History of Information Technology

Summary

This video explores the evolution of information and communication technology, from the Sumerians' invention of writing to modern digital technology. It covers the development of numbering systems, the alphabet, the printing press, mechanical calculators, and the binary system. The video also delves into the digital revolution, starting with the creation of ENIAC and progressing through the invention of the transistor, integrated circuits, microprocessors, and personal computers. It highlights the advancements in software, operating systems, and communication networks, including the internet and mobile telephony, emphasizing the transition to a digital and connected world.

Takeaways

• 📜 The history of information and communication technology (ICT) began with the invention of writing by the Sumerians around 3300 BCE, which enabled the recording and transportation of information.
• 🔢 The Sumerians also developed one of the earliest numbering systems based on 60, which is still used today for timekeeping and angle measurements.
• 🔤 The Phoenicians invented the alphabet around 1500 BCE, which led to the development of modern alphabets.
• 📖 Johannes Gutenberg's printing press in 1450 revolutionized mass communication by making books more accessible.
• 💡 The invention of the electric telegraph by Samuel Morse in 1837 marked the beginning of telecommunication systems.
• 📞 Alexander Graham Bell's invention of the telephone in 1876 further advanced communication technology by enabling speech transmission over electrical signals.
• 📺 The development of television technology was a significant milestone, with the first fully functional electronic television system being produced by Philo Farnsworth in 1927.
• 💻 The construction of ENIAC in 1943 at the University of Pennsylvania was a major step in the digital revolution, as it was the first general-purpose electronic computer.
• 🌐 The creation of ARPANET in 1969 by the U.S. military laid the groundwork for the modern internet, which was further developed with the invention of HTTP and HTML in 1989.
• 📱 The evolution of mobile communication standards from 1G to 5G has dramatically increased the speed and capabilities of wireless communication, enabling new applications like the Internet of Things (IoT).

Q & A

What is considered the beginning of information and communication technology?

The beginning of information and communication technology is marked by the invention of writing by the Sumerians around 3300 years before Jesus Christ, which allowed communication and information to be recorded on a physical medium and transported in space and time.

What was the significance of the Sumerians' numbering system?

The Sumerians invented one of the first numbering systems, which was additive and had a base equal to 60. This base 60 is still used today for measuring angles in degrees and for counting time in minutes and seconds.

How did the Babylonians improve upon the Sumerians' numbering system?

The Babylonians improved the numbering system by introducing the concept of positional notation for the first time, using an empty space to represent zero, which laid the groundwork for the decimal system used by Indian scholars and later by Arab and Muslim scholars.

What was the Phoenicians' contribution to information technology?

The Phoenicians invented the alphabet around 1500 years before Jesus Christ, which led to the development of various modern alphabets used today.

How did Johannes Gutenberg's invention revolutionize communication?

Johannes Gutenberg developed the printing process in 1450 A.D., which initiated the era of mass communication. His invention allowed for the mass production of books, such as the Gutenberg Bible, making information more accessible.

What was the first calculating machine, and who invented it?

The first calculating machine was presented by the French physicist and mathematician Blaise Pascal in 1645. It was a mechanical calculator that could perform addition and subtraction directly and multiplication and division through repetition.

Who invented the binary number system, and what was its initial perceived use?

The binary number system was invented by the German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1689. Initially, it was seen as a theoretical invention with no practical applications, aside from Leibniz finding theological symbolism in his binary digits.

What was the significance of Samuel Morse's invention of the electric telegraph?

Samuel Morse's invention of the electric telegraph in 1837 allowed for the first time the use of electrical signals to communicate information remotely, marking the birth of the first telecommunication system.

How did the invention of the transistor impact the development of computers?

The invention of the transistor in 1948 by John Bardeen and Walter Brattain led to a significant leap in technology. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and electromechanical switches, paving the way for the miniaturization of electronic circuits and increasing computing speed, which was crucial for the development of computers.

What was the first programmable numerical calculator, and when was it constructed?

The first programmable numerical calculator was the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), which was constructed in 1943 and put into service in 1945 at the University of Pennsylvania.

What is the significance of the invention of the microprocessor?

The invention of the microprocessor in 1971 by Intel marked a pivotal moment in the development of personal computers and mobile phones. It allowed for the integration of an entire CPU on a single silicon chip, leading to the creation of smaller, more powerful, and energy-efficient devices.

