01 The Three Material Classes

Scott Ramsay
13 Sept 201608:11

Summary

TLDR本视频简要介绍了如何将世界上的材料分类为三大类:金属、陶瓷和聚合物。讲者首先列举了每类材料的一些例子,并解释了它们的键合方式和一些关键特性。金属通过金属键结合,陶瓷通过离子键结合,聚合物则主要通过共价键结合。虽然这种分类方法非常实用,但讲者也指出了一些例外情况,如木材、组织和复合材料,并提到了半导体等不易归类的材料。总体而言,这种分类框架是理解材料世界的一个良好开端。

Takeaways

  • 🔨 材料可以分为三大类:金属、陶瓷和聚合物。
  • 📚 金属包括铁、不锈钢(主要含铁、铬、镍等)、黄铜(含铜、锌)、铝等,它们通过金属键结合。
  • 🏺 陶瓷包括瓷器、混凝土等,通常由离子键结合,且具有脆性。
  • 🧬 聚合物通常被称为塑料,但并非所有聚合物都是塑料。例如,特氟龙、Gore-Tex、聚丙烯、聚乙烯等。
  • 🔬 聚合物通过共价键结合,但许多性质来自次级或较弱的键。
  • 🌐 材料分类并非完全全面,存在例外,如木材、皮肤等自然衍生的聚合物。
  • 📊 木材的结构和方向性赋予了它独特的性质,这在简单的三类材料分类中无法体现。
  • 🚀 复合材料如碳纤维板,由纤维和环氧树脂基质组成,是两种材料类别的混合。
  • 💡 半导体材料在电气性能上介于绝缘体和导体之间,不完全符合上述三类材料分类。
  • 📈 虽然存在例外,但这种分类方法对于初步了解材料世界是一个很好的框架。

Q & A

  • 根据脚本,Scott 将世界材料分为哪三类?

    -Scott 将世界材料分为三类:金属(Metals)、陶瓷(Ceramics)和聚合物(polymers)。

  • 金属是通过什么类型的键合连接在一起的?

    -金属是通过金属键(metallic bonds)连接在一起的。

  • Scott 提到了哪些金属的例子?

    -Scott 提到了铁(Iron)、不锈钢(大部分是铁,含有铬和镍等其他元素)、黄铜(由铜和锌组成)和铝(Aluminum)作为金属的例子。

  • 陶瓷通常具有什么样的物理特性?

    -陶瓷通常具有脆性(brittle),这意味着它们容易碎裂。

  • Scott 举了哪些陶瓷的例子?

    -Scott 举了瓷器(porcelain)、混凝土(concrete)和一些高级陶瓷(Advanced Ceramics)作为陶瓷的例子。

  • 聚合物通常被称为什么,但这种称呼是否准确?

    -聚合物通常被称为塑料(Plastic),但这种称呼并不准确,因为塑料实际上描述的是材料的机械行为,而不是材料类型。

  • Scott 提到了哪些聚合物的例子?

    -Scott 提到了特氟龙(Teflon)、戈尔特斯(Gortex)、聚丙烯(Polypropylene)、聚乙烯(Polyethylene)和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(plexiglass,即有机玻璃)作为聚合物的例子。

  • 聚合物中的键合类型是什么?

    -聚合物中的键合类型主要是共价键(covalent bonds),但聚合物的许多特性实际上来自于次级或较弱的键合。

  • Scott 是否认为他的分类方案是全面的?

    -Scott 认为他的分类方案并不全面,存在例外,例如木材、皮肤组织、复合材料和半导体等材料并不完全符合这一分类。

  • 复合材料是由哪两种材料类别混合而成的?

    -复合材料是由纤维(如碳纤维或玻璃纤维)嵌入在环氧树脂(epoxy)基体中混合而成的。

  • 半导体在Scott的分类中属于哪一类材料?

    -半导体在Scott的分类中并不完全属于任何一类材料,因为它们在电学上可以是绝缘的也可以是导电的。

Outlines

00:00

🔬 材料世界的分类

本段视频脚本介绍了一种将材料世界分类的方法,称为'Scott的世界'。这种方法将材料分为三大类:金属、陶瓷和聚合物。金属包括铁、不锈钢(含有铬、镍等元素)、黄铜(铜和锌的合金)、铝等,它们通过金属键结合。随后,会探讨金属键的更深层次内容,包括能带理论,这是一种解释金属电学、光学性质的模型。陶瓷的例子包括瓷器、混凝土等,它们通常通过离子键结合,并且具有脆性。聚合物通常被公众称为塑料,但聚合物实际上描述的是一种机械行为而非材料类型。聚合物的例子有特氟龙、戈尔特斯、聚丙烯、聚乙烯等,它们通常通过共价键结合,但聚合物的许多特性实际上来自于次级或较弱的键。

