Masa Orde Baru dan Masa Reformasi | IPS SMP

Summary

This video script explores Indonesia's journey from independence to the onset of the Reform era. It outlines the country's political, economic, social, and cultural development through four distinct periods. The script discusses the early struggles for full sovereignty, the challenges following the G30S/PKI incident, and the subsequent rise of the New Order under President Soeharto. It details the New Order's policies on political stability, economic management, and social programs like transmigration and family planning. The script also highlights the economic crisis of 1997, leading to widespread protests and calls for reform. The Reform era is marked by decentralization, political reforms, and economic privatization, aiming to address past inequalities and set the stage for a more prosperous and sovereign Indonesia.

Takeaways

• 😀 Indonesia's journey to full sovereignty after independence was marked by continued struggles.
• 🏛️ The political, economic, social, and cultural development of Indonesia was divided into four periods: early independence, liberal democracy, guided democracy, New Order, and Reform.
• 📚 The first video part discussed the initial conditions post-independence and the periods of liberal and guided democracy.
• 🗓️ The second video part continued with the New Order era and the Reform era, starting after the G30S/PKI incident.
• 🚨 The aftermath of G30S/PKI led to student demonstrations demanding justice and economic improvement.
• 📜 The 'Tiga Tuntutan Rakyat' (Three People's Demands) were proposed on January 12, 1966, calling for the dissolution of PKI, the cleansing of the Cabinet, and price reductions.
• 💼 'Supersemar' or the March 11th Order was a directive from President Soekarno to General Soeharto to restore government security and authority, marking the beginning of the New Order.
• 🏢 The New Order era began with Soeharto being appointed as president by the Special Session of MPRS on March 12, 1967.
• 🌐 Efforts during the New Order included stabilizing politics, improving international relations, and implementing economic and social policies like transmigration and family planning.
• 📈 Economic policies focused on curbing inflation and securing basic needs, with long-term development through the 'Pelita' five-year plan.
• 📉 The 1997 economic crisis in Indonesia led to widespread company bankruptcies, layoffs, and increased prices, exacerbating corruption and leading to mass demonstrations for reform.
• 🔄 The Reform era began with Soeharto's resignation on May 21, 1998, and the implementation of regional autonomy, political party delimitation, and direct presidential elections.
• 🌐 Economic developments during the Reform included the privatization of state-owned enterprises, infrastructure development, and direct cash assistance programs.
• 🏞️ Culturally, Indonesia registered its cultural heritage with UNESCO, enhancing national pride and international image.

Q & A

What were the four periods of development in Indonesia after its independence?

The four periods of development in Indonesia after its independence were the early independence period, liberal democracy, guided democracy, the New Order era, and the Reform era.

What significant event occurred after the G30S/PKI incident that led to political instability?

After the G30S/PKI incident, the government was not fully successful in stabilizing the political situation, which led to youth and students demanding a fair resolution and improvements in the economic conditions.

What were the Three People's Demands (Tritura) proposed by the Indonesian public on January 12, 1966?

The Three People's Demands (Tritura) were: to disband the PKI, to cleanse the Dwikora Cabinet of September 30th Movement elements, and to lower prices.

What is the significance of 'Supersemar' in Indonesian history?

Supersemar, or the March 11th Order, was a decree signed by President Soekarno, authorizing Major General Soeharto to take necessary actions to restore security and government authority, marking the beginning of the New Order era.

Who was appointed as the president during the Special Session of MPRS on March 12, 1967?

Major General Soeharto was appointed as the president during the Special Session of MPRS on March 12, 1967.

What were some of the political efforts made during the New Order era to stabilize Indonesia?

Some of the political efforts during the New Order era included the recovery of foreign politics, re-establishing relations with Malaysia, rejoining the UN, initiating the formation of ASEAN, simplifying political parties, implementing the guidelines for the understanding and implementation of Pancasila (P4), and the dual function of ABRI.

What was the purpose of the transmigration program implemented during the New Order era?

The transmigration program aimed to redistribute the population from densely populated areas to less populated regions to balance the population distribution across Indonesia, with areas like Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua being targets for transmigration.

How did the New Order government address the issue of population growth?

The government addressed population growth through the Family Planning (KB) program to control the increase in population numbers.

What were the economic policies during the New Order era to combat inflation and secure basic needs?

The economic policies included stabilization and rehabilitation of production tools to suppress inflation. The government also implemented long-term economic programs like the Five-Year Development Plan (Pelita).

What triggered the economic crisis in Indonesia in 1997?

The economic crisis in Indonesia in 1997 was triggered by a combination of factors including bankrupt companies, massive layoffs, rising prices of basic goods, and rampant corruption within the government.

What were the main demands of the reform movement that led to President Soeharto's resignation in 1998?

The main demands of the reform movement included holding Soeharto and his cronies accountable, eradicating corruption, removing the dual function of ABRI, implementing extensive regional autonomy, amending the constitution, and establishing the supremacy of law.

How did the political landscape change after the Reform era began in Indonesia?

After the Reform era began, regional autonomy was effectively implemented, the MPR amended the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia multiple times, political party limitations were removed, and direct presidential elections through general elections were introduced.

What cultural achievement did Indonesia achieve during the Reform era?

During the Reform era, Indonesia registered its cultural heritage with UNESCO, enhancing national pride and Indonesia's international image.