Masa Orde Baru dan Masa Reformasi | IPS SMP

Summary

This video script explores Indonesia's journey from independence to the onset of the Reform era. It outlines the country's political, economic, social, and cultural development through four distinct periods. The script discusses the early struggles for full sovereignty, the challenges following the G30S/PKI incident, and the subsequent rise of the New Order under President Soeharto. It details the New Order's policies on political stability, economic management, and social programs like transmigration and family planning. The script also highlights the economic crisis of 1997, leading to widespread protests and calls for reform. The Reform era is marked by decentralization, political reforms, and economic privatization, aiming to address past inequalities and set the stage for a more prosperous and sovereign Indonesia.

Takeaways

• 😀 Indonesia's journey to full sovereignty after independence was marked by continued struggles.
• 🏛️ The political, economic, social, and cultural development of Indonesia was divided into four periods: early independence, liberal democracy, guided democracy, New Order, and Reform.
• 📚 The first video part discussed the initial conditions post-independence and the periods of liberal and guided democracy.
• 🗓️ The second video part continued with the New Order era and the Reform era, starting after the G30S/PKI incident.
• 🚨 The aftermath of G30S/PKI led to student demonstrations demanding justice and economic improvement.
• 📜 The 'Tiga Tuntutan Rakyat' (Three People's Demands) were proposed on January 12, 1966, calling for the dissolution of PKI, the cleansing of the Cabinet, and price reductions.
• 💼 'Supersemar' or the March 11th Order was a directive from President Soekarno to General Soeharto to restore government security and authority, marking the beginning of the New Order.
• 🏢 The New Order era began with Soeharto being appointed as president by the Special Session of MPRS on March 12, 1967.
• 🌐 Efforts during the New Order included stabilizing politics, improving international relations, and implementing economic and social policies like transmigration and family planning.
• 📈 Economic policies focused on curbing inflation and securing basic needs, with long-term development through the 'Pelita' five-year plan.
• 📉 The 1997 economic crisis in Indonesia led to widespread company bankruptcies, layoffs, and increased prices, exacerbating corruption and leading to mass demonstrations for reform.
• 🔄 The Reform era began with Soeharto's resignation on May 21, 1998, and the implementation of regional autonomy, political party delimitation, and direct presidential elections.
• 🌐 Economic developments during the Reform included the privatization of state-owned enterprises, infrastructure development, and direct cash assistance programs.
• 🏞️ Culturally, Indonesia registered its cultural heritage with UNESCO, enhancing national pride and international image.

Q & A

What were the four periods of development in Indonesia after its independence?

The four periods of development in Indonesia after its independence were the early independence period, liberal democracy, guided democracy, the New Order era, and the Reform era.

What significant event occurred after the G30S/PKI incident that led to political instability?

After the G30S/PKI incident, the government was not fully successful in stabilizing the political situation, which led to youth and students demanding a fair resolution and improvements in the economic conditions.

What were the Three People's Demands (Tritura) proposed by the Indonesian public on January 12, 1966?

The Three People's Demands (Tritura) were: to disband the PKI, to cleanse the Dwikora Cabinet of September 30th Movement elements, and to lower prices.

What is the significance of 'Supersemar' in Indonesian history?

Supersemar, or the March 11th Order, was a decree signed by President Soekarno, authorizing Major General Soeharto to take necessary actions to restore security and government authority, marking the beginning of the New Order era.

Who was appointed as the president during the Special Session of MPRS on March 12, 1967?

Major General Soeharto was appointed as the president during the Special Session of MPRS on March 12, 1967.

What were some of the political efforts made during the New Order era to stabilize Indonesia?

Some of the political efforts during the New Order era included the recovery of foreign politics, re-establishing relations with Malaysia, rejoining the UN, initiating the formation of ASEAN, simplifying political parties, implementing the guidelines for the understanding and implementation of Pancasila (P4), and the dual function of ABRI.

What was the purpose of the transmigration program implemented during the New Order era?

The transmigration program aimed to redistribute the population from densely populated areas to less populated regions to balance the population distribution across Indonesia, with areas like Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua being targets for transmigration.

How did the New Order government address the issue of population growth?

The government addressed population growth through the Family Planning (KB) program to control the increase in population numbers.

What were the economic policies during the New Order era to combat inflation and secure basic needs?

The economic policies included stabilization and rehabilitation of production tools to suppress inflation. The government also implemented long-term economic programs like the Five-Year Development Plan (Pelita).

What triggered the economic crisis in Indonesia in 1997?