Outlines

00:00

📜 Early Beginnings of ICT

This paragraph delves into the ancient origins of information and communication technology (ICT), challenging the misconception that it began in the 20th century. It traces back to the Sumerians, around 3300 BCE, who invented writing, marking the first step in ICT by allowing communication and information recording on physical media. The Sumerians also developed one of the earliest numbering systems, base 60, which is still used today for timekeeping and angle measurements. The Babylonians improved upon this with a positional numbering system, introducing the concept of place value and the use of an empty space to represent zero. The Phoenicians are credited with inventing the alphabet around 1500 BCE, which evolved into modern alphabets. The paragraph then leaps forward to the 15th century with Gutenberg's invention of the printing press in 1450, initiating mass communication, and the development of the mechanical calculator by Pascal in 1645, which was a precursor to modern computing. It also mentions Leibniz's invention of the binary number system in 1689, which laid the foundation for digital technology.

05:00

📡 Advancements in Communication and Image Technology

The second paragraph highlights significant advancements in communication and image technology. It starts with the contributions of various inventors and scholars, including Ibn al-Hatem's 11th-century work on image projection and the 19th-century developments in photography by Nipes, Daguerre, and Talbot. The invention of the photographic roll film by Eastman in 1885 democratized photography. The paragraph then describes the technological revolution at the turn of the 20th century, with Marconi's 1901 radio transmission, Baird's mechanical television in 1925, and Farnsworth's electronic television system in 1927. It emphasizes the 1943 construction of the first programmable numerical calculators in the USA, marking the beginning of the digital revolution, which would profoundly impact various sectors of society.

10:02

💾 The Digital Revolution and Microprocessor Evolution

This paragraph focuses on the evolution of computing technology, starting with the ENIAC, an electronic numerical integrator and computer, in 1943. It discusses the development of the transistor in 1948, which led to the first transistorized computer, TRADIC, in 1954. The invention of integrated circuits in 1958 by Texas Instruments revolutionized electronics by allowing complex circuits on a small surface, paving the way for the IBM 360 in 1965. The paragraph details the progression to large-scale integrated circuits (VLSI) and the birth of the first microprocessor, the Intel 4004, in 1971. It also covers the development of personal computers, such as the Apple II and the IBM PC, and the emergence of mobile phones, culminating in the first iPhone in 2007. The paragraph underscores the importance of software development alongside hardware, mentioning the creation of various programming languages and operating systems that facilitated complex software creation and its portability across different machines.

15:04

🌐 The Explosion of Internet and Mobile Technology

The fourth paragraph discusses the rapid growth of internet and mobile technology. It begins with the creation of ARPANET in 1969, which led to the concept of the internet. The paragraph details the development of the HTTP protocol and HTML by Berners-Lee in 1989, which enabled easy document sharing and publishing on the internet. It then covers the birth of the global World Wide Web in 1992 and the emergence of search engines and browsers to aid information search. The paragraph also highlights the evolution of mobile communication standards from 1G to 5G, with each generation offering increased capabilities and speeds, culminating in 5G's potential for the Internet of Things (IoT) and machine-to-machine communications.

20:04

🌐 The Digital Transformation and Data Utilization

The final paragraph emphasizes the digital transformation affecting nearly every aspect of modern life. It discusses the process of data collection, transformation into information, construction of knowledge, and the wise use of acquired knowledge. The paragraph also touches on the role of data centers and cloud services, which provide essential IT resources and services to companies that may not be able to afford or maintain such infrastructure themselves. It concludes by illustrating the life of information as a pyramid, starting with data at the base and building up to the application of knowledge at the peak.

Keywords

💡Information and Communications Technology (ICT)

Information and Communications Technology (ICT) refers to the tools and systems used for the collection, processing, storage, and dissemination of information. In the video, ICT is the central theme, highlighting its historical development from the invention of writing by the Sumerians to modern digital technology. The script discusses how ICT has evolved to facilitate communication and information exchange, shaping human history and modern society.

💡Writing

Writing is a system of symbols and signs used to represent language and convey information. In the context of the video, the invention of writing by the Sumerians is marked as the birth of ICT, enabling communication and information recording on a physical medium. This was a pivotal moment as it allowed for the transport of information across space and time, laying the foundation for all subsequent advancements in ICT.

