural

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disaster or a terrorist attack or a war

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you can be virtually guaranteed that

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someone is is going to come along and

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say that there's a silver lining in all

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of this it's good for the economy

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because it's going to create jobs when

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there's a natural disaster or a

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terrorist attack or a war we have to

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spend money replacing all the stuff that

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gets destroyed this is an application of

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what we call the broken window fallacy

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Frederick Bosak corrected this fallacy

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in his early 19th century essay that

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which is seen and that which is not seen

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the key point is that destruction does

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not create Prosperity destruction

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destroys Prosperity imagine someone who

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owns a shop the shop has a glass window

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now a kid comes along and throws a rock

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through the window so the window's

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broken shattered glass everywhere the

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shopkeeper's upset why cuz his window's

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been broken he has to go and pay the

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glass maker in order to get the window

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replaced now some people might come

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along and say well no look you should

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all be smiling because this is going to

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create jobs you spend money on new glass

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the glass maker earns this money he can

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then spend it at restaurants and he can

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spend it on new clothes and he can spend

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it on things that he likes that's going

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to create jobs for other people this

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money is going to circulate and we're

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all going to be richer as a result of

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the fact that this kid has thrown a rock

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through a window and now we've had to

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replace a

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window let's think for a moment about

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what the policy prescription would be if

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it were in fact true that this is a good

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idea what we should do instead of trying

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to prevent people from breaking things

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instead of trying to prevent people from

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destroying property we should in fact be

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in listing armies of kids with rocks to

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go around breaking Windows to destroy

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things because after all if this would

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require a new spending that would make

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us richer that would make us better off

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that would be the path to Prosperity

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destroying things breaking things and

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then spending money to replace them what

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we're doing when we indulge this kind of

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thinking is we're focusing our attention

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on what is seen but we're not taking

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account of what is not seen what we

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don't see is what the shopkeeper would

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have used that money for if he hadn't

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had to replace his window he might have

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used it to buy a suit this would have

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created an opportunity for a tailor the

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tailor then could have spent the money

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on something else he could have used it

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to buy groceries this would have created

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opportunities for Grocers maybe he would

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have saved it then the money could be

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lent to someone who wants to start a new

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business he could have done something

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else that would have created job

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opportunities for other people the world

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would have still had the window and it

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would have had the benefit of all of

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this additional activity that would have

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gone on had the window not been broken

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in the first place on net Society is

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worse off to the tune of one

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window whenever we actually destroy

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resources that's precisely what we're

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doing we're destroying stuff we're not

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creating wealth it's important to

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remember that it's production that

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creates prosperity and not

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destruction

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so that's a summary of the broken window

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fallacy from Frederick bastiat now there

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are people who disag agree with that and

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they have good reasons that's not a

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knockdown argument it turns out that

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that argument as far as it goes is

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probably Incorrect and we'll talk about

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the

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reasons however it is certainly possible

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to

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caricature people who take what is

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called the Keynesian perspective as

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believing in the broken window fallacy

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and it's easy to find examples of

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that sounds

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hypothetical but there's my good friend

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Paul

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Krugman and notice that this is a

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hurricane so and we have some wonderful

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stimulus heading through the southeast

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now most of you are probably not from

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the south I hope you don't have the

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opportunity to experience a hurricane

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firsthand hurricanes are really

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destructive but often after a hurricane

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as Professor Carden says somebody will

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say and you saw this after Hurricane

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Sandy

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thank goodness it's going to be such a

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stimulus to be able to rebuild all this

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stuff and this is something Paul Krugman

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did actually say if we discovered that

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space aliens were planning to attack and

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we needed a massive buildup to counter

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the space alien threat an inflation and

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budget deficit took secondary place to

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that this slump would be over in 18

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months

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so what would the most Keynesian man in

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the world

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say I don't always root for aliens to

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steal MERS

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Tois but when I do it is because that

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would create economic

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growth as I said it's a

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caricature but there's something to this

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argument that's pretty fundamental and

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we're going to come back to it again and

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again I wanted you to read first the

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claims about the broken window fallacy

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to get you to

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think maybe there's a problem with this

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before we give the answers but let me

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say there are I think some pretty

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persuasive

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answers so there's bastiat someone's

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thrown a rock through the window and the

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claim is that throwing rocks through

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Windows is the basic Keynesian

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prescription that is what we need to do

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is destroy things so that we can spend

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more

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money and and last the candlemakers

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petition had any of you seen the

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candlemakers petition before it's

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something that's sometimes used in high

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schools

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well bot is attempting a satirical

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letter written from candlemakers talking

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about unfair

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competition and this unfair competition

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is

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subsidized there is foreign product

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being brought into France and it's

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arming the candle

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makers and they these foreign producers

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have such an enormous Advantage there's

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no way the French candle makers can can

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compete for at least half of the day

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what is the foreign

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producer well as you know it's the

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sun there's no way that a Candle Maker

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can compete with the

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Sun so what the candle makers ask is

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that we board up all the windows and put

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Giant Groves over the cities because

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that will improve employment

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prospects for the candle makers now you

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may

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remember Mr Burns from The Simpsons once

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actually tried

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this so the analogy is here's Mr Burns

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and he's he's got this controller he's

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putting it up and it ends up blocking

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out all the Sun from

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Springfield obviously that's

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absurd should the United States put

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tariffs on products from

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China suppose it's literally true that

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the US has no way of producing products

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as cheaply as can be made in China isn't

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that unfair to us

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producers maybe it's not so absurd after

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all of course the question is how far

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would you go with

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this because you probably could say that

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light bulbs are unfair to Candle makers

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so here you see the light bulb being led

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to the scaffold as all the candles look

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on so the difficulty that this raises

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and besot is very careful to raise

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it

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is are economies designed and do we need

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them to produce jobs

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or are economies designed and do we need

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them to produce stuff for

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consumers what should the economy serve

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producers or

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consumers the answer most people would

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give is

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consumers but in fact an awful lot of

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Regulation serves producers why would

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that

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be and the answer is

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political the benefits to producers are

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large and concentrated

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the cost to Consumers are also very

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large but they're not concentrated so

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even larger cost to Consumers that are 2

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cents 50 cents the United States pays

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twice the world price for

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sugar the US pays twice the world price

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for sugar there's relatively few sugar

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producers in the United States but

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they're extremely well organized

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politically as a result most of our soft

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drinks are not made with sugar they're

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made with high fructose corn syrup the

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United States is the only country in the

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world for which that's true high

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fructose corn syrup syrup is really bad

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for you even compared to

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Sugar but all of this is because we're

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protecting sugar producers to the great

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harm of American consumers why there's

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no economic justification it's

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political that's why I believe that it's

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difficult and probably

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useless to have a class just in

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economics or just in politics the two

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are inextricably

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related and you must think so too or you

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wouldn't be here

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