The economic crisis in Indonesia in 1997 was triggered by a combination of factors including bankrupt companies, massive layoffs, rising prices of basic goods, and rampant corruption within the government.

What were the main demands of the reform movement that led to President Soeharto's resignation in 1998?

The main demands of the reform movement included holding Soeharto and his cronies accountable, eradicating corruption, removing the dual function of ABRI, implementing extensive regional autonomy, amending the constitution, and establishing the supremacy of law.

How did the political landscape change after the Reform era began in Indonesia?

After the Reform era began, regional autonomy was effectively implemented, the MPR amended the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia multiple times, political party limitations were removed, and direct presidential elections through general elections were introduced.

What cultural achievement did Indonesia achieve during the Reform era?

During the Reform era, Indonesia registered its cultural heritage with UNESCO, enhancing national pride and Indonesia's international image.

Outlines

00:00

🇮🇩 Indonesia's Struggle for Sovereignty and Reform Era

This paragraph discusses Indonesia's journey from gaining independence to the early stages of the Reform era. It outlines the political, economic, social, and cultural developments that the country went through, divided into four distinct periods. The first part of the video covered the initial conditions after independence, the era of liberal democracy, and guided democracy. This segment continues with the New Order era and the Reform era. The aftermath of the G30S/PKI incident led to political instability, prompting youth and students to demand justice and economic improvement. The Tiga Tuntutan Rakyat (Three People's Demands) were presented, leading to the issuance of Supersemar, which marked the beginning of the New Order. The era saw efforts to stabilize politics, including foreign policy adjustments, economic stabilization, and social policies like transmigration and family planning. The economic focus was on controlling inflation and securing basic needs, with long-term development programs like Pelita. However, the progress was uneven, and the 1997 economic crisis led to widespread protests demanding reforms. The Reform era began with the resignation of President Soeharto, introducing regional autonomy and amendments to the constitution.

05:03

📚 Reform Era Developments and Cultural Pride

The second paragraph delves into the changes that occurred during the Reform era in Indonesia. It highlights the differences in the electoral process between the New Order and the Reform era, with direct presidential elections becoming a reality. The economic developments included the privatization of state-owned enterprises, increases in fuel prices, infrastructure development, and direct cash assistance programs. Culturally, Indonesia registered its cultural heritage with UNESCO, enhancing national pride and international image. The paragraph concludes with a call to continue learning and working hard to ensure Indonesia's progress and sovereignty. It also invites viewers to practice more questions on the topic and engage with the content by visiting a website or downloading an app, and to share the video with others.

Keywords

💡Independence

Independence refers to the state of being free from outside control or support. In the context of the video, it highlights Indonesia's struggle to establish itself as a fully sovereign nation after gaining independence. The video discusses how Indonesia continued to fight for its sovereignty and the various challenges it faced in the initial years post-independence.

💡Democracy

Democracy is a system of government where power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or through elected representatives. The video script mentions 'demokrasi liberal' and 'demokrasi terpimpin', which refer to different phases of democratic development in Indonesia. It signifies the political evolution and the challenges of maintaining democratic principles in the country's early years.

💡G30S/PKI

G30S/PKI refers to the September 30th Movement/Indonesian Communist Party, a significant political event in Indonesian history. The video describes how the aftermath of this event led to political instability, prompting student demonstrations and eventually leading to the rise of the New Order under President Suharto.

💡Supersemar

Supersemar, or the 'Surat Perintah 11 Maret', is a decree signed by President Soekarno that authorized General Suharto to take necessary actions to restore security and government authority. This decree is pivotal as it marks the beginning of the New Order era in Indonesia, as discussed in the video.

💡New Order

The New Order refers to the period of Indonesian history that began after the events of G30S/PKI and the subsequent rise of Suharto. The video outlines the various political, economic, and social reforms undertaken during this era, including efforts to stabilize the country and the implementation of policies aimed at economic development and population control.

💡Transmigration

Transmigration is a government program mentioned in the video that aimed to redistribute the population from densely populated areas to less populated regions. This program was part of the New Order's efforts to balance population distribution and economic development across the country.

💡Family Planning (KB)

Family Planning, or 'Keluarga Berencana', is a program introduced by the Indonesian government to control population growth. The video discusses how this program was one of the social policies implemented during the New Order to manage the country's demographic challenges.

💡Economic Stabilization

Economic stabilization refers to the policies and measures taken by the government to control inflation and secure basic needs for the population. The video highlights how the New Order government implemented such policies to manage the economy, including the long-term economic development program 'Pelita'.