💡Numeral System

A numeral system is a mathematical notation for representing numbers. The video mentions the Sumerians' invention of the first numbering system, which was base 60 and is still used today for measuring angles and time. This numeral system was crucial for trade, record-keeping, and scientific calculations, underpinning the development of more complex mathematical and computational systems.

💡Positional Numbering

Positional numbering is a system where the value of a digit is determined by its position within a number. The video explains that the Babylonians introduced positional numbering, which included the concept of place value and the use of an empty space to represent zero. This system revolutionized mathematics and laid the groundwork for the decimal system used globally today.

💡Alphabet

An alphabet is a standard set of letters used to write a language. The video notes the Phoenicians' invention of the alphabet, which led to the development of modern alphabets. This innovation in writing systems democratized communication, making it more accessible and paving the way for mass communication technologies.

💡Printing Press

The printing press is a device that allows for the mass production of text and images. The video highlights Gutenberg's invention of the printing process in 1450, which marked the beginning of the era of mass communication. This technology enabled the rapid production of books, spreading knowledge and information widely, and significantly influencing the spread of ideas and the development of societies.

💡Binary Number System

The binary number system is a base-2 numeral system that uses only two symbols, 0 and 1. The video discusses Leibniz's invention of the binary system, which, despite having no immediate practical applications, became the fundamental element of modern digital technology. Binary is the basis for all computer operations and digital communications, as it simplifies complex data into a form that can be easily processed and transmitted.

💡Electric Telegraph

The electric telegraph is a communication system that sends encoded messages over long distances via electrical signals. The video describes Morse's invention of the electric telegraph, which used a system of dots and dashes to transmit messages. This was the first telecommunication system, enabling instant communication over long distances and revolutionizing how information was exchanged.

💡Microprocessor

A microprocessor is a compact integrated circuit that functions as the central processing unit of a computer. The video mentions the invention of the first microprocessor, the Intel 4004, in 1971. Microprocessors have enabled the development of personal computers and mobile devices, significantly impacting how information is processed and communicated in the modern world.

💡Internet

The Internet is a global network of interconnected computers that use standardized communication protocols to exchange data. The video explains the development of the Internet from ARPANET, with the concept of internetting and the creation of the TCP/IP protocol. The Internet has transformed communication, commerce, education, and virtually every aspect of modern life by connecting people and information globally.

💡Digital Revolution

The digital revolution refers to the period of rapid technological advancement that has transformed various aspects of daily life through digital information and communication technologies. The video identifies the construction of the first programmable numerical calculators in 1943 as the starting point of the digital revolution, which has since spread across all areas of life, including industry, science, and social communications.

Highlights

Information and communications technology origins predate the 20th century, with early forms emerging as soon as humans sought non-verbal communication methods.

Sumerians invented writing around 3300 BCE, marking the birth of communication and information technology on physical media.

The Sumerians also created one of the first numbering systems, a base-60 system still used today in measuring angles and time.

Babylonians improved upon the Sumerian numbering system by introducing positional notation and a representation for zero.

Phoenicians invented the alphabet around 1500 BCE, which led to the development of modern alphabets.

Johannes Gutenberg's printing press in 1450 revolutionized mass communication by making books widely available.

Blaise Pascal's mechanical calculator in 1645 was an early step towards modern computing, capable of basic arithmetic operations.

Leibniz's binary number system in 1689 laid the foundation for modern digital technology, despite initial lack of practical applications.

Samuel Morse's electric telegraph in 1837 was the first telecommunication system, using Morse code to transmit messages.

Alexander Graham Bell's invention of the telephone in 1876 enabled the transmission of speech over electrical signals.

Photographic processes were developed in the early 19th century, with George Eastman's roll film in 1885 making photography accessible.

The 20th century marked a technological revolution in ICT, with Guglielmo Marconi's radio transmission in 1901.

Philo Farnsworth's electronic television system in 1927 was a significant milestone in the development of modern television.

The ENIAC, the first programmable numerical calculator, was built in 1943, introducing binary coding in computing.

The invention of the transistor in 1948 by Bardeen and Brattain led to miniaturization and increased computing speed.

Integrated circuits, developed in 1958, allowed for complex electronic circuits on small surfaces, paving the way for modern computers.