05:04

🌿 材料分类的局限性

视频脚本的第二段讨论了上述材料分类方法的局限性。虽然这种分类方法对于初步了解材料世界很有帮助,但它并不全面,存在一些例外。例如,木材主要由纤维素组成,可以被看作是一种聚合物,但它是自然衍生的。同样,皮肤等组织含有胶原蛋白,也可以被看作是聚合物。此外,还有复合材料,如碳纤维增强的塑料板,它结合了纤维和环氧树脂基体,是一种轻质、坚硬且较强的材料。还有半导体材料,它们在电学上可能既绝缘又导电,不完全符合金属或陶瓷的分类。视频强调,尽管存在这些例外,这种分类方法仍然是一个不错的框架,可以帮助我们理解材料世界。

Mindmap

Keywords

💡金属材料

金属材料是指由金属元素或合金组成的材料,它们通过金属键结合在一起。在视频中,讲师提到了铁、不锈钢(主要由铁组成,含有铬、镍等其他元素)、黄铜(由铜和锌组成)和铝等例子。这些材料在视频中被用来说明金属这一类别,并且是理解材料科学的基础。

💡陶瓷材料

陶瓷材料通常由金属氧化物组成,它们通过离子键结合。视频中提到的例子包括瓷器和混凝土。陶瓷材料的一个显著特性是它们易碎,即所谓的脆性。这个概念在材料科学中非常重要,因为它影响材料的加工和应用。

💡聚合物

聚合物是由重复单元组成的大分子化合物,它们通过共价键结合。视频中提到的聚合物例子包括特氟龙、戈尔特斯(化学上相同)、聚丙烯和聚乙烯。聚合物的应用非常广泛,从塑料到纺织品,都是我们日常生活中不可或缺的材料。

💡金属键

金属键是金属原子之间通过共享自由电子形成的化学键。在视频中,讲师提到金属键是金属的结合方式,并且是理解金属特性的关键。例如,铁和不锈钢中的金属键使得这些材料具有良好的导电性和延展性。

💡离子键

离子键是由正负离子之间的静电吸引力形成的化学键。在视频中,讲师提到陶瓷材料如瓷器和混凝土主要由离子键结合。这种键合方式使得陶瓷材料在断裂时表现出脆性。

💡共价键

共价键是两个原子通过共享电子对形成的化学键。在视频中,讲师指出聚合物中的共价键是其结构的基础,尽管聚合物的许多特性实际上来自于次级键或较弱的键。共价键在聚合物的稳定性和功能中起着重要作用。

💡半导体

半导体是介于导体和绝缘体之间的材料,它们在特定条件下可以导电。在视频中,讲师提到半导体是一个不容易归类到金属、陶瓷或聚合物中的材料类别。半导体在现代电子设备中扮演着关键角色,例如在晶体管和太阳能电池中。

💡复合材料

复合材料是由两种或更多不同材料组合而成的材料,这些材料在物理或化学上结合在一起,以提高性能。视频中提到的例子包括碳纤维和玻璃纤维增强的塑料。复合材料结合了各种材料的优点,如轻质、高强度和良好的刚性。

💡脆性

脆性是指材料在受到外力作用时容易断裂而不发生显著塑性变形的特性。在视频中,讲师用脆性来描述陶瓷材料的特性,如瓷器和混凝土。了解材料的脆性对于预测其在实际应用中的行为至关重要。

💡自然材料

自然材料是指自然界中存在的未经人工合成或加工的材料。在视频中,讲师提到了木材和皮肤作为自然材料的例子。木材主要由纤维素组成,而皮肤含有胶原蛋白纤维。这些材料展示了自然界中材料的多样性和复杂性。

Highlights

将世界材料分为三类:金属、陶瓷和聚合物。

金属通过金属键结合,例如铁、不锈钢、黄铜和铝。

陶瓷主要由离子键结合,例如瓷器、混凝土和先进陶瓷。

聚合物通常被称为塑料,但塑料描述的是机械行为而非材料类型。

聚合物通过共价键结合,但许多性能来自次级或较弱的键。

介绍了金属键、离子键和共价键在材料中的作用。

将探讨金属的能带理论,解释电学、半导体和光学性质。

陶瓷的脆性特性,即它们会碎裂。

许多陶瓷是金属氧化物,但并非全部。

聚合物的例子包括特氟龙、Gore-Tex、聚丙烯和聚乙烯。

聚合物的性能不仅来自共价键,还来自次级键。

分类方案并不全面,存在例外,例如木材和皮肤。

复合材料是由两种或多种材料类别混合而成。

半导体材料在电学上可以是绝缘的也可以是导电的,不易归类。

介绍了材料分类的框架,虽然有例外,但对于初步了解材料世界很有帮助。

Transcripts

play00:02

okay so I'd like to talk about the what

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I call the the world according to Scott

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that's kind of it's just you know one

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way of um organizing all the materials

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in the world it's not perfect but it's

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pretty good I want to show you

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that so we can break the world down into