💡Reformasi

Reformasi, or 'Reformation', marks the period following the economic crisis of 1997 in Indonesia, where widespread demonstrations led to significant political and social reforms. The video describes the demands for reform, including the prosecution of corrupt officials, the eradication of corruption, and the implementation of regional autonomy.

💡Direct Presidential Election

Direct Presidential Election is a concept introduced during the Reformasi period, where the president is elected through a direct vote by the people, rather than being chosen by the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR). This change, as discussed in the video, was part of the broader democratic reforms aimed at increasing transparency and accountability in the political system.

💡Cultural Heritage

Cultural Heritage refers to the legacy of physical artifacts and intangible attributes of a group or society that are inherited from past generations. The video mentions Indonesia's efforts to register its cultural heritage with UNESCO, which not only preserves the nation's cultural identity but also enhances its international image and pride.

Highlights

Indonesia continued to struggle for full sovereignty after gaining independence.

Post-independence developments in politics, economy, society, and culture are divided into four periods.

The first video part discussed the early conditions of independence, liberal democracy, and guided democracy.

The second video part continues with the New Order and Reformation periods.

The government did not fully stabilize politics after the G30S/PKI event.

Youth and students demanded a fair resolution for the G30S/PKI actors and economic improvement through demonstrations.

On January 12, 1966, the public proposed the Three People's Demands (Tritura).

Supersemar or the March 11th Order was signed by President Soekarno, authorizing General Soeharto to restore government security and authority.

The issuance of Supersemar is considered the birth of the New Order era.

On March 12, 1967, the Special Session of MPRS appointed General Soeharto as president.

Various efforts were made to stabilize Indonesian politics, including foreign policy normalization and joining ASEAN.

Social policies like the Transmigration program aimed to even out population distribution.

The Family Planning (KB) program was designed to control population growth.

Educational reforms included the implementation of 6 and 9-year mandatory schooling programs.

Economic policies focused on curbing inflation and securing basic needs through stabilization and rehabilitation measures.

The long-term economic development program, Pelita, was implemented to foster growth.

Despite rapid development, progress was not evenly distributed, and political policies were centralized.

The 1997 economic crisis led to widespread bankruptcy, layoffs, and increased prices of essential goods.

Massive demonstrations by students and the public demanded reforms, including the prosecution of Soeharto and his cronies.

Reform demands included the eradication of corruption, the removal of the military's dual function, and regional autonomy.

On May 21, 1998, President Soeharto resigned, marking the beginning of the Reformation era.

During the Reformation, regional autonomy was implemented, and the MPR amended the 1945 Constitution several times.

Economic developments in the Reformation era included the privatization of state-owned enterprises and the construction of infrastructure.

Culturally, Indonesia registered its cultural heritage with UNESCO, enhancing national pride and international image.

Transcripts

Kemerdekaan Indonesia Hingga Awal Reformasi

Setelah kemerdekaan, Indonesia masih harus terus berjuang untuk menjadi negara yang berdaulat seutuhnya.

Perkembangan di bidang politik, ekonomi, sosial dan budaya Indonesia kemudian dibagi menjadi 4 masa berikut.

Di video bagian pertama telah dibahas kondisi di masa awal kemerdekaan, masa demokrasi liberal dan demokrasi terpimpin.

Dalam video bagian kedua ini,

akan dilanjutkan pembahasan mengenai masa orde baru dan reformasi.

Setelah peristiwa G30S/PKI,

pemerintah belum sepenuhnya berhasil menstabilkan politik terkait peristiwa tersebut.

Hal ini mendorong pemuda dan mahasiswa untuk melakukan aksi demonstrasi menuntut penyelesaian yang seadil-adilnya

terhadap pelaku G30S/PKI dan perbaikan kondisi ekonomi.

Pada akhirnya, tanggal 12 Januari tahun 1966,

masyarakat mengajukan Tiga Tuntutan Rakyat (Tritura) yang berisi:

bubarkan PKI,

bersihkan Kabinet Dwikora dari unsur-unsur Gerakan 30 September,

dan turunkan harga.

Supersemar atau Surat Perintah 11 Maret adalah surat perintah yang ditandatangani oleh Presiden Soekarno kepada Letjen Soeharto.

Perintah ini adalah untuk mengambil segala tindakan yang dianggap perlu

dalam rangka memulihkan keamanan dan kewibawaan pemerintah.

Keluarnya Supersemar dianggap sebagai tonggak lahirnya Orde Baru.

Pada tanggal 12 Maret 1967,

Sidang Istimewa MPRS menetapkan Letjen Soeharto sebagai pejabat presiden.