The Intel 4004 microprocessor in 1971 was a key development in the creation of personal computers and mobile phones.

The Apple II in 1977 and IBM PC in 1981 were early examples of personal computers that became widely used.

Software development, including programming languages and compilers, has been crucial to the advancement of ICT.

The creation of operating systems like Unix, DOS, and Windows facilitated the use of computers and networks.

ARPANET, the first computer network, was developed in 1969 and led to the concept of the Internet.

The World Wide Web, invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989, made information sharing accessible to the general public.

Mobile communication has evolved from 1G in 1980 to 5G, which began rolling out in 2019, offering high-speed internet and IoT capabilities.

Data centers and cloud services have become essential for hosting and managing data, reducing the need for physical infrastructure.

The life cycle of information is often depicted as a pyramid, starting from data collection to the application of knowledge.

Transcripts

welcome to penlight click

today the history of information

technology

in this video we will review the

important stages of the advancement of

information and communications

technology

they have punctuated the life of human

beings from the beginning of history

until now

many people believe that information and

communications technology originated in

the 20th century

in fact it was born as soon as human

beings sought to communicate with each

other to exchange messages with means

other than language and to memorize

information on a physical medium

transportable or not let's take a trip

back in time at about 3 300 years before

jesus christ among the sumerians

we find the invention of writing it gave

birth to communication and information

technology to its recording on a

physical medium and to its transport in

space and in time

this is the beginning of history

this writing was not alphabetical at the

beginning

it was first logographic

then syllabic

the need to count everyone's possessions

to measure angles and that of

astronomical calculation

prompted the sumerians to invent the

first numbering system almost at the

same time

this system was additive and had a base

equal to 60. this base 60 is used until

today for the measurement of the angles

in degrees and to count the time in

minutes and in seconds

later around 2000 years before jesus

christ their heirs the babylonians

improve the system

they introduce the position for the

first time in the representation of a

number in addition to the two basic

symbols

the nail

and the chevron

the positional numeration was born

the zero being represented by an empty

space

this positional numbering system will be

used in the 10-digit decimal

representation by indian scholars then

by arab and muslim scholars more than

2700 years later

if we progress in time

at about 1500 years before jesus christ

we find among the phoenicians the

invention of the alphabet

from this alphabet are issued the

different current modern alphabets

let's jump 20 centuries ahead in 1450

a.d

in germany

in the city of mainz gutenberg has just

developed the printing process

and so with this invention began the era

of mass communication

in 1454 the first book the bible known

as gutenberg's bible was printed

two centuries after gutenberg

in 1645 in france

the physicist mathematician pascal

presented his mechanical calculator

considered to be the first calculating

machine

it allowed to add and to subtract two

numbers in a direct way and do

multiplication and division by

repetitions

shortly after pascal's machine

in 1689

the german mathematician leibniz

invented the binary number system

this system uses only the characters 1

and 0 to do the arithmetic calculation

mathematicians often invent calculation

systems

which at first glance are useless

apart from leibniz finding theological

symbolism in his binary digits no one

saw any practical applications

until the birth of modern digital

technology two and a half centuries

later in the 20th century

that which will constitute as we will

see later in this video the fundamental

element of information representation

its saving in memory and its

communications

it was in the year 1837 that the

application for the first time in the

usa of electrical signals to communicate

information remotely

this was the invention of the electric

telegraph by morse an artist painter

he had developed an ingenious coding of

the latin alphabet into short and long

electric impulses

it was the birth of the first

telecommunication system

some time later the scottish american

physicist and engineer bell uses the

electrical signal to transmit speech

he invented the telephone in boston in

1876

and created the bell telephone company

in 1877

which later became a tnt american

telephone and telegraph

many people from different countries

have contributed to the development of

image technology over the centuries

among them the polymath ibn al-hatem

born in baghdad he carried out in the

11th century in egypt the projection of

images on a wall of a dark room through

a hole

at the beginning of the 19th century

chemists and engineers such as nipes in

1820 in france and daguerre in 1835 in

france ii talbot in 1839 in england

developed photographic processes for the

chemical fixation of images on a

sensitive plate using darkroom devices

but the invention of the photographic

roll film as negative by eastman in 1885

in the usa boosted photography which

became accessible to everyone after

making paper film he switched to

celluloid in 1889 which he used for his

first camera named the codec

with the beginning of the 20th century

starts a technological revolution in all

fields

particularly in the field of information

and communications technology

in 1901

the italian engineer marconi made the

first radio transmission between canada

and england

in 1925

the scottish engineer baird using a

mechanical image decomposition disc

invented in 1885 by the german

technician nipkow

he made the first transmission of moving

images

but thanks to the use of the cathode ray

tube invented in 1887 by the german

physicist braun which permits the

development of television

the first fully functional and complete

electronic television system

with receiver and camera was produced by

the inventor farnsworth in the usa in

1927.