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sort of three classes of um of

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material and those are

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in no particular order uh

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Metals

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Ceramics and

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polymers

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okay so

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Metals

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um let's see

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Metals it start with maybe some some

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examples how's that start with some

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examples

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um

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Iron let's look around here okay so my

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my iron ring stainless steel it's mostly

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iron it's got some chromium nickel some

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other things in it

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um I'll write that down chromium okay um

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brass um I mean brass is not an element

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but uh have copper zinc

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those and aluminum

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say so there's a few examples not that

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you need to memorize them but there's

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some examples of metals they're held

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together

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by metallic

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bonds okay and we're going to explore

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what those are soon uh or or shortly but

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you don't need to know exactly what that

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is later what we'll do is we'll start

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with a simple look and then eventually

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we're going to get to

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this thing called the The Band Theory

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which is really pretty exciting and uh

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you know with the Band Theory we can

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explain electrical properties we can get

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into semiconductors talk about Optical

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properties it's really really very ver

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uh versatile um and that's sort of our

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our best current model of the bonding in

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in metals uh Ceramics let's look at a

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few Ceramics

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um you say something like porcelain

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okay that's a ceramic um

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concrete is a ceramic and there's others

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like some Advanced

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Ceramics um Etc

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right and Ceramics are largely held

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together by ionic bonds Ceramics are

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kind of a funny group uh it's a little

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difficult sometimes to describe them uh

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if you wanted to

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you know describe a material property

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well Ceramics you know Ceramics will

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shatter

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um right and and a more technical term

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to describe that is that Ceramics are

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brittle okay they're

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brittle brittle um all right uh what

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about polymers so

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polymers the the general public actually

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usually calls these Plastics

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but as we go we're going to realize that

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the word plastic actually is describing

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a a mechanical Behavior not a type of

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material um and in fact not all polymers

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are plastic U but some examples um of of

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polymers would

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be uh say Teflon okay that's a trade

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name better watch out and um you know

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gortex actually they're chemically the

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same those two incidentally um

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um some more common ones

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polypropylene

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polyethylene you know a lot of textiles

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a lot of very important materials all

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around us um the things I'm looking at

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you through here these are essentially

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chemically they're plexiglass these

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glasses I wear um so most of these are

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made from polymethyl myth acly um and

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just a few examples um that uh come to

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mind um what type of bond is found in

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the polymer well well polymers tend to

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be well in fact they are um coent I say

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tend to be because actually we'll find

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later that a lot of the properties of

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polymers come not from the Cove valent

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bonds but from these secondary or weaker

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bonds but we're going to learn about

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those later so for now I just wanted to

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describe metal Ceramics and

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polymers um I could add one thing that

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sometimes helps

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um for for Ceramics yeah they're they're

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brittle they're often although not not

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always metal

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oxides okay a lot of our Ceramics are

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metal oxides but they're not always so I

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don't want you to think they always have

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to be so then the last thing I want to

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address is um you know is is this

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classification scheme thorough and is it

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all-encompassing is it exhaustive and

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the short answer is no there's certainly

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exceptions aren't there there's

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exceptions and you might be able to

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think of some

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um did you I didn't um well so there's

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many I mean some of the common ones that

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come to mind

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are uh wood okay you know what's wood

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well wood is made from cellulose largely

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and so in that sense you could argue

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that it's a polymer but it's certainly

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uh naturally derived what about uh you

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know tissue and

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you

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um like skin or something like that you

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know again it's a it's a polymer it's

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got some collagen fibers in it those are

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certainly um you could argue that

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they're polymers um naturally derived

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again um there's other things in them as

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well and there's also important elements

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to the structure you know in Wood the

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grains run a certain way and it gives

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different properties in different

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directions and that's not really

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encompassed in this one two three

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classification scheme and then of course

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there's also things like um Composite

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Materials got

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a carbon fiber clipboard I made with my

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third year students and uh you know this

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has got some fibers in a in a epoxy

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Matrix makes it for a fairly light

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lightweight H you know stiff and fairly

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strong um

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material but you how do we capture that

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in that specific example you could

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probably that most of it's a polymer

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what about something like fiberglass we

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actually have glass fibers embedded in

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an epoxy Matrix then you've got um a

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blend of two and in fact that's really

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what

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that type of material called a composite

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is it's a blend of two material classes

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and then there's also things like well

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actually let me capture that composite

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okay

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composite and then what about things

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like

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semiconductors you know are they I mean

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electrically they can be

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insulating and and conducting are they

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are they metals are they Ceramics um so

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that that's

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a material class that doesn't really fit

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those one two that one two three very

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well but for a first order

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um introduction to to these materials I

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think it's it's a nice way of

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classifying the

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um uh the world if you will and and uh

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it works quite well and certainly there

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are exceptions and we can address some

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of those as we go but I wanted to

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display that framework for how we might

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or how we're going to approach the uh

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the world of materials okay thank you

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