Indonesia kemudian memasuki masa orde baru.

Berbagai upaya dilakukan untuk menata stabilitas politik Indonesia,

di antaranya pemulihan politik luar negeri Indonesia yang bebas aktif,

pemulihan hubungan dengan Malaysia,

kembali menjadi anggota PBB,

ikut memprakarsai pembentukan ASEAN,

penyederhanaan partai politik,

pelaksanaan pedoman penghayatan dan pengamalan Pancasila (P4),

dan dwifungsi ABRI.

Beberapa kebijakan sosial juga dilakukan, seperti program transmigrasi.

Transmigrasi adalah program untuk memindahkan penduduk dari suatu daerah yang padat penduduknya ke daerah lain yang jarang penduduknya.

Transmigrasi bertujuan untuk meratakan persebaran penduduk.

Daerah di Indonesia yang menjadi tujuan transmigrasi antara lain

daerah Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, dan Papua.

Selain transmigrasi, pemerintah juga merancang program Keluarga Berencana (KB)

untuk mengendalikan pertumbuhan penduduk.

Dalam bidang pendidikan, pemerintah mencanangkan program wajib belajar 6 tahun dan 9 tahun.

Fokus program ekonomi pada masa orde baru adalah untuk mengatasi inflasi dan mengamankan kebutuhan pokok masyarakat.

Melalui kebijakan stabilisasi dan rehabilitasi alat-alat produksi,

inflasi berhasil ditekan.

Pemerintah kemudian melaksanakan program ekonomi jangka panjang

melalui program Pelita atau Pembangunan lima tahun.

Meskipun kemajuan pembangunan begitu pesat,

ternyata kemajuan tersebut tidak terjadi secara merata.

Segala kebijakan politik juga bertumpu pada pemerintah pusat.

Puncaknya, pada tahun 1997,

Indonesia mengalami krisis ekonomi.

Banyak perusahaan yang mengalami bangkrut dan terjadilah pemutusan hubungan kerja atau PHK secara besar-besaran.

Harga barang kebutuhan pokok juga ikut naik

dan diperparah dengan terkuaknya praktik korupsi di kalangan pemerintah.

Akhirnya, terjadi demonstrasi besar-besaran dari kalangan mahasiswa dan masyarakat

untuk menuntut reformasi.

Tuntutan reformasi di antaranya adalah mengadili Soeharto dan kroni-kroninya,

pemberantasan KKN,

pencabutan dwifungsi ABRI,

melaksanakan otonomi daerah seluas-luasnya,

amandemen UUD,

dan supremasi hukum.

Akhirnya, pada tanggal 21 Mei 1998,

Presiden Soeharto mengundurkan diri dan digantikan oleh wakilnya, B.J. Habibie.

Sejak saat itu, Indonesia mulai memasuki masa reformasi.

Pada masa reformasi,

otonomi daerah mulai dilaksanakan dengan baik sehingga daerah memiliki kewenangan untuk mengurus sendiri pemerintahannya.

MPR juga melakukan amandemen terhadap UUD NRI 1945 sebanyak empat kali.

Salah satu poin penting dalam amandemen ini adalah membatasi kekuasaan dan masa jabatan presiden,

maksimal hanya dua periode.

Pembatasan partai politik juga dihapus sehingga pemilu kembali diikuti oleh banyak partai politik.

Hasil amandemen UUD juga menghasilkan pemilihan presiden secara langsung melalui pemilu,

bukan lagi dipilih oleh MPR.

Perkembangan ekonomi pada masa reformasi adalah privatisasi BUMN atau penjualan sebagian saham BUMN,

naiknya harga BBM,

pembangunan infrastruktur terutama jalan tol,

dan pembagian BLT (bantuan langsung tunai).

Dalam bidang budaya,

Indonesia mendaftarkan warisan budaya Indonesia ke UNESCO.

Hal ini meningkatkan kebanggaan terhadap budaya dan citra Indonesia di mata internasional.

Wah, sudah lengkap ya pembahasan mengenai kondisi Indonesia dari awal kemerdekaan hingga reformasi.

Dalam membangun negara Indonesia,

ternyata dibutuhkan proses yang panjang dengan berbagai tantangan.

Kemajuan yang berhasil kita capai hingga saat ini janganlah disia-siakan.

Mari kita giat belajar dan berkarya agar bangsa Indonesia bisa terus maju dan berdaulat.

Sekarang, kita coba latihan soal yuk.

Apa perbedaan pemilu pada masa orde baru dan reformasi?

Coba tulis jawabanmu di kolom komentar ya.

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