the modern era begins in 1943 with the

construction in the usa of the first

programmable numerical calculators

this type of calculator uses binary

coding for the first time

this year was the starting point of the

digital revolution which will spread

quickly in a few decades to all areas of

life

industry and all its forms

civil and military

science

telecommunications

education

medicine

management

audio-visual and media

economy and finance

commerce

arts and crafts

strategy civil and military

making

prediction and future projection

calculations

services

social communications

etc

we are going to list some important

stages in this development which

continues to accelerate

the first major event therefore was the

construction of the eniac electronic

numerical integrator and computer for

military purposes by mouchley and eckert

at the university of pennsylvania which

began in 1943

and it was put into service in 1945.

aniak used wiring rewiring and switches

for programming

at the start it had a simple ram memory

of only 20 binary words 10 bits each

made up of electronic vacuum tube

registers

it used about a total of 18 000 vacuum

tubes and occupied more than 93 square

meters and it weighed 30 tons

it was later added a 100 words memory

built with magnetic cores

due to its innovative electronic and

digital technology it is 1000 times

faster than the electromechanical

computers that came before it

indeed it calculated a ballistic

trajectory in 30 seconds where a human

calculation by hand required 20 hours

in 1945 the mathematician von neumann

proposed a general architecture for

building computers

this has a central processing unit cpu

which contains an arithmetic and logic

unit aloo a control unit cu and

registers for the instruction after

instruction execution of a program

loaded in a ram random access memory

after its transfer with the data from an

external non-volatile secondary mass

memory called today hard disk

very quickly technology made a

qualitative leap thanks to the invention

of the transistor by brettane and

bardeen in 1948

this small and faster semiconductor

device replaced the vacuum tube

electromechanical switches magnetic

cores

it paves the way for the miniaturization

of electronic circuits by considerably

increasing their performance in

computing speed

thus the tradic for transistor digital

computer was the first transistorized

computer it was built in the usa in 1954

subsequently the integration of several

transistors on a semiconductor silicon

chip makes it possible to manufacture

complex electronic logic circuits on a

small surface it gave birth in 1958 to

integrated circuits in the workshops of

texas instruments

this process of miniaturization more and

more small will integrate on a small

surface more and more complex functions

for the processing of information

the small size of integrated circuits

their weight and reduced energy

consumption compared to discrete

transistors prompted their use in

computers starting from 1962.

one of the first computer using

integrated circuits known as solid logic

technology put on the market in 1965

was the ibm 360.

at its beginnings it could already

execute up to 34 000 instructions per

second with a memory of 8 to 64

kilobytes

its performance was increased in 1967 to

16 million instructions per second with

a main memory of up to 8 megabytes

but the crucial step of miniaturization

came with the manufacture of large-scale

integrated circuits vlsi

today an integrated circuit with the

size of a postage stamp can contain over

a billion transistors

they can integrate an entire cpu on a

single silicon chip later even an

internal ram memory called cache memory

and a graphics processor

hence the first microprocessor in

history the 4004 was born in 1971 in the

workshops of the firm intel

its performances seem modest today with

its 3000 integrated transistors it

executes 60 000 operations per second

today 2021 the latest intel core i9

processor integrates around 4 billion

transistors

it has 24 megabytes of cache memory with

frequencies up to 5 gigahertz capable of

performing billions of operations per

second

this gives it great graphics power for

games and virtual reality without

slowing down

the invention of the microprocessor made

it possible to start the development

process of personal computers and later

that of mobile phones

there was the apple ii in 1977

the ibm compatible pc in 1981

epson's first x80 laptop in 1981.2

the pocket mobile phone in 1992

and finally smartphones with the first

apple iphone in 2007.

the extraordinary development of

information technology is due not only

to the technology of the hardware but to

the development of the software too

software is made up of programs a

program is a series of instructions

executed instruction after instruction

by the central processing unit cpu as we

have already seen in the architecture of

von neumann

an instruction defines a task which can

be a logic test

a calculation

a printing of an alphanumeric word or an

information transfer

a graphic action on pixels

the generation of a sound or of a

movement

advances in algorithmics the invention

of high-level programming languages and

the programs called compilers and

interpreters that translate them into

binary machine language the only

understood by the central processing

unit of a computer have facilitated

writing complex software and its

transportability from one machine to

another

the first three programming languages

were developed in the 1950s fortran for

formula translator specialized in

scientific calculations lisp for list

processor specialized in processing

lists cobol for common business-oriented

language specialized in the programming

of management applications

many more powerful languages will emerge

later such as pascal in 1970 see in 1972

c

plus in 1985 java in 1985 2 and python

in 1991.

in parallel with the progress in the

hardware the progress in the software

and applications programming never

ceased until today

in the area of operating systems unix

was created by a t and t in the 1970s at

the bell labs research center

an important step was taken by the

creation by microsoft of dos disc

operating system for pcs in 1981

followed by windows in 1985 then linux

in 1991

the operating systems intended for

smartphones and touchscreen tablets

first and which subsequently extended to

all connected objects computers

televisions and even automobiles

appeared with apple's ios revealed with

the iphone in 2007 and google android in

2008.

the third element that has boosted

information technology is also progress

in remote communication systems and

networks

at the beginning as we have seen the

networks were wired

then wireless and next spatial with the

satellites of telecommunications

the first computer network arpanet for

advanced research projects agency

network was designed at the university

by scientists for the u.s military

it was connected in 1969 and had only

four nodes

the concept of internet was born with

the idea of connecting several networks

of arpanet type together

this type of connection was named

interneting in 1972 by khan which later

became the internet

khan and surf are considered to be the

inventors of the internet tcp ip

protocol

internet engineering task force

published in 1983 the specifications of

dns domain name system

dns translates the domain names in

letters to ip address in numbers which

is used across networks

in 1984 four students from uc berkeley

university implemented the first dns

server

dns severs eliminate the need for humans

to remember ip addresses

what made the internet a media for all

audiences was the invention in 1989 of

http hypertext transfer protocol as well

as html hypertext markup language by the

british engineer researcher berners-lee

working at cern in switzerland

this protocol and this language firstly

allow academics and researchers located

anywhere in the world to easily publish

on the internet consult and share a

document

just a short while later this new way to

write and publish becomes available to

almost everyone

it is the birth of the web

before this invention one could send

files by email but not consult a single

reference copy stored in a given place

available to all

the global world wide web abbreviated

www was born in 1992

to aid the search for information in

documents stored on the web it was

necessary to create search engine

browsers such as netscape in 1994

internet explorer in 1995 yahoo in 1995

2 google in 1998 mozilla firefox in 2002

all the five were born in the usa

today all secure transactions across the

web are done using the https protocol

which was first introduced in 1994 for

nate escape navigator

but for the general public it is the

arrival of personal mobile phones which

revolutionized the world of

communications

analog 1g was launched in japan in 1980

2g with the digital gsm standard in 1991

in finland 3g for the first time in

japan in 2001.

using the umts standard it transmits

telephone voice digital data video and

television through the internet

4g in 2009 in sweden with its lte

standard it allows internet access ip

telephony game services high-definition

mobile television and video conferencing

and finally 5g began to roll out around

the world in 2019

it offers higher download speeds up to

10 gigabits per second

this makes new applications possible

including the internet of things called

iot and machine-to-machine

communications

we end this video with three important

notes

today almost everything is becoming

digital and connected

starting from the collection of data

then link data to obtain information

then process the information to make it

usable then store the results locally or

through the cloud finally comes its

exchange

and its use

data centers on the cloud in addition to

hosting servers and websites of all

kinds offer it services to companies

that cannot buy expensive equipment and

that require a very high level of

logistics administration and maintenance

personnel that are expensive too

the life of information is sometimes

represented in a pyramid

at the base we have the data then their

transformation into information then the

construction of knowledge with the

information and finally the use wise or

not of the acquired knowledge